USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Somerville > Report of the city of Somerville 1907 > Part 24
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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILK AND VINEGAR,
310 Broadway, Somerville, January 1, 1908.
To the Board of Health of the City of Somerville :-
Gentlemen,-I herewith submit my report for the year end- ing December 31, 1907.
Two epidemics of contagious diseases have occurred in the city during the year, and in both the source of infection seemed to be traceable to a contaminated milk supply. During the scarlet fever outbreak in January, I made about one hundred visits, and in my opinion the cause of the epidemic was infected milk. In September an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred, and as a result of fifty visits in the city and to the sources of supply of the milk affected, I believe the contamination of milk to have been the cause of the epidemic, although no definite source of infection could be discovered.
During the year I have issued 133 licenses to milk dealers, three to sell oleomargarine, twenty-nine to grocers to deliver milk on teams, and 136 registrations of stores for the sale of milk, making a total of 301. I have received and paid to the treasurer of the city $151.74, of which $150.50 was for licenses issued, and $1.24 for postage stamps.
I have made 103 visits of inspection to the stables and milk rooms of the dealers in the city, and have caused them to make many needed alterations and improvements. I have also in- spected forty-nine farms in the towns of Concord, Billerica, Car- lisle, and Waltham, where milk is produced for sale in Somer- ville; many things were found in the methods of milking, strain- ing, cooling, and keeping the milk which were open to criticism, and I believe that more work along the line of keeping the milk pure at its source of supply will be of great benefit to our citizens.
The new regulation adopted by the board, requiring that milk be kept at a temperature not to exceed fifty degrees Far- enheit, has been productive of good and is very generally com- plied with. Of 200 temperatures taken throughout the city, nearly all were found to be satisfactory, the instances of high temperature being practically all in stores.
I have collected and analyzed 791 samples of milk, sixty samples of vinegar, and thirteen samples of cream, making a total of 864.
Several complaints have been received from citizens as fol- lows : Bloody milk, one; poor milk, two; dirty milk, one; ty- phoid, one; an analysis of one sample of milk was made at the request of a physician.
A microscope was purchased for the use of the inspector in
310
ANNUAL REPORTS.
July, and 164 examinations of samples of milk for bacteria, pus, and dirt have been made. I consider the microscopic examina- tion of milk to be a very important part of the work of this de- partment. A new set of analytical balances has also been pur- chased this year; it is one of the finest made and sensitive to one-twentieth of a milligramme.
I hope to install the card index system for filing records next year.
The following cases were prosecuted in court :-
9 storekeepers, selling milk below the standard; each fined $10 $90 00
2 storekeepers, selling milk below the standard; each fined $5 10 00
1 farmer, who produces and brings his milk to a dealer; fined 20 00
1 milk dealer for diluting whole milk with skimmed milk; . . fined . · 1 keeper of a lunch room, milk below the standard; fined, 10 00 .
25 00
1 milk dealer; milk below the standard; fined 10 00 .
1 storekeeper for not registering; fined 10 00
· 1 milk dealer, second offence, fined ·
..
100 00
1 milk dealer, third offence, sentenced to 60 days in house of correction and fined 50 00
(Jail sentence was suspended on condition that he would not again attempt to do business in Somerville.)
4 storekeepers found not guilty. 1
1 storekeeper found guilty of second offence, but sentence suspended on condition that he will not attempt to sell milk again.
1 case nol prossed.
Amount of fines imposed by the courts . $325 00
In prosecuting the above cases I spent twenty days in the Somerville court and two days in the superior court.
I have made about 800 visits to stores for the purpose of inspecting their methods and facilities, and to explain the new regulations and statute laws.
The average daily consumption of milk is about 25,100 quarts, beside 400 quarts of cream and thirty-five quarts of fresh condensed milk. There has been a great improvement during the past year in the quality of, and the method of handling, the milk. We are indebted to the secretary of the state board of health for the vigorous inspection of the producing farms in and out of the state.
I desire to thank the board for the support given me in the enforcement of the laws.
The office of the inspector is open for the issuing of licenses and to receive the complaints of citizens from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M. every week day in the year.
Respectfully submitted, JULIUS E. RICHARDSON, V. S.,
Inspector of Milk and Vinegar.
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Board of Overseers of the Poor. EDWARD B. WEST, President. ALBERT W. EDMANDS, Vice-president. HERBERT E. MERRILL.
Committees. ON FINANCE, INVESTIGATION AND RELIEF, AND .CITY HOME. - Mr. West, Mr. Edmands and Mr. Merrill.
Secretary. CORA F. LEWIS.
General Agent. CHARLES C. FOLSOM.
City Physician. C. CLARKE TOWLE, M. D.
Warden and Matron, City Home. Mr. and Mrs. J. FOSTER COLQUHOUN.
Office. City Hall Annex, Highland Avenue,
REPORT OF OVERSEERS OF THE POOR.
Somerville, Mass., December 31, 1907.
To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen of the City of Somerville :-
Gentlemen,-In accordance with our usual custom, we beg leave to submit the following report for the year 1907 :-
In the past year some important improvements and addi- tions have been made at the city home. A more perfect system of heating has been put in, thereby saving, we think, some con- siderable expense for fuel. A new floor has been laid in the dining-room, and the house generally seems to be in first-class repair.
As our agent mentions in his report, the financial and busi- ness depressions of the last few months have added some twenty per cent. to the calls upon this department, and transfers from the state institution have added several to the inmates of the home. We hear of no cases of want which are not properly re- lieved when called to the attention of the board.
Upon the management of the affairs of our city in common with that of others some reflection has lately been cast. Cer- tainly in this department we feel that there are few indications of useless or extravagant expenditure. To provide a pleasant and suitable home for our aged and helpless people and proper relief for all our deserving poor is and has been our sole aim. Our home, so far as regards original cost, attractiveness, and ex- pense for maintenance, certainly compares most favorably with any similar institution in the state. In our agent, warden, and matron the city has most efficient and faithful servants, in whose hands her interests are most thoroughly guarded.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD B. WEST, ALBERT W. EDMANDS,
HERBERT E. MERRILL,
- Overseers of the Poor.
-
REPORT OF GENERAL AGENT.
Somerville, Mass., December 31, 1907.
To the Board of Overseers of the Poor, Somerville, Mass. :-
Gentlemen,-I herewith submit my report for the year 1907.
Business Good.
During a large part of the year business was good and working people were generally employed, so that we aided less families and less persons than in former years. There was quite a large number of families, however, that we were obliged to aid, owing to the fact that they did not have sufficient income for their support. In the most of these cases the head of the family had died, or was unable to provide for those dependent on him for support by reason of sickness. As in 1906, we aided a large number of widows, the most of them with large families.
Business Dull.
Late in the fall the financial depression caused many to lose their work, and as a consequence during November and Decem- ber we were obliged to aid more families and to admit more to the city home than ever before during the same length of time. The expense was about twenty per cent. more in these two months than the corresponding months of 1906.
In Touch with the Poor.
We have tried to keep in touch with those who were des- titute and needed assistance from the city. Many families, no doubt, have suffered rather than make their wants known. We believe, however, there has been as little suffering in this city as in any one of its size in the state.
Hospital.
We still find the hospital a very great help in dealing with the sick poor. If a maternity ward could be added, it would be a great blessing to some of the poorer people, as well as others, who would be glad to patronize the same.
City Home.
I can again testify to the wisdom of the city officials in es- tablishing the city home when they did. We could hardly get along without it now.
314
ANNUAL REPORTS.
City Physician.
The city physician, Dr. C. Clarke Towle, is doing faithful work among the poor, many having testified to this during the year.
Persons Aided.
Again I can say that the year just closed has been one of satisfaction because of the fact that we have been able to reach and aid directly or indirectly (including the work of the city physician) more than 2,000 persons, and by so doing we have prevented much distress and suffering, and have added to the comfort and happiness of many more.
Small Appropriations.
The appropriations for the care of the poor in this city are, we believe, smaller than those made in any other city in the com- monwealth, according to the population, and yet I think the poor are looked after and made as comfortable here as in any part of the state. I think our neighbors from other cities and towns and the state officials will testify to this fact.
Self Supporting.
One of the chief aims of this office is to help each person and family aided to become self-supporting as soon as possible. This of course cannot always be accomplished, owing to the ad- vanced age and infirmity of some of those aided; but in a great many cases, by investigating and keeping a close watch, we can help them to help themselves. By so doing they become self- respecting and self-reliant. In doing this we are sometimes obliged to be very firm, and in many cases positively refuse to continue aid when asked to do so; but we have learned that in the end this is the correct method, and the one adopted and taught by those who have had the most experience.
Gentlemen of the board, as in the past, I again thank you for uniform courtesies and help received from all of the members, the secretary and city physician, also from the warden and matron of the city home. The year just closed has surely been one of the most pleasant and satisfactory of the twenty-two years of my service in this department. The tables attached give de- tailed work of the department for the year.
Very respectfully,
1
C. C. FOLSOM, General Agent.
315
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Table No. 1. FULL SUPPORT (DURING THE YEAR).
In our city home (men 28, women 13). 41
In our city home (men 18, women 9), December 31, 1907 . ·
27
In private families 2
In Somerville hospital
179
In hospitals for the sick in other towns and cities
51
In hospital for dipsomaniacs
6
In hospital for epileptics
6
Table No. 2. PARTIAL SUPPORT (OUTDOOR RELIEF).
Families
208
Persons aided (not including hospital cases)
854
Burials
12
Permits to Tewksbury almshouse .
16
Average expense to city for each (ambulance for several),
$2.521/2
Table No. 3. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts City of Beverly .
$1,220 20
66
Boston
1,092 67
66
Cambridge
573 72
66
Everett
5 25
66
Fall River
129 53
66
Gloucester
52 17
66
66 Haverhill
86 77
66
Lawrence
82 86
66
66 Marlboro
2 00
6
Medford
53 18
66
Newton
158 85
60
Salem
27 80
66
66
Springfield
133 61
66
Waltham
2 00
66
Woburn
111 21
66
Worcester
102 30
Town of Belmont
119 50
" Boylston
66 25
Brookline
18 14
Harwich
3 00
Middleboro
22 43
66
66 Stoneham
71 25
West Boylston
14 29
Westminster
13 00
66
Weston
35 00
Winchester
12 86
Relatives and individuals .
129 27
$4,626 49
Leominster
52 17
6 Malden
91 70
32 86
Chelsea
110 65
316
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Table No. 4.
SOMERVILLE HOSPITAL (PATIENTS ON CITY BEDS).
Patients having settlement in Somerville
61
Patients having settlement in other cities or towns 39
Patients having no settlement (chargeable to state) 79 Total number of patients sent to hospital 179
Money paid hospital by the city for patients settled in Somerville $5,000 00 . Amount reimbursed to the city and paid to the hospital for patients not settled in Somerville . 2,054 24
Total paid to the hospital
$7,054 24
Table No. 5.
POPULATION AND GROSS EXPENDITURES, 1883 TO 1907, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Population (Estimated).
Expenditures.
1883
27,000
$15,959 80
1884
28,000
17,272 52
1885
*29,992
16,430 32
1886
32,000
14,341 83
1887
34,000
13,430 89
1888
36,000
13,375 98
1889
39,000
14,610 92
1890
*40,117
15,261 14
1891
43,000
15,980 49
1892
46,000
17,015 30
1893
48,000
17,799 58
1894
50,000
19,733 13
1895
*52,200
20,755 46
1896
54,000
21,999 79
1897
56,000
25,681 47
1898
57,500
28,522 21
1899
60,000
28,924 39
1900
*61,643
City home,
5,528.83
29,226 45
1901
62,500
City home, 6,622.43
35,793 58
Miscellaneous, $28,667.04
36,063 68
1903
65,500
Miscellaneous, $30,470.20 City home, 7,548.39
38,018 59
Miscellaneous, $20,476.54
27,039 65
1905
*69,272
2 City home, 7,474.36
25,002 24
Miscellaneous, $18,237.53
1906
.
72,000
City home, 6,806.79
25,044 32
§ Miscellaneous, $17,852.20
1907
·
74,000
City home,
$7.001.23
24,853.48
*Census.
Miscellaneous, $23,697.62
Miscellaneous, $29,171.15
1902
63,500
City home, 7,396.64
1904
69,500
City home, 6,563.11
Miscellaneous, $17,527.88
Table No. 6. EXPENDITURES, IN DETAIL, FOR THE YEAR 1907.
1907.
Dry Goods.
Board.
Groceries.
Somerville Poor in Other · Cities and Towns
Boots and Shoes.
Medicine.
Burials.
Salaries.
Fuel.
Sundries.
Cash Paid Out.
Tele- phone.
Stationery and Printing.
Somerville Hospital.
State Hospital.
Foxboro State Hospital.
Feebie- minded School.
Epileptic Hospitaland Rutland Sanatorium.
Total.
January
$88 36
$710 44
$207 14
$18 25
$19 88
$30 00
$291 66
$170 94
$744 00
$19 20
$17 80
$23 45
$99 0)4
$78 93
$205 71
$2,724 80
February .
65 43
402 76
42 80
20 90
65 00
291 66
3 62
13 90
15 34
.
·
March
55 72
526 71
1 25
26 70
15 00
291 66
240 43
4 00
9 10
·
April .
80 16
388 52
317 87
11 65
32 90
291 66
10 43
6 40
9 15
5 00
$533 32
74 46
May
48 72
387 30
73 21
20 78
291 66
6 00
20 44
16 94
133 33
18 11
152 29
1,170 78
June
73 16
270 34
21 04
291 66
2 00
11 25
.
9 70
17 28
7 50
133 33
18 57
$1,693 09 256 26
15 15
1,946 45
September
$1 50
73 16
302 00
2 86
7 90
316 99
1 00
6 57
4 00
133 33
5 11
222 14
1,076 56
October
.
11 15
47 16
364 00
47 14
2 50
10 00
291 66
3 95
133 33
48 75
964 64
December
48 72
50 00
3 00
15 00
291 74
189 35
14 55
587 61
33 90
1,233 87
Totals .
$12 65
$726 75
$4,298 57
$1,850 80
$47 30
$209 42
$170 00
$3,539 33
$623 65
$777 30
$137 66
$87 87
$50 08
$2,054 24
$250 47
$241 44
$1,949 35
$825 32
$17,852 20
.
44 49
7 32
291 66
2,514 66
August
48 72
375 00
722 42
10 65
26 39
291 66
8 70
2 63
133 33
55 54
·
.
21 43
38 07
1,279 76
20 61
305 66
6 88
9 71
23 98
133 33
7 50
133 33
845 28
July
48 72
243 00
278 50
392 87
November
·
.
· . .
35 00
.
1 14
922 55
11 87
228 89
1,411 33
1,761 52
2 00
5 00
48 72
2
1
.
.
t
r
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
317
Overseers of the Poor of Somerville. SINCE THE REORGANIZATION IN 1885.
-
tHon. Mark F. Burns, chairman ex-officio . 1885
1888 inclusive
tColonel Herbert E. Hill . · . 1885
1889
66
¡Charles S. Lincoln, Esq., chairman
1885
1887
66
Hon. Edward Glines .
1885
1887 66
tCharles G. Brett (president 1888-1892) .
1885
April 1893 66
Edward B. West (president May, 1894, to date)
1888
to date*
*Daniel C. Stillson ·
1888
April 1892
tHon. Charles G. Pope, chairman ex-officio .
1889
1891
. Nathan H. Reed (president 1893 to April, 1894)
1890
April 1894
66
tHon. William H. Hodgkins, chairman officio
1892
1895
James G. Hinckley
May 1892
1894
Albert W. Edmands
May 1893
to
date **
Herbert E. Merrill
May 1894
to
date*
tEzra D. Souther
1895
Feb.
1898 (Died)
Hon. Albion A. Perry, chairman ex-officio . 1896
1898 inclusive
James H. Butler
March 1898
1899
66
Hon. George O. Proctor, chairman ex-officio, 1899
*Present member.
tDeceased.
Table No. 7. RECAPITULATION ( MISCELLANEOUS ).
Appropriation
$14,000 00 4,626 49
Total receipts ·
Total expenditures
$18,626 49 17,852 20
Balance
Net expenditures
$774 29 $13,225 71
·
·
ex-
66
.
Reimbursements
REPORT OF WARDEN OF CITY HOME.
1 City Home, January 1, 1908. To the Overseers of the Poor, Somerville, Mass. :-
Gentlemen,-I submit the following as the report of the war- den of the city home for the year ending December 31, 1907 :-
Table No. 1. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Produce and pork sold .
$3,452 12
Board of sundry persons
340 00
$3,792 12
Table No. 2. LIVING EXPENSES.
Salaries and wages .
$2,554 93
Groceries and provisions
1,770 99
Dry goods
194 37
Boots and shoes
51 35
Hay and grain .
607 14
Seeds and fertilizer
113 68
House furnishings
25 95
Kitchen furnishings Sundries
145 21
Farm sundries
267 64
Cash paid by warden, car fares for warden, inmates and laborers
36 35
Medicine
66 02
Shoeing horses .
45 35
Repairs on wagons and tools
107 40
Repairs on sash
7 34
General repairs
26 49
Swill and bedding
246 79
New tools
95 90
Live stock .
99 00
Telephone
56 51
$6,572 67
Credits :-
Produce and pork sold .
$3,452 12
Board of sundry persons
340 00
Net living expenses .
$2,780 55
Table No. 3.
Number weeks' board of inmates 1,296 3-7
Number of males admitted during 1907
20
Number of females admitted during 1907
6
Number of males discharged during 1907
12
Number of females discharged during 1907 .
2
3,792 12
54 26
319
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Number of males supported during 1907 29
Number of females supported during 1907 .
14
Number of males died during 1907 3
Number of females died during 1907 3
Number of inmates in home December 31, 1907
27
Table No. 4. FARM ACCOUNT. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Produce and pork sold
$3,452 12
Produce used at city home
312 78
$3,764 90
EXPENSES.
Wages for help
$1,149 44
Feed for one horse
151 79
Shoeing one horse
15 02
Repairs on wagon and tools
107 40
Repairs on sash
7 34
Swill and bedding
246 79
Farm sundries .
267 64
Seed and fertilizer
113 68
2,059 10
Balance
$1,705 80
Table No. 5. PERMANENT REPAIRS AND FIXTURES.
Laying 618 feet water pipe
$373 33
Repairs on piggery .
43 33
Brick, lime, and cement
11 90
Living expenses
$428 56 6,572 67
Total expenses
$7,001 23
Table No. 6. RECAPITULATION.
Appropriation
$2,500 00
Reimbursements
3,792 12
Net expenditures
3,209 11
Total expenditures
$7,001 23
Total receipts .
6,292 12
Account overdrawn .
$709 11
.
.
Respectfully submitted,
J. FOSTER COLQUHOUN, Warden.
REPORT OF THE CITY PHYSICIAN.
OFFICE OF CITY PHYSICIAN, Somerville, January 1, 1908. S
To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen :-
Gentlemen,-I beg to submit the following summary as rep- resenting the work of your city physician for 1907 :-
House visits
1,822
Office consultations
1,082
Visits at city home .
33
Attended at police station
54
Vaccinations
190
Confinements
24
Examinations for legal department
12
Very respectfully,
C. CLARKE TOWLE, City Physician.
1
REPORT OF THE CITY ENGINEER.
OFFICE OF THE CITY ENGINEER, CITY HALL, SOMERVILLE, JANUARY 20, 1908. To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen :-
Gentlemen,-In accordance with the provisions of the city charter, the following report of the work done and expense incurred for the year ending December 31, 1907, by the depart- ments and appropriations under my charge and supervision, in- cluding Engineering, Grade Crossings, Sewers Construction, Sewers Maintenance, Public Grounds, and other public works, is herewith presented.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. Statement of Expenses, 1907.
Salary of City Engineer .
$3,000 00
Salaries of assistants (see itemized state- ment)
7,733 29
Stakes, tools, and general supplies (outside work)
66 08
Draughting materials and office supplies (inside work)
150 99
City maps
48 00
City fares
250 75
Maintenance of team.
173 90
Telephone, postage, and incidentals
120 87
Total debit
$11,543 88
CREDIT.
Appropriation
Amount received for making acceptance · $11,500 00
plans
45 00
Total credit
$11,545 00
Balance unexpended
$1 12
.
322
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Classification of Expenses, Assistants' Salaries.
Sewers,-comprising surveys, estimates, profiles, lines,
grades, titles, plans, assessments, and all engineering work relating to sewers $2,014 26 . Highways,-comprising plans, estimates, titles, profiles, lines and grades, inspection of paving, and all other engineering relating to the department 626 53 Sidewalks,-comprising profiles, lines, grades, measure- ments, titles, costs, and assessments 1,190 12
Water Works,-comprising lines, grades, locations of mains, gates, hydrants, and services, and other mat- ters relating to water department
322 48
Public Grounds,-comprising surveys, plans, estimates, profiles, and grades, including laying out of parks, and grounds, and boulevards
102 78
Public Buildings,-comprising surveys, estimates, lines and grades, and other work relating to construction 40 48 . Street Numbering,-comprising locations of buildings, plans, and affixing street numbers on houses 321 98
Street Lines and Grades,-comprising establishing of lines, grades, and miscellaneous data given parties for building and grading
138 11
City Survey,-comprising establishing of street lines, acceptance plans, and miscellaneous survey work for city map, bridges, etc. 926 45
Middlesex Registry,-comprising copying of plans and ab- stracts from deeds and examination of titles filed at East Cambridge, also tracings of street acceptance and sewer taking plans filed for record
282 54
Railway, Telephone, Electric Light, and Gas Light Com- panies,-comprising grades, plans, profiles and office notes, locations of roles and conduits .
72 61
Stone Bounds,-locating and setting
95 50
Office Work,-comprising records of all locations, index- ing, typewriting, calculations, and general draughting. Miscellaneous Work,-comprising preliminary surveys, designs, sketches, etc., relating to various schemes for different committees 52 33
928 96
Vacations, Holidays, and Sickness
618 16
Total
Grade Crossings Account.
STATEMENT OF EXPENSES, 1907.
Legal services (City Solicitor) $200 00
Consulting engineer's services 200 00
143 31
Printing, advertising, etc.
$543 31 1
CREDIT.
Balance of appropriaton unexpended December 31, 1906. $373 51
$169 80
Overdrawn
$7,733 29
323
CITY ENGINEER.
Office Records and Value of Instruments.
Number of survey note-books, sewer permit books, and deed books, two hundred and sixty-five.
Number of plans, including sewers, highways, parks, house lots, etc., six thousand.
Value of field instruments, tools, and office instruments, $2,000
The total cost of maintaining the city engineer's department since it was established (1872-1907, both years inclusive) has amounted to $248,791.03.
General Work. The number of assistants employed dur- ing the year on engineering work varied from eight to eleven.
The department has made designs, plans, estimates of cost of contemplated and completed public works, etc., as required by various orders of the board of aldermen and committees. All survey notes, records, and plans made of sewers, drains, highway work, water works, grade crossing work, etc., have been filed for future reference.
All plans of estates in Somerville recorded at the Registry of Deeds, East Cambridge, have been copied, titles examined, and abstracts from deeds made for the purpose of assessments, and the proportional part of the cost of new work computed, and schedules of assessments made out showing the property own- ers ; and copies made of all city plans where land has been taken for highways or sewers, and these have been filed and recorded at the Registry, East Cambridge, as required by law.
Plans have been made and photographs taken where acci- dents have occurred on the city work or where boundaries were in dispute, for the use of the city solicitor in court cases and hearings; and special plans and data prepared for hearings re- lating to the proposed bridges and approaches on Lowell street, over the Southern division, and the abolition of all grade cross- ings on the Fitchburg division of the Boston & Maine railroad.
A number of street names have been changed and plans made showing a re-numbering of the buildings, and all old num- bering plans revised, new houses plotted, and numbers assigned : some of the old main thoroughfares should be re-numbered throughout their entire length, so as to eliminate half numbers and letters now being used, as many of these old streets have outgrown their original numbering.
There are many streets, avenues, courts, and places in the city of the same or very similar name, which should be changed to prevent the confusion and inconvenience now existing.
Stone monuments have been set at a number of street inter- sections and angles to define and preserve the true lines of pub- lic streets, and this work should be continued as much as possi- ble each year. By setting these stone bounds or monuments, in Portland cement concrete, at the level of the surface of the ground, or flush with the surface of the sidewalk, they can also
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