USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Professional and industrial history of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Volume I > Part 8
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The jurisdiction of the court has been changed at various times, the most recent changes having been the transfer of jurisdiction "in mat- ters of divorce to the Superior Court in 1887, the transfer of jurisdiction in capital trials to the same court in 1891, and the gift of concurrent jurisdiction to that court in 1891 in matters relating to telegraph and telephone wires, relating to the abuse of towns of corporate powers, re- lating to the construction, alteration, maintenance and use of buildings, and relating to the control of street railways."
The following persons have occupied seats on the bench of the Su- preme Judicial Court by appointment since the adoption of the State constitution :
Chief Justices .-- Nathaniel Peaselee Sargent, appointed 1790; died 1791. Francis Dana, appointed 1791; resigned 1806. Theophilus Parsons, appointed 1806; died 1813. Samuel Sewall, appointed 1814; died 1814. Isaac Parker, appointed 1814; died 1830. Lemuel Shaw, appointed 1830; resigned 1860. George Tyler Bigelow, appointed 1860; resigned 1868. Reuben Atwater Chapman, appointed 1868; died
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Jeesh Dennett
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1873. Horace Gray, appointed 1873; resigned 1882. Marcus Morton, appointed 1882; resigned 1890. Walbridge Abner Field, appointed 1890.
Justices .-- Increase Sumner, appointed 1782; resigned 1789. Francis Dana, appointed 1785; made chief 1791. Robert Treat Paine, appointed 1790; resigned 1804. Nathan Cushing, appointed 1790; resigned 1800. Thomas Dawes, appointed 1792; resigned 1802. Theophilus Bradbury, appointed 1797; removed 1803. Samuel Sewall, ap- pointed 1800; made chief 1814. Simeon Strong, appointed 1801; died 1805. George Thacher, appointed 1801; resigned 1824. Theodore Sedgwick, appointed 1802; died 1813. Isaac Parker, appointed 1806; made chief 1814. Charles Jackson, appointed 1813; resigned 1823. Daniel Dewey, appointed 1814; died 1814. Samuel Putnamn, appointed 1814; resigned 1842. Samuel Sumner Wilde, appointed 1815; resigned 1850. Levi Lincoln, appointed 1824; resigned 1825. Marcus Morton, appointed 1825; resigned 1840. Charles Augustus Dewey, appointed 1837; died 1866. Samuel Hub- bard, appointed 1842; died 1847. Charles Edward Forbes, appointed 1848; resigned 1848. Theron Metcalf, appointed 1848; resigned 1865. Richard Fletcher, appointed 1848; resigned 1853. George Tyler Bigelow, appointed 1850; made chief 1860. Caleb Cushing, appointed 1852; resigned 1853. Benjamin Franklin Thomas, appointed 1853; resigned 1859. Pliny Merrick, appointed 1853; resigned 1864. Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, appointed 1859; resigned 1869. Reuben Atwater Chapman, appointed 1860; made chief 1868. Horace Gray, jr., appointed 1864; made chief 1873. James Deni- son Colt, appointed 1865; resigned 1866. Dwight Foster, appointed 1866; resigned 1869. John Wells, appointed 1866; died 1875. James Denison Colt, appointed 1868; died 1881. Seth Ames, appointed 1869; resigned 1881. Marcus Morton, appointed 1869; made chief 1882. William C. Endicott, appointed 1873; resigned 1882. Charles Devens, jr., appointed 1873; resigned 1877. Otis Phillips Lord, appointed 1875; re- signed 1882. Augustus Lord Soule, appointed 1877 ; resigned 1881. Walbridge Abner Field, appointed 1881; made chief 1890. Charles Devens, jr., appointed 1881 ; died 1891. William Allen, appointed 1881; died 1891. Charles Allen, appointed 1882. Waldo Colburn, appointed 1882; died 1885. Oliver Wendell Holmes, jr., appointed 1882. William Sewall Gardner, appointed 1885; resigned 1887. Marcus Perrin Knowlton, appointed 1887. James Madison Morton, appointed 1890. John Lathrop, appointed 1891. James Madison Barker, appointed 1891.
It has been stated above that the act establishing the Supreme Judicial Court, passed July 3, 1782, gave the court authority to regulate the admission of attorneys and the creation of barristers-at-law. The law passed November 4, 1705, already quoted, prescribing the oath to be taken by attorneys, appears until recent times to have furnished the only necessary regulation. No definite term of study seems to have been required as a qualification for admission to the bar. It is probable that so far as barristers were concerned, something like the custom in England prevailed. There, barristers before admission to plead at the 10
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HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR.
bar must have resided three years in one of the inns of court, if a gradu- ate at Cambridge or Oxford, and five years if not. These inns were the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn. In Massachusetts the rule seems to have required a practice at one period of three, at another of four, and still another of seven years in the inferior courts.
Before the act was passed establishing the Supreme Judicial Court the following entry was made in the records of the Superior Court of Judicature :
"Suffolk, ss .: Superior Court of Judicature at Boston, third Tuesday of February, 1781, present, William Cushing, Nathaniel P. Sargeant. David Sewall and James Sulli- van; and now at this term the following rule is made by the court and ordered to be entered, viz .: Whereas, learning and literary accomplishments are necessary as well to promote the happiness as to preserve the freedom of the people, and the learning of the law when duly encouraged and rightly directed being as well peculiarly subservient to the great, and good purpose aforesaid, as promotive of public and private justice; and the court being at all times ready to bestow peculiar marks of approbation upon the gentlemen of the bar, who, by a close application to the study of the science they pro- fess, by a mode of conduct which gives a convietion of the rectitude of their minds, and a fairness of practice that does honor to the profession of the law, shall distinguish themselves as men of science, honor and integrity : Do order that no gentleman shall be called to the degree of Barrister until he shall merit the same, by his conspicuous bearing, ability and honesty ; and that the Court will, of their own mere motion call to the Bar sneh persons as shall render themselves worthy as aforesaid; and that the man- ner of calling to the Bar shall be as follows: The gentleman who shall be a candidate shall stand within the bar, the Chief Justice, or in his absence the senior Justice, shall, in the name of the Court, repeat to him the qualifications necessary for a Barrister at Law ; shall let him know that it is a conviction in the mind of the Court of his being possessed of these qualifications that induces them to confer the honor upon him ; and shall solemnly charge him so to conduct himself as to be of singular service to his coun- try by exerting his abilities for the defence of her constitutional freedom; and so to de- mean himself as to do honor to the Court and Bar."
The Supreme Judicial Court made the following entry in its records :
"Suffolk, ss .: At the Supreme Judicial Court at Boston the last Tuesday of Au- gust, 1783, present, William Cushing, Chief Justice, and Nathaniel P. Sargeant, David Sewall and Increase Sumner, Justices, ordered that Barristers be called to the Bar by special writ to be ordered by the Court, and to be in the following form :
" Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
"To A B Esq., of -, Greeting: We well knowing your ability, learning and in- tegrity, command you that you appear before our Justices of our Supreme Judicial Court, next to be holden at -, in and for our county of -, on the - Tuesday of
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-, then and there in our said Court to take upon you the state and degree of a Bar- rister at Law. Hereof fail not. Witness -, Esq., our Chief Justice at Boston, the - day of-, in the year of our Independence, -. By order of the Court. -, Clerk.
" Which writ shall be fairly engrossed on parchment and delivered twenty days be- fore the session of the same Court by the Sheriff of the same county to the person to whom directed, and being produced in Court by the Barrister and there read by the Clerk, and proper certificate thereon made shall be redehvered and kept as a voucher of his being legally called to the Bar; and the Barristers shall take rank according to the cate of their respective writs." 1
It is believed that no barristers were called after 1789, and in 1806 the Supreme Judicial Court adopted the following rule by which ap- parently counsellors were substituted for barristers :
"Suffolk, ss. At the Supreme Judicial Court at Boston for the counties of Suffolk and Nantucket the second Tuesday of March, 1806, present Francis Dana, Chief Jus- tice; Theodore Sedgwick, George Thatcher and Isaac Parker, Justices, ordered : First, no attorney shall do the business of a counsellor unless he shall have been made or ad- mitted as such ly the Court. Second, all attorneys of this Court who have been ad- mitted three years before the sitting of this Court shall be and hereby are made counsellors and are entitled to all the rights and privileges of such. Third, no attorney or counsellor shall hereafter be admitted without a previous examination."
In 1836 the distinction between counsellor and attorney was abolished. It is difficult to say how early the barrister occupied a position in our courts. It is known, however, that in 1768 there were twenty-five in Massachusetts. Of these eleven were in Suffolk, Richard Dana, Benjamin. Kent, James Otis, jr., Samuel Fitch, William Read, Samuel Swift, Benjamin Gridley, Samuel Quincy, Robert Auchmuty, and Andrew Cazneau, of Boston, and Jonathan Adams, of Braintree ; five were in Essex, Daniel Farnham and John Lowell, of Newburyport, William Pynchon, of Salem, John Chipman, of Marblehead, and Nathaniel Peaselee Sargeant, of Haverhill; one was in Middlesex, Jonathan Sewall ; two in Worcester, James Putnam, of Worcester, and Abel Willard, of Lancaster ; three in Bristol, Samuel White and Robert Treat Paine, of Taunton, and Daniel Leonard, of Norton ; two in Plymouth, James Hovey and Pelham Winslow, of Plymouth, and one in Hampshire, John Worthington of Springfield. After that date the following barristers were called : Joseph Hawley, of Northampton, David Sewall, of York, Moses Bliss, of Springfield, Zephaniah Leonard, of Taunton, Theodore Bradbury, of
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HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR.
Falmouth (Portland), David Weyer, of Falmouth, Mark Hopkins, of Great Barrington, Simeon Strong, of Amherst, John Sullivan, of Durham, Daniel Oliver, of Hardwick, Frances Dana, of Cambridge, Sampson Salter Blowers, of Boston, Daniel Bliss, of Concord, Samuel Porter, of Salem, Joshua Upham, of Brookfield, Shearjashub Bourne, of Barnstable, James Sullivan, of Biddeford, Jeremiah D. Rogers, of Littleton, Oaks Angier, of Bridgewater, John Sprague, of Lancaster, Caleb Strong, of Northampton, Elisha Porter, of Hadley, Theodore Sedgwick, of Sheffield, Benjamin Hichborn, of Boston, Theophilus Parsons, of Newburyport, Jonathan Bliss, of Springfield, William Tudor, Perez Morton and William Wetmore of Boston, and Levi Lincoln, of Worcester. No barristers were called after 1789 and the fifty-five whose names are given above are believed by the writer to be all ever called to the bar in Massachusetts.
The reports of the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massa- chusetts are contained in one hundred and fifty-four volumes. Ephraim Williams as reporter edited one volume including decisions from the September term, 1804, in Berkshire to the June term, 1805, in Lincoln. Dudley Atkins Tyng, the next reporter, edited sixteen volumes, cover- ing the period from the March term, 1806, in Suffolk to the Suffolk March term, 1822. Octavius Pickering, who succeeded Tyng, edited twenty-four volumes beginning with the Berkshire September term, 1822, and ending with decisions in Essex in 1839. Theron Metcalf, the successor of Pickering, covered with twelve volumes the period from the Suffolk and Nantucket March term in 1840 to the Hampden, Hampshire and Franklin September term in 1847. Luther Stearns Cushing reported twelve volumes from the Suffolk and Nantucket term of 1848, to the Suffolk term of November, 1853. Horace Gray, jr., in sixteen volumes covered the period from the Suffolk and Nantucket term of 1854 to the Suffolk term of November, 1860. Charles Allen in fourteen volumes reported the decisions from January, 1861, to the Suffolk term in January, 1867. Albert G. Browne reported in thirteen volumes from the Berkshire September term of 1867 to the Suffolk March term of 1872. Albert G. Browne, jr., and John C. Gray, jr., edited jointly two volumes with decisions from the Suffolk March term in 1872 to the Suffolk March term of 1873. Albert G. Browne,
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jr., again, alone, reported three volumes from the Worcester September term 1873, to the Norfolk January term 1874. John Lathrop edited thirty volumes with decisions from the Berkshire September term 1874 to June, 1887. William V. Kellen followed with volumes containing decisions ending with November, 1891.
The Inferior Court of Common Pleas, as has been stated, was finally established by the act published June 27, 1699, to be held in each county by four judges appointed for the same. The jurisdiction of this court has been already described in the laws which were at various times disallowed by the Privy Council, and need not be repeated. The court went into operation after the original disallowed act was passed in 1692, and as the disallowance only acted as a repeal, the court was kept alive by subsequent acts until the final approval of the act of 1699.
The judges of the court for Suffolk county at various times were as follows :
Elisha Hutchinson, appointed December 7, 1692; John Foster, appointed December 7, 1692; l'eter Sergeant, appointed December 7, 1692; Isaac Addington, appointed De- cember 7, 1692 ; Jeremiah Dummer, appointed July 2, 1702; Penn Townsend, appoint- ed August 14, 1702; Thomas Palmer, appointed June 11, 1711; Edward Lynde, ap- pointed December 9, 1715; Adam Winthrop, appointed December 9, 1715; William Dudley, appointed December 26, 1727; Nathaniel Byfield, appointed December 29, 1731; Elisha Cooke, appointed December 29, 1731; Anthony Stoddard, appointed January 21, 1733; Edward Hutchinson, appointed October 27, 1740; Eliakim Hutch- inson, appointed December 31, 1741; Edward Winslow, appointed October 20, 1743; Samuel Watts, appointed April 6, 1748 ; Thomas Hutchinson, appointed April 3, 1752 ; Samuel Welles, appointed January 8, 1755; Foster Hutchinson, appointed April 1, 1758; William Reed, appointed May 9, 1770 ; Nathaniel Hatch, appointed January 10, 1771; Joseph Green, appointed July 3, 1772; Thomas Hutchinson, jr., appointed De- cember 31, 1772; Benjamin Gridley, appointed May, 1775; Samuel Dexter, appointed October 31, 1775; John Hill, appointed October 31, 1775 ; Samuel Niles, appointed Oc- tober 31, 1775 ; Samuel Pemberton, appointed October 31, 1775; Thomas Cushing, ap- pointed February 8, 1776.
This completes the lists of judges who served prior to the law passed July 3, 1782, establishing the Court of Common Pleas.
The special justices during the same period were :
Samuel Checkley, appointed December 18, 1725; Anthony Stoddard, appointed De- cember 18, 1725 ; Francis Fulham, appointed February 3, 1731 -- 2; Thomas Greaves, ap- pointed February 3, 1731-2 ; Hugh Hall, appointed February 3, 1731-2; Josiah Quin- cy, appointed December 31, 1734 ; Samuel Danforth, appointed February 21, 1734-5;
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HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR.
Francis Foxcroft, appointed February 21, 1734-5; John Quincy, appointed April 6, 1748; James Minot, appointed April 6, 1748; Benjamin Lincoln, appointed January 24, 1770; Joseph Williams, appointed January 24, 1770 ; Thomas Cushing, appointed Oc- tober 31, 1775 ; Joseph Palmer, appointed October 31, 1775; Richard Cranch, appointed 1780; Joseph Gardner, appointed 1780; Edmund Quincy, appointed 1780.
The chief justices during the same period were : Elisha Hutchinson, Penn Townsend, Thomas Palmer, Adam Winthrop, Edward Hutchin- son, Nathaniel Byfield, Eliakim Hutchinson, Samuel Dexter and Thomas Cushing.
The new law, passed July 3, 1782, after the adoption of the constitu- tion, changed the name of the court to "Court of Common Pleas," and provided that it should be kept in each county by four judges, appoint- ed from within the county, who should have cognizance of all civil ac- tions of the value of more than forty shillings, with the right of appeal for all parties to the next Supreme Judicial Court held within the same county. It bore the same relation to its predecessor, the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, that the Supreme Judicial Court, when established, bore to the Superior Court of Judicature.
The judges of the court, which continued until June 21, 1811, were the following :
Oliver Wendell, appointed February 6, 1783, standing justice; William Heath, ap- pointed January 28, 1785, special justice; Suthell Hubbard, appointed January 28, 1785, special justice; Samuel Barrett, appointed April 26, 1787, special justice ; Samuel Bar- rett, appointed July 15, 1788, standing justice ; Thomas Crafts, appointed August 6, 1788, special justice ; Thomas Crafts, appointed July 9, 1793, standing justice ; Wil- liam Dennison, appointed 1798, ¿standing justice; George Richards Minot, ap- pointed January 9, 1799, standing justice ; Samuel Cooper, appointed January 9, 1799, special justice ; William Sherburne, appointed January 9, 1799, special justice ; Shear- jashub Bourne, appointed June 18, 1800, standing justice.
In the year 1800 the law provided that there should be one chief justice and three justices, and the court so continued through the period of its existence with the following appointments to its bench :
George R. Minot, appointed 1800, chief justice; Shearjashub Bourne, appointed June 18, 1801, chief justice ; Samuel Cooper, appointed January 7, 1802, special jus- tice; William Wetmore, appointed February 17, 1806, special justice ; William Wet- more, appointed May 26, 1806, chief justice ; Joseph Ward, appointed July 2, 1807, spe- cial justice ; John Phillips, appointed August 29, 1809, special justice ; Robert Gardner appointed March 15, 1811, special justice.
1 Duloup
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INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
On the 21st of June, 1811, it was enacted that the Commonwealth, except Nantucket and Dukes county, should be divided into six cir- cuits as follows : the middle circuit composed of Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex counties ; the western circuit composed of Worcester, Hamp- shire and Berkshire counties; the southern circuit composed of Nor- folk, Plymouth, Bristol and Barnstable counties ; the first eastern cir- cuit composed of York, Cumberland and Oxford counties ; the second eastern circuit composed of Lincoln, Kennebec and Somerset counties ; and the third eastern circuit composed of Hancock and Washington counties.
It also provided that " There shall be held and kept in each county, in the several circuits aforesaid, at such times and places as are now by law appointed for holding the Courts of Common Pleas in the several counties, a Circuit Court of Common Pleas, to consist of one chief jus- tice and two associate justices, each of whom shall be an inhabitant of the Commonwealth ; and any two of them shall be a court
with original jurisdiction of all civil actions . (excepting only such actions, wherein the Supreme Judicial Court or where justices of the peace now have original jurisdiction) ; and shall also have ju- risdiction of all such offences, crimes and misdemeanors, as before the passage of this act were cognizable by the respective Courts of Com- mon Pleas." They also had appellate jurisdiction in the case of sen- tences or judgments of a justice of the peace. It was further pro- vided " that all actions, suits, matters and things which may be pend- ing in the several Courts of Common Pleas on the second of Decem- ber (1811), and all writs, executions, warrants, recognizances and proc- esses returnable to" the Common Pleas Court shall be returnable to the Circuit Court of Common Pleas.
The judges of this court appointed in the middle circuit of which Suffolk county formed a part were :
Samuel Dana, chief justice, of Groton; William Wetmore, associate, of Boston ; Stephen Minot, associate, of Haverhill.
Suffolk county, by an act passed February 26, 1814, was taken out of the circuit and was given a court of its own, which will be mentioned hereafter.
The first session of the Circuit Court was held at Cambridge, on the 16th of December, 1811, and its last session at Concord on the IIth of
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HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR.
June, 1821. On the 14th of February, 1821, an act was passed estab- lishing the late Court of Common Pleas, as a substitute for the Circuit Court of Common Pleas, to take effect from and after the first day of August in that year. It provided for the appointment of four justices, one of whom should be commissioned chief justice, with practically the same jurisdiction which had been conferred on its predecessor, the In - ferior Court of Common Pleas and Circuit Court of Common Pleas, ex- cept that it was a court of the Commonwealth and not limited to any county or circuit. The court continued in existence until abolished by the act passed April 5, 1859, establishing the present Superior Court. On the first of March the number of associate justices was increased to four, on the 18th of March, 1845, to six, and on the 24th of May, 1851, to seven.
The judges of the court at various times were as follows :
Chief Justices .- Artemas Ward, appointed 1821; resigned 1839. John Mason Wil- liams, appointed 1839; resigned 1844. Daniel Wells, appointed 1844; died 1854. Edward Mellen, appointed 1854; court abolished 1859.
Associate Justices .- Solomon Strong, appointed 1821; resigned 1842. Jolin Mason Williams, appointed 1821 ; chief justice 1839. Samuel Howe, appointed 1821; died 1828. David Cummins, appointed 1828; resigned 1844. Charles Henry Warren, appointed 1839; resigned 1844. Charles Allen, appointed 1842; resigned 1844. Pliny Merrick, appointed 1843; resigned 1848. Joshua Holyoke Ward, appointed 1844; died 1848. Emory Washburn, appointed 1844; resigned 1847. Luther Stearns Cushing, appointed 1844; resigned 1848. Harrison Gray Otis Colby, appointed 1845; resigned 1847; Charles Edward Forbes, appointed 1847 ; Supreme Court 1848. Edward Mellen, appomted 1847; chief justice 1854. George Tyler Bigelow, appointed 1848; Supreme Court, 1850. Jonathan Coggswell Perkins, appointed 1848; court abolished 1859. Horatio Byington, appointed 1848; died 1856. Thomas Hopkinson, appointed 1848; resigned 1849. Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, appointed 1849; resigned 1853. Pliny Merrick, appointed 1850; Supreme Court 1854. Henry Walker Bishop, appoint- ed 1851; court abolished 1859. George Nixon Briggs, appointed 1853 ; court abolished 1859. George Partridge Sanger, appointed 1854; court abolished 1859. Henry Mor- ris, appointed 1855 ; court abolished 1859. David Aiken, appointed 1856; court abol- ished 1859.
The Superior Court was established April 5, 1859, as the successor of the Court of Common Pleas and with practically the same jurisdic- tion, with one chief justice and ten associate justices. The number of associates was increased to eleven May 19, 1875, to thirteen Febru- ary 27, 1888, and to fifteen May 6, 1892. The judges of this court up to the present time, August, 1892, have been as follows :
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Chief Justices .- Charles Allen, appointed 1859; resigned 1867. Seth Ames, ap- pointed 1867 ; Supreme Court 1869. Lincoln Flagg Brigham, appointed 1869; resigned 1890. Albert Mason, appointed 1890; incumbent.
Associate Justices .- Julius Rockwell, appointed 1859; resigned 1886. Otis Phillips Lord, appointed 1859; Supreme Court 1875. Marcus Morton, jr., appointed 1859; Su- preme Court 1869. Seth Ames, appointed 1859; chief justice 1867. Ezra Wilkinson, appointed 1859; died 1882. Henry Vose, appointed 1859; died 1869. Thomas Rus- sell, appointed 1859; resigned 1867. John Phelps Putnam, appointed 1859; died 1882. Lincoln Flagg Brigham, appointed 1859; chief justice 1869. Chester Isham Reed, appointed 1867; resigned 1871. Charles Devens, jr., appointed 1867 ; Supreme Court 1873. Henry Austin Scudder, appointed 1869; resigned 1872. Francis Hen- shaw Dewey, appointed 1869; resigned 1881. Robert Carter Pitman, appointed 1869 ; died 1891. John William Bacon, appointed 1871; died 1888. William Allen, ap- pointed 1872; Supreme Court 1881. Peleg Emory Aldrich, appointed 1873 ; incum- bent. Waldo Colburn, appointed 1875; Supreme Court 1882. Wm. Sewall Gardner, appointed 1875; Supreme Court 1885. Hamilton Barclay Staples, appointed 1881 ; died 1891. Marcus Perrin Knowlton, appointed 1881; Supreme Court 1887. Caleb Blodgett, appointed 1882; incumbent. Albert Mason, appointed 1882; chief justice 1890. James Madison Barker, appointed 1882; Supreme Court 1891. Charles Perkins Thompson, appointed 1885; incumbent. John Wilkes Hammond, appointed 1886; incumbent. Justin Dewey, appointed 1886; incumbent. Edgar Jay Sherman, ap- pointed 1887 ; incumbent. John Lathrop, appointed 1888; Supreme Court 1891. James Robert Dunbar, appointed 1888; incumbent. Robert Roberts Bishop, appointed 1888 ; incumbent. Daniel Webster Bond, appointed 1890; incumbent. Henry King Braley, appointed 1891 ; incumbent. John Hopkins, appointed 1891; incumbent. Elisha Burr Maynard, appointed 1891 ; incumbent. Franklin Goodridge Fessenden, appointed 1891 ; incumbent. John W. Corcoran, appointed 1891; incumbent. James B. Richardson. 1891; incumbent.
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