USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Somerville > Report of the city of Somerville 1908 > Part 20
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HEALTH DEPARTMENT. 271
has been useful in detecting watered milk. Quite a number of samples have been examined, and one case was prosecuted and fined $25.
The standard of milk which is required was changed by the legislature in June, and the percentages now required are 3.35 per cent. butter fat and 12.15 per cent. solids; this standard is uniform for the entire year.
Statistics.
Stores on record December 31, 1908
540
Stores registered
136
Milkmen licensed
117
Grocery wagons licensed
36
Oleomargarine pedlers licensed
3
Store to sell oleomargarine
1
Milk samples analyzed
945
Milk sediments examined for bacteria
176
Oleomargarine samples .
2
Vinegar (all up to standard)
34
Cream
9
Court Cases.
Complaints
17
Convictions
17
Days in court
20
Nature of Complaints.
Milk below standard
15
Selling milk without registering
1
Selling milk to which water had been added
1
Fines imposed .
$335.00
Cash Paid City Treasurer.
For milk licenses and registrations
$146.50
Postage stamps
.68
Hand centrifuge machine
5.00
$152.18
Inspections.
Stores, coolers, ice chests, and cans inspected
500
Milk rooms and stables .
118
Stables where cows are kept .
15
Milk sheds and receiving tanks
7
Dairies and farms out of town
106
Cows examined
816
Eleven complaints from citizens have received attention. Many defects have been remedied, such as dirty floors, yards, walls, clothing, milk utensils, stagnant water, bad drains, etc.
Five dairies were condemned, and by vote of the board the milk was excluded from the city. These have been allowed to resume their supply to the city after having complied with the requirements of the inspector.
-
212
ANNUAL REPORTS.
The state board of health has greatly facilitated the work of the local board by its system of inspections and notifications. All cases reported have been. investigated.
To do away with the common method of tasting milk, the following vote was passed by the board May 12, 1908 :-
Whereas, milk may be, and frequently is, made the carrier of infec- tious and contagious diseases, and, whereas, the germs of said diseases : may be imparted to milk by persons in the act of testing, by tasting or otherwise handling milk before delivery to consumers;
It is therefore ordered: Whoever tests milk or cream which is to be offered for sale in any form by tasting shall do so by means of a clean spoon or piece of wood, paper, cardboard, or other article, and such spoon, piece of wood, paper, cardboard, or other article shall not again be brought in contact with milk intended for sale, or be used for testing milk until after being thoroughly washed and sterilized; no person shall permit any part of his person or clothing to come in con- tact with milk intended for sale in any form. All persons engaged in the tasting, mixing, or handling of milk for sale in any form shall before engaging in such tasting, mixing, or handling, thoroughly clean his hands and finger nails, and keep them as clean and dry as possible dur- ing such tasting, mixing, or handling. No person shall permit his hands while wet to remain or pass over any open vessel containing milk in- tended for sale in any form. No person shall fill a jar, can, or other receptacle with milk while the aforesaid jar, can, or other receptacle is held over an open vessel containing milk intended for sale in any form. No person who has sore throat, diarrhoea, or is suffering from any other disturbance of the bowels, or has symptoms of infectious or con- tagious disease, shall engage in the handling of milk which is to be offered for sale or which is for sale.
The food value of milk is not appreciated by the average person, nor does he understand the need of care in the handling and distribution of milk. Many times the milk is received at the consumer's residence in good condition, but the lack of care in using it leads to the production of conditions which are harm- ful to health.
Any citizen or physician who has any reason for complaint will receive prompt and courteous attention.
Respectfully submitted, JULIUS E. RICHARDSON, V. S., Inspector of Milk.
Phones 21137, 741-3.
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Board of Overseers of the Poor. EDWARD B. WEST, President. ALBERT W. EDMANDS, Vice-president. HERBERT E. MERRILL.
Committees. ON FINANCE, INVESTIGATION AND RELIEF, AND CITY HOME. - Mr. West, Mr. Edmands and Mr. Merrill.
Secretary. CORA F. LEWIS.
General Agent. CHARLES C. FOLSOM.
City Physician. C. CLARKE TOWLE, M. D.
Warden and Matron, City Home. Mr. and Mrs. J. FOSTER COLQUHOUN.
Office. City Hall Annex, Highland Avenue.
REPORT OF OVERSEERS OF THE POOR.
Somerville, Mass., December 31, 1908.
To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen of the City of Somerville :-
Gentlemen,-In accordance with our usual custom and the requirements of the law, we submit our annual report for the year 1908. It has been a matter of some surprise to our board the past year, which has included a period of great financial de- pression, with many industries curtailed or suspended, that the call for the city's charity has been so little increased, and it speaks well for the general character of the people in a city of this size that such is the case, and that so large a proportion are making a manly effort for self-support.
Every year we are becoming more and more assured that the action of the city in the purchase of the present home was a most wise as well as charitable act.
For those whose misspent life has brought them at last to our door, we have reluctant sympathy ; but for the disabled, de- serted, deserving, the "over the hill to the home" has, we trust, lost much of its gloom.
The work of the year has been entirely satisfactory in the different departments, and we submit the details as follows.
Signed,
E. B. WEST, Overseers
A. W. EDMANDS, of the Poor.
H. E. MERRILL,
REPORT OF GENERAL AGENT.
December 31, 1908. To the Board of Overseers of the Poor, Somerville, Mass. :---
Gentlemen,-The following report, for the year 1908, is re- spectfully submitted.
The work of this department has been carried on much the same during 1908 as in former years. Our appropriation, $13,500, being $500 less than that of 1907, and the fact that the depression in business caused quite a number of men to be with- out steady employment, resulted in an overdraw on the mis- cellaneous account, which at the close of the year showed a defi- ciency of some $649.14. Fortunately there was a balance in the city home account which more than equaled this deficiency, so that the departments kept well within the appropriations.
Aid Rendered.
Food was supplied to poor families during the year amount- ing to $5,093, this being nearly $1,000 more than was given in . 1907. Fuel supplied to poor families, for which the city paid, amounted to $707.23, nearly $100 more than the year before. The net expenses for the miscellaneous account of the poor de- partment amounted to $14,149.14, or $923.43 more than in 1907.
Change of Law.
During the year 1907 the law was changed, to go into effect December 1, 1908, in reference to cities and towns paying for the support of the "feeble-minded" and the sane "epileptics." The amount paid in 1908 for the two above-named classes was $2,064.16. Hereafter this expense will be paid by the state.
State Refuses to Pay.
The state has refused to pay our bills during the last year for visits of the city physician to state paupers. The matter is now in the hands of the city solicitor, and I understand he has made arrangements with the state authorities to have the ques- tion decided by the court.
Law Suit.
The suit brought a year ago by the town of Braintree against this city, in the Pickering case, has not yet been settled.
If He Eats He Must Work.
It is still the rule to require the man in the family (if there is one) to do some work at the city farm in return for any aid rendered the family. If they really need the aid, they are very willing to work ; if not, we usually do not hear from them again.
276
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Work for the Board of Health and Hospital.
The number of cases sent us by the board of health, to look up settlements, has increased to such an extent that it looks now as though the services of an extra clerk would be re- quired the greater part of the time. These and the Somerville hospital cases, from neither of which this department receives any cash benefit whatever, occupvnearly half of our time, and the work is increasing.
Appreciation.
I wish to thank the board for their kindness and help; espe- cially I wish to thank them for their willingness to allow us extra help when it is really necessary. The usual tables, annexed, will give the work in detail.
Very respectfully,
C. C. FOLSOM, General Agent.
277
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Table No. 1. FULL SUPPORT (DURING THE YEAR).
In city home (men 31, women 21) . . 52
In city home December 31, 1908 (men 18, women 12) .
30
In private families .
2
In Somerville hospital
180
In hospitals for the sick in other towns, cities, and state .
59
In hospital for dipsomaniacs .
7
In hospital for epileptics
7
Table No, 2. PARTIAL SUPPORT (OUTDOOR RELIEF).
Families
221
Persons aided (not including hospital cases)
921
Burials
8
Permits to Tewksbury almshouse .
20
Average expense to the city for each (ambulance for sev-
$3.121/2
Table No. 3. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts .
$1,178 56
City of Boston .
542 29
Chelsea
59 55
Everett
98 52
66
Fall River
4 60.
66
" Malden
38 30
66
" Marlboro
13 75
66
" Medford
32 73
" New Bedford
11 63
6
Newton
192 73
66
" Northampton
50 00
" Salem
7 30
66
" Springfield
60 70
" Waltham
87 00
66
" Woburn
.
19 45
Worcester
105 40
Town of Arlington
21 43
" Ashburnham
21 43
" Belmont
28 00
" Boylston
8 57
Brookline
22 86
Clinton
21 43
Framingham
18 30
66
Leominster
52 31
66 Milton
1 50
66
Rockport
39 44
Southboro
16 00
Stoneham
50 21
Stow
22 60
Truro
1 00
66
Walpole
13 43
66
Weston
9 20
Weymouth
25 29
Relatives and individuals
467 45
.
Cambridge
432 51
Gloucester
30 73
eral)
.
$3,806 20
278
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Table No. 4. SOMERVILLE HOSPITAL (PATIENTS ON CITY BEDS).
Patients having settlement in Somerville
74
Patients having settlement in other cities or towns 43
Patients having no settlement (chargeable to state) .
63 Total number of patients sent to hospital .
180
Money paid hospital by the city for patients settled in Somerville
$5,000 00
Amount reimbursed to the city and paid to the hospital . for patients not settled in Somerville .
1,555 73
Total paid to the hospital
$6,555 73
Table No. 5. POPULATION AND GROSS EXPENDITURES, 1883 TO 1908, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Population ( Estimated).
Expenditures
1883
27,000
$15,959 80
1884
28,000
.
17,272 52
1885
*29,992
16,430 32
1886
32,000
14,341 83
1887
34,000
13,430 89
1888
36,000
13,375 98
ISS9
39,000
14,610 92
1890
*40,117
15,261 14
1891
43,000
15,980 49
1892
46,000
17,015 30
1893
48,000
17,799 58
1894
50,000
19,733 13
1895
*52,200
20,755 46
1896
54,000
21,999 79
1897
56,000
25,681 47
1898
57,500
28,522 21
1899
60,000
28,924 39
1900
*61,643
Miscellaneous, $23,697.62 City home,
5,528.83
29,226 45
1901
62,500
City home, 6,622.43
35,793 58
1902
63,500
Miscellaneous, $28,667.04 7,396.64 City home,
36,063 68
1903
65,500
City home,
7,548.39
38,018 59
1904
69,500
Miscellaneous, $20,476.54 City home, 6,563.11
27,039 65
1905
*69,272
City home, 7,474.36
25,002 24
1906
72,000
City home, 6,806.79
1907
.
74,000
City home, 7.001.23
24,853 43
1908
.
75,500
City home,
6,875.56
*Census.
.
Miscellaneous, $18,237.53
25,044 32
Miscellaneous, $17,852.20
Miscellaneous, $17,955.34
24,830 90
Miscellaneous, $29,171.15
Miscellaneous, $30,470.20
Miscellaneous, $17,527.88
Table No. 6. EXPENDITURES, IN DETAIL, FOR THE YEAR 1908.
1908.
Dry Goods.
Board.
Groceries.
Somerville in Poor Other . Cities and Towns.
Boots and Shoes.
Medicine and Nursing.
Burials.
Salaries.
Fuel.
Sundries.
Cash Paid Out.
Tele- phone.
Stationery and Printing.
Somerville Hospital.
State Hospital.
Foxboro State Hospital.
Feebie- minded School.
Epileptic Hospitaland Rutland Sanatorium.
Total.
January .
$2.00
$74 72
$852 50
$956 62
$6 50
$32 43
$15 00
$291 66
$27 00
$23 80
$24 33
$3 50
$126 29
$6 04
194 07
1,361 02
March
70 29
531 00
78 59
8 85
15 00
366 66
117 61
9 36
$399 99
37 14
· 253 50
1,898 49
April
42 87
405 50
6 65
29 92
15 00
316 66
10 25
21 60
21 34
133 33
150 00
May
44 29
429 50
8 86
1 20
39 15
316 66
4 40
6 00
18 19
5 91
1 25
133 33
133 33
68 43
256 26
1,386 81
July
65 86
320 00
619 45
1 50
27 40
316 66
1 10
10 90
7 00
3 03
133 33
145 88
129 07
256 26
1,276 31
October
29 86
386 50
552 86
14 75
24 78
334 66
1 70
8 85
7 00
9 00
133 33
November
30 01
398 50
16 50
16 39
15 00
316 66
154 79
6 80
22 57
133 33
70 46
211 25
1.392 26
December
31 01
162 00
132 75
10 02
316 74
78 75
8 40
. .
.
.
Totals .
$2 00
$554 07
$5,093 00
$2,611 61
$43 45
$289 44
$110 00
$3,844 67
$707 23
$57 75
$156 44
$111 70
$20 78
$1,555 73
$492 63
$240 68
$1,019 52
$1,044 64
$17,955 34
. .
170 86
1,179 60
June
42 87
375 00
154 29
9 00
7 25
316 66
1 10
22 62
.
August
48 72
438 00
85 04
28 02
316 66
4 80
7 27
23 55
133 33
257 21
1,488 48
September
32 15
317 00
43 12
5 00
343 33
2 00
11 05
4 00
133 33
$253 50
$211 25
$2,974 96
February .
41 42
477 50
22 11
45 00
291 66
149 33
7 60
6 00
.
.
.
89 10
828 77
.
·
.
$200 15
10 50
1,153 12
1,512 23
1,503 29
279
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Overseers of the Poor of Somerville. SINCE THE REORGANIZATION IN 1885.
tHon. Mark F. Burns, chairman ex-officio .
1885
1888 inclusive
tColonel Herbert E. Hill . . .
1885
1889
66
tCharles S. Lincoln, Esq., chairman
1885
1887
Hon. Edward Glines .
1885
1887 66
Charles G. Brett (president 1888-1892)
1885 April 1893
66
Edward B. West (president May, 1894, to date)
1888
to date*
tDaniel C. Stillson
1888 April 1892
tHon. Charles G. Pope, chairman ex-officio .
1889
1891
66
Nathan H. Reed (president 1893 to April, 1894)
1890 April 1894
tHon. William H. Hodgkins, chairman ex- officio
1892
1895
James G. Hinckley
May 1892 ·
1894
Albert W. Edmands
. May 1893
to date*
Herbert E. Merrill
May 1894
to date*
tEzra D. Souther
1895
Feb. 1898
(Died)
Hon. Albion A. Perry, chairman ex-officio
1896
1898
inclusive
James H. Butler . March 1898
1899
66
Hon. George O. Proctor, chairman ex-officio, 1899
*Present member.
t Deceased.
Table No. 7. RECAPITULATION (MISCELLANEOUS).
Appropriation
$13,500 00 3,806 20
Reimbursements
Total receipts
$17,306 20
Total expenditures
17,955 34
Overdrawn
649 14
Net expenditures
$14,149 14
·
.
REPORT OF WARDEN OF CITY HOME.
City Home, January 1, 1909.
To the Overseers of the Poor, Somerville, Mass .:-
Gentlemen,-I submit the following as the report of the warden of the city home for the year ending December 31, 1908 :-
Table No. 1. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Produce and pork sold .
$3,890 37 781 42
$4,671 79
Table No. 2. LIVING EXPENSES.
Salaries and wages
$2,409 93
Groceries and provisions
1,974 11
Dry goods
329 63
Boots and shoes
80 73
Hay and grain
623 51
Seeds and fertilizer .
90 48
Kitchen furnishings .
56 34
Sundries
160 84
Farm sundries
270 05
Cash paid by warden, car fares for warden, inmates, and laborers
47 05
Medicines
80 63
Shoeing horses
39 30
Repairs on wagons and tools
77 95
Repairs on sash
58 55
General repairs
51 33
Swill and bedding
305 00
New tools .
7 00
Live stock
33 00
Telephone
48 18
Credits :-- .
Produce and pork sold
$3,890 37
Board of sundry persons
.
.
.
.
4,671 79
Net living expenses
$2,071 87
Table No. 3.
Number of weeks' board of inmates
1,488 5-7
Number of males admitted during 1908
12
Number of females admitted during 1908
15
Number of males discharged during 1908
10
Number of females discharged during 1908,
10
Number of males supported during 1908
31
Number of females supported during 1908 .
22
Number of males died during 1908
4
Number of females died during 1908
1
Number of inmates in home December 31, 1908
30
.
.
.
$6,743 66
781 42
Board of sundry persons
281
SUPPORT OF POOR DEPARTMENT.
Table No. 4. FARM ACCOUNT. REIMBURSEMENTS.
Produce and pork sold .
Produce used at city home
.
$3,890 37 315 00
$4,205 37
EXPENSES.
Wages for help
$951 26
Feed for one horse .
155 88
Shoeing one horse .
13 10
Repairs on wagon and tools .
77 95
Repairs on sash
58 55
Swill and bedding
305 00
Farm sundries .
270 05
Seed and fertilizers
90 48
Live stock
33 00
New tools
7 00
$1,962 27
Balance
$2,243 10
Table No. 5. PERMANENT REPAIRS AND FIXTURES.
Building clothes line fence
$109 36
Brick, lime, and cement (ash pit) .
14 06
Water piping (1907)
3 68
Door frame and hardware
4 80
Living expenses
Total expenditures
$6,875 56
Table No. 6.
Appropriation
$3,000 00
Reimbursements
4,671 79
Net expenditures
2,203 77
Total receipts .
$7,671 79
Total expenditures
6,875 56
Balance
$796 23
$131 90 6,743 66
Respectfully submitted, J. FOSTER COLQUHOUN, Warden.
REPORT OF THE CITY PHYSICIAN.
OFFICE OF THE CITY PHYSICIAN, Somerville, January 1, 1909.
To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen :-
Gentlemen,-The following summary is submitted as rep- resenting the duties of the office for 1908 :-
House visits
1,403
Office consultations
763
Visits at city home .
30
Attended at police station
45
Vaccinations
174
Confinements
26
Examinations for legal department
12
Very respectfully, C. CLARKE TOWLE, City Physician.
REPORT OF THE CITY ENGINEER.
OFFICE OF THE CITY ENGINEER, CITY HALL, SOMERVILLE, January 20, 1909.
To His Honor, the Mayor, and the Board of Aldermen :-
Gentlemen,-In accordance with the provisions of the city charter, the following report of the work done and expense in- curred for the year ending December 31, 1908, by the depart- ments and appropriations under my charge and supervision, in- cluding Engineering, Grade Crossings, Sewers Construction, Sewers Maintenance, Public Grounds, and other public works, is herewith presented.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
Statement of Expenses, 1908.
Salary of City Engineer
$3,000 00
Salaries of assistants (see itemized state-
ment)
7,936 09
Stakes, tools, and general supplies (outside work) . . . Draughting materials and office supplies (inside work) . .
83 36
160 01
Setting stone bounds
100 00
244 55 Car fares .
Maintenance of team 247 25
Telephone, postage, and incidentals
169 62
Total debit
.
$11,940 88
CREDIT.
Appropriation
$11,500 00
Amount received for making acceptance
plans
46 00
Amount received surveys sundry sewers ·
395 00
Total credit
$11,941 00
Balance unexpended
$0 12
.
284
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Classification of Expenses, Assistants' Salaries.
Sewers,-comprising surveys, estimates, profiles, lines,
grades, titles, plans, assessments, and all engineer- ing work relating to sewers $1,748 16 Highways,-comprising plans, estimates, titles, profiles, lines and grades, inspection of paving, and all other engineering relating to the department 508 48
Sidewalks,-comprising profiles, lines, grades, measure- ments, titles, costs, and assessments . 1,291 53
Water Works,-comprising lines, grades, locations of mains, gates, hydrants, and services, and other mat- ters relating to water department 468 00
Public Grounds,-comprising surveys, plans, estimates, .
profiles, and grades, including laying out of parks and grounds, and boulevards 321 81
· Public Buildings,-comprising surveys, estimates, lines and grades, and other work relating to con- struction .
65 18
Street Numbering,-comprising locations of buildings, plans, and affixing street numbers on houses 214 67
Street Lines and Grades,-comprising establishing of lines, grades, and miscellaneous data given parties for building and grading 220 41
City Survey,-comprising establishing of street lines, ac- ceptance plans, and miscellaneous survey work for city map, bridges, etc. . 1,054 16
Middlesex Registry,-comprising copying of plans and ab- stracts from deeds and examination of titles filed at East Cambridge, also tracings of street acceptance and sewer taking plans filed for record 364 15
Railway, Telephone, Electric Light, and Gas Light Com- panies,-comprising grades, plans, profiles and office notes, locations of poles and conduits 28 01
Stone Bounds,-locating and setting.
318 09
Office Work,-comprising records of all locations,
indexing, typewriting, calculations, and general draughting 607 92
Miscellaneous Work,-comprising preliminary surveys,
designs, sketches, etc., relating to various schemes for different committees 55 52
Vacations, Holidays, and Sickness
670 00
Total
$7,936 09
Grade Crossings Account. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES, 1908.
Ext. a legal services (City Solicitor) $1,372 88
Expert testimony 75 00
Real estate appraisers' services 245 00
Damages paid for land and buildings taken 31,901 91
Photographs, typewriting 114 93
Transfer from Sewers Constructions Account
$33,709 72 1,000 00
Assets and liabilities (probably city will be re- imbursed ninety per cent. of amount)
$32,709 72
285
CITY ENGINEER.
Office Records and Value of Instruments.
Number of survey note-books, sewer permit books, deed books, calculation books, and record books,-three hundred and fifteen.
Number of plans, including sewers, highways, parks, house lots, etc.,-six thousand one hundred.
Value of field instruments, tools, and office instruments,- $2,500
General Work .- A varied line of city work is carried on each year under the Engineering department, including the de- signing and superintending of the construction and maintenance of sewers, parks, playgrounds, boulevards, bridges, and other public works as may be authorized ; the making of such surveys, plans, estimates, descriptions and specifications, and contracts for work as the mayor, board of aldermen, or any committee or department may require; the custody of all plans and pro- files ; and all data relating to the laying out, widening, or dis- continuing of streets, and the engineering work for all depart- ments of the city.
The city ordinances require that the city engineer must be consulted on all work where the advice of a civil engineer would be of service ; and no structure of any kind can be placed upon, beneath, or above any street by any department of the city, corporation, or individual, until a plan is furnished showing the location, and approved by him.
Considerable of the engineering work is so closely allied with work in the Highway department that it is carried on in conjunction with it, and the final cost of completed work made up and betterment assessments computed, showing the amount assessed on the various property owners.
The number of assistants employed during the year on en- gineering work varied from seven to ten.
All plans of estates in Somerville recorded at the Registry of Deeds, East Cambridge, including land court plans, have been copied ; titles examined, and abstracts from deeds made for the purpose of assessments, and the proportional part of the cost of new work computed, and schedules of assessments made out showing the property owners ; also copies have been made of all city plans where land has been taken for highways or sewers, and these have been filed and recorded at the Registry, East Cambridge, as required by law.
Plans have been made and photographs taken where acci- dents have occurred on the city work or where boundaries were in dispute, for the use of the city solicitor in court cases and hearings ; and special plans and data prepared for hearings re- lating to the proposed abolition of all grade crossings on the Fitchburg division of the Boston & Maine railroad.
286
ANNUAL REPORTS.
A number of street names have been changed and plans made showing a re-numbering of the buildings, and all old num- bering plans revised, new houses plotted, and numbers assigned.
Some of the old main thoroughfares should be re-numbered throughout their entire length, so as to eliminate half numbers and letters now being used, as many of these old streets have outgrown their original numbering.
There are many streets, avenues, courts, and places in the city of the same or very similar name, which should be changed to prevent the confusion and inconvenience now existing.
. A set of block plans should be made covering the entire city area from accurate surveys made during the past twenty-five years, and compared section by section with the deed dimensions and areas recorded in the Assessors' department, and in this manner the correct areas of land determined.
This set of plans would also be of value to the Water de- partment and various other departments, and would more than pay for the cost of making; three of these sectional plans have already been made.
Stone monuments have been set at a number of street in- tersections and angles to define and preserve the true lines of public streets, and this work should be continued as much as possible each year. By setting these stone bounds or monu- ments, in Portland cement concrete, at the level of the surface of the ground, or flush with the surface of the sidewalk, they can be used as permanent "Bench Marks" throughout the city by establishing their exact elevations, and thereby being a great convenience and saving of time in giving grades, not only for the City Engineering department, but also for all other sur- veyors.
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