USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Somerville > Report of the city of Somerville 1881 > Part 10
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LICENSES.
The City Clerk has issued licenses to keep swine and goats and to collect grease, in accordance with our recommendations, the same as in former years.
SWINE. - Applications have been received for licenses to keep 222 swine. We have granted licenses for 209, and rejected the applications for the remainder.
GOATS. - We have received applications for licenses to keep 26 goats, and have granted licenses for the entire number.
GREASE. - 12 applications for licenses to collect grease have been received and granted. 7 of the applicants resided in Somer- ville, 2 in Boston, 2 in Cambridge, and 1 in Medford, and all of the non-residents have been recommended by their respective boards of health.
We have granted recommendations to 10 of our citizens for licenses to collect grease in Cambridge, and have recommended 3 for licenses to collect in Boston.
We have ascertained that the Boston Board of Health has licensed 45 citizens of Somerville to collect grease in the city of Boston during the past year, and that the Board of Health of Cam- bridge has licensed 11 to collect grease in that city.
202
ASHES.
The Highway Department has collected ashes, under our super_ vision, once every month, the same as in preceding years. The collections, hereafter, will be made as follows : -
In Ward One, on the first Wednesday of the month; in Ward Two, on the second Wednesday of the month ; in Ward Three, on the third Wednesday of the month; in Ward Four, on the fourth Wednesday of the month.
Ashes and house dirt for removal are required to be placed in barrels on the outer edge of the sidewalk, in the forenoons of the days when the collections are to be made, and must not contain any filth or offal. Four thousand five hundred and fifty-nine loads were collected during the year, at a cost of $1,185.70.
HOUSE OFFAL.
House offal has been collected by Mr. Christopher Burke, under a three-years' contract, commencing June 26, 1880, for the sum of $500 per annum.
The contract provides that collections shall be made three times per week in the months of May, June, July, August, and Septem- ber ; twice each week in the months of April, October, and Novem- ber ; and once each week in the months of December, January, February, and March.
REMOVAL OF NIGHT-SOIL.
Night-soil has been removed during the year by Messrs. Russell and Fitch.
April 24, their contract expired, and a new one was made for one year, providing for the following charges : For each load or part of a load of eighty cubic feet, removed in the months of April, May, June, July, August, September, October, and November, $3.50 ; and for the same in the months of December, January, February, and March, $2.50.
Four hundred and ninety-one loads of night soil were removed during the year.
203
Orders should be left at the police station, Bow Street, or at the grocery store at the corner of Franklin and Perkins Streets.
MYSTIC WATER.
No complaints of the condition of the Mystic water have been re- ceived during the year.
We have, since the 1st of January, 1882, examined several of the tributaries of Mystic Lake, and some of the objectionable establishments situated on their banks.
Russell Brook, a stream in the town of Woburn, was found to be free from foul matter ; a decided improvement over its condition in 1879. This brook was formerly used by the tanners as a receptacle for sewage; but the connection of the drains from the tanneries with the Mystic Valley sewer, which is located near the brook, has restored it to its original purity.
Another tributary in Woburn, sometimes called Town Meadow Brook, on which is located Dow & Co.'s tannery, was found to be foul, evidently containing house drainage. This brook passes through a thickly settled portion of Woburn, and receives the drainage from dwellings, stables, etc. At Dow & Co.'s tannery the drainage is pumped into pits on the banks of the brook, with the expectation that it will then soak into the ground.
Still another tributary, from Cummingsville, is foul, but not so bad as in 1880. The method adopted by John Cummings & Co. and Bishop & Co., of disposing of their sewage, is not satisfactory ; and we are of the opinion that during a rain-storm or freshet, a large quantity of the filth must be washed into the brook. At Messrs. Cummings & Co.'s tannery, we found a drain discharging foul matter directly into the brook.
The selection, for a source of water supply, of a lake whose water-shed is in many parts thickly settled, and which is occupied by a large number of manufactories and other establishments where objectionable classes of business are conducted, was unfortunate.
We are of the opinion that the following measures should be car- ried out in order to make Mystic Lake a proper source of water supply : -
204
Divert all sewage matter from the lake and its tributaries ; pro- vide a proper system of sewerage for the towns of Winchester, Woburn, and Stoneham.
Remove the filth and decayed vegetable matter from the lake and its tributaries.
Improve the shores of the lake and ponds, and take such meas- ures as may be necessary to prevent the growth of vegetable matter.
SEWERS.
During the year a sewer has been laid in Belmont Street, ena- bling the abutters to abate nuisances caused by the sewage flowing into the street gutters ; sewers have also been laid in Winslow Avenue, Villa Avenue, and Wheatland Street, by means of which, nuisances caused by overflowing cesspools and drainage emptying on the surface of the ground have been abated. There are sev- eral other localities where similar nuisances exist because it is im- practicable to abate them without the aid of sewers, the soil being so retentive that it will not absorb the sewage.
The following is a list of streets where sewers are needed to give the abutters an opportunity to abate nuisances caused by their own sewage : -
Alston Street, Appleton Street near Lowell Street, Ashland Street, Bond Street, Brastow Avenue, Cherry Street, Chester Street, Ward Three, Clyde Street. Fairlee Street, Fiske Avenue, Hinckley Street, Jacques Street, Murdock Street, Nevada Street, Temple Street, Tower Court, Winthrop Avenue, Wyatt Street.
DEATHS.
In compliance with law, we have approved 459 certificates of deaths during the year, and 33 certificates of still births.
We present the following table of mortality in Somerville in 1881 ; also a table of mortality for the year in seventeen Massachu- setts cities and towns.
205
MORTALITY IN SOMERVILLE IN 1881.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
Zymotic Diseases.
MIASMATIC.
Measles
1
1
1
1
Diphtheria .
7
4
7
3
3
2
3
2
6
2
3
44
Croup ..
1
1
3
1
1
Typhoid Fever
1
2
1
2
1
1
8
Erysipelas.
1
2
1
1
5
Dysentery
1
4
1
2
8
Cholera Infantum
1
1
7
18
8
1
36
Cholera Morbus
1
1
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis
1
1
2
Puerperal Convulsions
1
1
2
Septicemia .
1
1
2
Rheumatism.
2
2
Whooping Cough.
1
2
1
1
3
8
DIETIC.
1
1
1
Constitutional Diseases.
DIATHETIC.
Leucocythæmia
1
Dropsy .
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
Cancer of Rectum and Bladder.
1
Cancer of Stomach.
1
2
3
Mortification
1
1
2
TUBERCULAR.
Phthisis Pulmonalis
4
1
9
8
2
4
6
4
3
4
5
6
56
Tubercular Meningitis.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Tabes Mesenterica ..
1
1
1
2
2
7
Scrofula
1
1
Potts' Spinal Disease
1
1
Local Diseases.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Apoplexy
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
Paralysis
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
12
Insanity
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
Brain Diseases
2
1
1
4
Cerebral Meningitis.
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
14
Meningitis.
1
1
-Convulsions
1
3
1
2
3
. ..
1
12 1
Laryngismus
ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.
Heart Diseases
2
1
3
2
2
5
1
1
1
2
2
22
Angina Pectoris
1
RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Pneumonia
6
6
5
6
2
3
3
2
6
10
56
Bronchitis
4
1
3
8
Pleurisy
1
Imperfect Respiration
1
1
Lung Diseases.
1
2
Asthma
.
....
.
....
....
2
Scarlet Fever
. .
. .
.
2
1
7
Diarrhea .
Intemperance ..
Purpura Hemorrhagica
.
.
. . .
1
....
....
1
1 9
.
1
Cancer
Cancer of Breast ..
1
1
1
..
...
1
1
Marasmus
...
.
1
.
1
. .
1
1
2
1
.
2
4
.
-
206
MORTALITY IN SOMERVILLE IN 1881. - Continued.]
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
1.
DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
1
1
Enteritis.
2
1
3
Peritonitis
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
8
Hernia
1
1
1
1
2
1
...
Ulcer of stomach
1
URINARY ORGANS.
Nephritis.
1
1
Bright's Disease.
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
9
Diabetes.
1
1
2
Disease of Kidneys
1
1
Hemorrhage of Kidney
1
1
GENERATIVE ORGANS.
Uterine. .
Developmental Diseases.
OF CHILDREN.
Premature Birth and Infantile Debility .
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
OF OLD PEOPLE.
Old Age.
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
Diseases of Nutrition.
1
1
1
1
4
Exhaustion .
2
1
1
Violent Deaths.
1
1
Railroad.
1
2
3
Drowning
1
1
Accidental Hanging.
1
1
SUICIDE
1
1
2
UNKNOWN
1
1
2
1
5
Total
40
31
43
36
25
32
42
50
34
55
32
38
459
Still-born
2
1
4
3
1
4
2
4
5
2
3
2
33
Population
.26,359
Death rate per thousand. 17.4
2
Jaundice
2
Liver Diseases
1
Inanition
1
5
1
....
1
1
. .
..
General Debility.
4
Fracture of Skull
..
1
1
Gastritis.
207
MORTALITY IN SEVENTEEN MASSACHUSETTS CITIES AND TOWNS IN 1881.
Population.
Deaths.
Rate per Thousand.
Boston
397,628
9,016
22.7
Brockton
14,500
313
21.6
Cambridge
54,500
1,136
20.8
Chelsea
23,000
443
19.3
Fall River
49,000
1,290
26.3
Gloucester
20,000
388
19.4
Haverhill
19,000
303
16.0
Lynn.
40,000
763
19.1
Medford .
7,526
111
14.7
Newburyport
13,800
282
20.4
Quincy
11,000
171
15.5
Salem
28,000
605
21.6
Somerville
26,359
459
17.4
Springfield
35,000
625
17.9
Waltham
12,000
200
16.7
Woburn
11,452
185
16.2
Worcester
62,000
1,159
18.7
DISEASES DANGEROUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH.
SCARLET FEVER. - We are fortunately able to present a more gratifying statement relative to this disease this year, than we were last year. We have had but 25 cases reported to the board during the year, only one of which proved fatal. These cases were reported as occurring in 20 houses and in 22 families. Two cases were reported from a house in which there had not been a case since October, 1879, an interval of two years. Upon investi- gation it was found that a family had recently moved into the
208
house from Charlestown, and in the house from which they came there had been recently a case of scarlet fever. Less than a fort -- night after their removal to Somerville, a child in the family living on the lower floor was taken sick with the disease ; and soon after, one of the children in the other family was taken sick. Had these people, before leaving Charlestown, taken the precaution to thor- oughly fumigate their furniture and clothing, it is not likely that they would have brought the germs of the disease with them to Somerville. It is only by continually keeping before our minds the fact of the contagiousness of this disease that we can hope to keep it within bounds.
DIPHTHERIA. - In the consideration of this disease as it prevailed during the past year, we find the prediction made by us in our last report verified. At that time, referring to the belief of the medi- cal profession in the relations existing between the poor sanitary condition of houses and prevalence of diphtheria, we said, "We cannot help feeling that during the coming year there will be about the same number of cases reported that there were during the past year." In 1880, there were 108 cases and 19 deaths ; during the year 1881, there were 155 cases, of which 45 have proved fatal. As in previous years, we continued the practice of making a careful examination of every house and its surroundings in which a case of this disease occurred. A very small percentage of the houses examined were in good sanitary condition ; so that while we are not prepared to say that the insanitary conditions of a man's premises are the cause of the disease as it appears in this city, the con- viction is forced upon us that they play the part of very prominent factors in its production. A thorough inspection of every house in the city would probably throw considerable light on this part of the subject. If it could be shown that the disease occurred only in houses whose sanitary conditions were bad, the remedy would be apparent ; but we have not advanced in our study of this disease sufficiently to be able to take this ground. At present there are several objections to our taking this position. In the first place, we have not made an examination of a sufficiently large number of houses on which to base a reliable calculation ; and further, in our examination of houses in which there were cases of typhoid and
209
scarlet fevers, we found many whose sanitary condition was bad, and yet there had not at any time, to our knowledge, been a case of diphtheria in them.
Again, cases are occasionally reported from houses in which everything is in good condition. Possibly a careful study of such cases would show that the disease had been contracted elsewhere. The weight of evidence is at present in favor of the theory that insanitary conditions of our dwellings are the principal causes of the disease, and that its spread is favored by its contagiousness. Our duty, then, is to pay particular attention to the state of our houses. The drain and waste pipes should be carefully examined for leaks, and if any be found, they should be at once attended to. If the connection of drain and waste pipes be loose, they should be firmly bound together. The traps should be carefully examined, and any and every possible source of entrance of sewer gas into our houses should be properly guarded. By attention to these details, we shall have removed one of the supposed causes of the disease. An examination of our books shows that in the majority of instances, more than one case was reported from the same family. While we may be in doubt as to the origin of the first case, there can be no doubt of the contagiousness of the disease; and now that it has obtained a foothold in our city, it would seem that nothing but extreme measures will result in its removal. While we continue as formerly to fumigate every house in which fatal cases occur, and at the request of the family, any house in which the disease has appeared ; while our physicians are using their influence to induce the families to isolate the sick ones ; while we supplement their efforts by teaching the people the dan- gers attending communication between the sick and the healthy members of the family ; and to still further lessen the possibility of its extension, we forbid the attendance at school for a short period of any member of the family in which the disease occurred, - it con- tinues on its course apparently unchecked, A disbelief in its con- tagiousness, we believe, is the principal cause of its extension. We know of a case where three children were sick with the disease in one family ; another member of the family had died suddenly the day before our visit, and while we were in the house, a neighbor
210
called in to view the body and offer sympathy to the family. She was warned by us of the danger to which she was exposing her own children by entering this house, but she replied that she had no fear of it. Within a week she had two cases in her own family.
The custom indulged in by too many, of visiting houses where there are cases of this disease, should be discontinued. Most of the people who indu'ge in this practice do no good, but much harm. They visit the house, examine the patient, and often stay in the sick-room from half an hour to an hour and a half before depart- ing to their own homes, carrying with them in their clothing the germs of the disease. If their services were needed, there would be some excuse for them ; but we have found on more than one occa- sion, that when the family were so situated that help from their neighbors would be acceptable, it was not to be had.
Herewith is presented the inspector's report of the sanitary condition of houses visited by diphtheria in 1881.
TYPHOID FEVER. - This disease prevailed to an unusual extent in our city during the past year. Seventy-one cases were reported, and these occurred in fifty-one families. Although cases were reported from almost all parts of the city, the greatest number were from Columbia, Norfolk, and Tremont Streets, and Webster Avenue. It was impossible in many of these cases to find any con- nection between them and other cases of the same disease. We found frequently, during our investigation, instances where two or more members of the same family were taken sick at the same time ; in other cases there would be intervals of from one to four weeks. Medical writers are not agreed on the question of its contagiousness ; but from our study of the disease as it prevailed during the year, we are impressed with the feeling that it is contagious. A careful examination was made of the houses in which the disease occurred, and there was found to be much room for improvement in the sani- tary condition of nearly all of them. In the district already spoken of, almost all the families used the Cambridge water supply, while a very few used the Mystic. None of them to our knowledge used well water. The filthy condition of many of the houses and sur- roundings, and the absence of any proof of exposure to the disease in many instances, make it appear probable to us that the disease may be caused sometimes by exposure to emanations from foul
211
privies or cesspools, broken drains, untrapped sinks, etc. The difficulty in the way of accepting the germ theory as an explanation for all cases may be shown by reference to one family. In this family there were three sick with it: one an adult, and two boys aged respectively twelve and eight years. The two boys were taken sick at the same time, and in two days after, the adult was taken sick. The adult, in the pursuit of his business, went from house to house in the city, and sometimes visited houses in other cities. It is quite possible that in his travels he used a privy attached to a house in which there had been a case of the disease, and in that way exposed himself to the germs of the disease which are con- tained in the discharges from the bowels of the patient. This rea- soning would hardly apply to the cases of the children, although it is possible that they too exposed themselves in the same way, by going into their neighbors' yards and using their privies. To us it seems more likely that the cause of the disease was in or about the house in which they lived.
In our last report, we offered to provide material for use in the sick-room for the purpose of disinfecting. During the year we made a beginning in this direction, by furnishing to about half the cases a solution of sulphate of iron (copperas) in water, of the strength of one pound to one gallon of water. After the patients' bowels were moved, enough of this solution was poured on the dejections to cover them, after which they were thrown in the privy or water-closet. Were cases reported more promptly to us, we might with some reason hope to prevent its extension. Regarding the unusual prevalence of the disease this year, it might be stated that it prevailed to a much greater extent throughout the State than it has for some years, and it would seem that there was some- thing more than a local cause for its prevalence.
By the two following tables will be seen : first, the number of cases of scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid fever reported during the year, with the number of these cases that ha've up to this date (Jan 31) resulted fatally, and the percentage of deaths ; second, the number of deaths in our city from scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid fever in each of the five years ending with 1881. We also present in tabulated form the inspector's report of the sanitary condition of premises where diphtheria has been found ; -
212
SCARLET FEVER, DIPHTHERIA, AND TYPHOID FEVER REPORTED IN 1881.
SCARLET FEVER.
DIPHTHERIA.
TYPHOID FEVER.
MONTHS.
Cases
reported.
Proved
fatal.
Percentage
of deaths.
Cases
reported.
Proved
fatal.
Percentage
of deaths.
Cases
reported.
Proved
fatal.
Percentage
of deaths.
January
4
19
10
53
4
1
25
February
5
13
2
15
1
March
2
14
6
43
3
2
67
Apri
6
1
17
15
2
13
May
2
15
4
27
3
June.
11
2
18
1
July .
9
2
22
August
1
13
2
15
5
1
20
Septen ber
1
3
2
67
15
October
1
21
6
29
16
3
19
November
2
8
2
25
17
December.
1
14
5
36
6
1
17
Total
25
1
4
155
45
29
71
8
11
DEATHS FROM SCARLET FEVER, DIPHTHERIA, AND TYPHOID FEVER IN 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, AND 1881.
TYPHOID FEVER.
MONTHS.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
January
4
. .
4
2
...
4
6
7
7
2
February
1
1
4
4
4
4
1
March
1
1
1
9
5
7
2
April
1
2
7
1
1
1
2
May
1
8
3
1
June
1
6
1
1
3
1
July
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
August
2
3
1
4
3
2
1
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
October
3
4
2
5
2
6
1
1
2
2
November
1
4
3
5
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
December
1
7
2
8
5
4
8
3
2
1
1
1
Totals
10
16
16
6
1
59
27
29
19
44
6
5
3
7
8
.
2
September
SCARLET FEVER.
DIPHTHERIA.
212 a
No. of
Family.
Nationality.
Occupation of Hvad of Family.
No. of
Patient.
Sex of Patient.
Age of
Patient.
Date of Sickness.
Result.
Soil.
Locality.
House Drainage.
Condition of Cellar.
Privy.
Remarks.
1
Scotch.
Brass finisher.
1
Male .
2
January
1
Sand
Fair
Drain pipe in cellar defective Soil pipe not ventilated
Damp.
2
German . American . ..
Book agent
3
Male
6
1
Clayey Gravel ..
Damp.
4
l'lumber
4
Female . .
9
Fatal .
1
Good Low
Waste pipe not trapped; into cesspool near house
Basement rooms
4 feet from house ; vault full.
5
...
6
Female ..
6
=
=
Engineer
Male
28
2
Good
Waste pipe not trapped ; drainage out on surface. Drainage out on surface
Damp
10
8
Irish
Laborer
9
5
8
Clayey Gravel. .
Fair
Fatal. .
9 10
Printer Laborer
11
2
3
Sand ..
Low
Waste pipe not trapped; drainage defective Waste pipe not trapped.
26
20
40 feet from honse ; vault filthy . .. 8
Yard filthy.
12
Fish business
15
3
3
Good
Waste pipe not trapped ; drainage out on surface
Laborer
17
7
8
Clayey Gravel. . =
Fair. Low
Waste pipe not trapped
Police officer
18
Male
81
Fatal ..
4
=
7
Fatal ..
2
=
Good
Damp Damp and filthy
Water-closet in cellar defective. 25 feet from house ; vanlt full Water-closet in cellar.
Yard filtby.
American Irish
Printer .
Female ..
14
February
Clay
Fatal ..
3
Low Fair
Waste pipe not trapped; drain pipe defective Waste pipe not trapped; drainage out ou surface Soil pipe not ventilated
Water-closet in cellar. 20 feet from house ; vault full
Yard filthy.
Irish
Servant
22
00
Good
Clay
Low "
Waste pipe not trapped.
Not any
8 feet from house; vault full = =
25
=
Laborer
Female . Male
2
=
7
=
=
3
Fair
Waste pipe not trapped.
Damp Not any
6 feet from house; vault full. 2
Stagnant water near house.
36
2
14
Fatal ..
6
11
7
Clayey Gravel.
Fair.
Waste pipe not trapped.
Blacksmith
6
2
Good
Waste pipe not trapped ; drainage on surface
=
Salesman
3
6
Fair
Waste pipe not trapped.
34
Tailor
Male
4
Fatal .. 5
43
5
Sand
Good
W. p. not trapped ; connection of w. and d. p. defective. . Waste pipe uot trapped.
Water-closet in bath room. Adjoining house.
Female . . 27
April March
2
Fatal
4 8
Low Fair
Waste pipe not trapped ; drainage flowing under house .. W. p. not trapped ; connection of w. and d. p. defective . . Into cesspool ten feet from house Waste pipe not trapped.
Not any
12 feet from house; offensive. 10
American . Irish
Engineer
Laborer
1
Fatal .
1
48
23
7
Good
Teamster
10
April
3
Low.
1
=
8
1
Clayey Gravel ..
Fair
W. p. not trapped ; connection of w. and d. p. defective .. No drainage facilities. Waste pipe not trapped.
Damp Not any.
4 6 feet from house; vault full. 10
Stagnant water near house.
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29
30
=
Female . Male
March .
Fatal ..
1
Clay
Low and damp. .
Low and damp. .
No drainage facilities.
Adjoining house; vault full
Stagnant water near house.
31 32 33
36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Irish American . .
Conductor
51 52
Male Female Male
1
Fatal ..
Sand Clay
Stagnant water ; 8 feet from house.
Laborer
49 50
44 45 46 47 Male Female . .
19
Clayey Gravel.
American .. Germau
School master
=
Water-closet in bath room. Water closet in b. room ; offensive.
Connection of soil and drain pipe defective.
5
14
Male
Fatal ..
1
Clay
"
11
13 14
Irish American .
Grocery business Laborer
21 22 Female .. Male
5
=
=
=
2 5
American
Upholsterer
4
21
=
00
Clayey Gravel.
=
2
28
Widow
29
7 8
=
22
2
Clayey Gravel ..
" Good
Waste pipe not trapped. Insufficient supply of water in water-closet.
Damp
3 stables within 5 feet of house.
School teacher.
Glass worker
49
5
Irish
Brush maker.
46
Laborer
35
37 38 39 40 41 42
Female
American
Salesman
5 feet from house ; 4 8
vanlt full.
35
Irishı
Painter
Female ..
36
4
3
6 7
Fish
7 8
5
3
Clay
...
=
"
"
10
6
10
Female .. Male ....
12
29
2
Clayey Gravel. .
American . ..
13
Female . .
16
Female .. "
6
February Jaunary
19 20
8
7
Waste pipe not trapped; defect in drain pipe W. p. not trapped ; connection of w. and d. p. defective .. Waste pipe not trapped. Into cesspool two feet from house.
Damp.
24 25 26 27
American Irish American
Architect
·
*
6
Fatal ..
1
W. p. not trapped; connection of w. and d. p. defective ..
Male
30 31 32 33 34
Salesman
Male Female ..
18
Laborer
Male
Carpeuter.
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