Report of the city of Somerville 1930, Part 9

Author: Somerville (Mass.)
Publication date: 1930
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 574


USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Somerville > Report of the city of Somerville 1930 > Part 9


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Also, it must be determined by measurements how well things are being done. Measurements require standards. Re- search must determine these standards. Then these standards must be used in research to determine achievement.


The school organization should therefore within itself check its own progress, discover its mistakes, and direct its own changes and adjustments. Then and only then will it have evidence to justify what it is doing.


No city school system in a municipality of over 100,000 inhabitants like Somerville, with approximately twenty-five percent of its inhabitants in day schools and another two per cent in evening schools, and many more in private extension evening schools, can afford to be without an organization for the performance of the functions of research.


Scientific research in a city school system should be the agency by which: (1) objective information with respect to existing conditions may be secured ; (2) the relative value of existing means may be determined; (3) policy and procedure may be developed; and (4) appraisal of results may be made.


Research depends on records which must be of such sort that they are valuable and usable for study to make improve- ments. Research and its records and the application of sta- tistics and curves are not for the purpose of treating human beings as machines but to discover how human beings should be treated because they are human.


Research and experimentation are the means by which remarkable progress has been made in the humanization of education during the past thirty years. They supplant cus- tom and opinion. They displace guesses with facts.


158


ANNUAL REPORTS


A research department should be prepared to render service in :


(1) The whole field of instruction.


(2) The selection of textbooks and courses of study, strictly upon the merit basis.


(3) Measuring the abilities and achievements of pupils.


(4) Organizing and directing testing programs and interpreting their results.


(5) The diagnosis of teaching difficulties.


(6) The analysis of difficult pupil cases.


(7) The study of educational guidance.


(8) The evaluation of methods of teaching.


(9) The study of the population.


(10) The study of child accounting.


(11) The study of teaching personnel.


(12) The study of finances and the school budget.


We, in Somerville, with our very limited means in the way of organization, have been able only to scratch the sur- face of this problem of research.


It is my earnest belief that we should not delay longer the establishment and organization of such a department for the schools of Somerville, and I recommend and urge that serious attention be given immediately to the seed which has been planted as evidenced by the progress of the past year, so that the seed may germinate and soon produce a bloom commensurate with what a city of its size and valuation should produce and of which it can be justly proud.


I would recommend the establishment of a Department of Research to consist of at least five members under the direc- tion of a competent, well trained person. The other members should consist of a representative of each of the three units of our 6-3-3 plan, familiar with the methods and procedures of research work, and a fourth member who can coordinate the sociological facts with the instructional and industrial facts.


By virtue of the professional improvement plan, there are among the personnel several individuals who are fitted to be-


159


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


come members of such an organization. The project would have the unqualified support and cooperation of the entire corps of masters and instructors.


This program will, of course, be an expense, but in my opinion the additional cost, in proportion to our present school budget will be relatively small, and will be thoroughly jus. tified by the improvement which would soon be evident in our educational system.


This exceptionally important and far-reaching proposal should in no wise be considered as a reflection upon the ef- ficiency of the present system but rather as an attempt to keep abreast of the ever increasing tendencies to better the good and to approach the ideal.


A few of the problems attacked during the year 1930 and which are worthy of mention are herewith enumerated.


I. Scholarship Marks


A study of the marks in the junior high schools was attempted for the purpose


(1) of determining the extent of similitude of bas- es for the marking of various subjects.


(2) of determining the relative difficulty of various subjects by grade and by school.


(3) of determining the relation between choice of elective and the probability of success in that elective.


(4) of making direct comparison within certain divisions of probable success and failure.


The results were not conclusive but in general the following statement can be made:


(1) That there is no generally understood basis for the awarding of scholarship marks.


(2) That there is no subject that shows an exces- sive degree of failure.


(3) That the choice of elective does not affect the success of the pupil in the study of it.


(4) That there is a lack of agreement of success or failure in the work of an individual in the prepared sub- jects.


160


ANNUAL REPORTS


II. Study of the Basal Readers


For the past year several of the more prominent basal reading systems have been studied by masters and teach- ers, and in September of this year six systems were chos- en by vote of the teachers for further study.


The teachers now experimenting with the systems will form a committee which will investigate their meth- ods and their suitability for our schools. This report will be rendered probably in the spring.


III. Testing


a. Mental tests for admission.


A project which has been receiving attention by the School Committee for some time in an attempt to make provision for individual children who do not meet the age requirements for admission to the first grade, was adopted by an act of the School Committee. The chil- dren who became six during the school year were allowed to prove that their mental age in September was six years. Three clinics were arranged by the School Com- mittee where tests were made by experts. One hundred ninety two tests were given and twenty children were ad- mitted. The reaction to this plan has been so favorable that its continuance is recommended.


b. Mental tests.


Mental tests have also been given in the first grade and every teacher of the first four grades has now the facilities with which to diagnose her pupils.


c. Achievement tests.


Achievement tests such as Arithmetic and English have been used for the purpose of evaluating certain methods of teaching, and during the coming year the use of the standard achievement tests will be further devel- oped.


IV. Improvement of Instruction


a. Courses of study.


The following courses of study have been tentative- ly adopted : Arithmetic, Elementary, Junior High, and High Schools; History, Elementary grades; English, all grades ; and Commercial Subjects, High and Junior High Schools. Those that are in preparation are Social Stud-


161


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


ies, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, and Commerce and Industry.


The new courses of study adopted during the year have been the subject of study in various teachers' meet- ings. The need for further study, in particular to im- prove the' work in Composition, Spelling, and Reading, was made evident and will receive attention the next school year. In order to individualize instruction, the elementary supervisor conceived a number of projects for use in the Arithmetic classes. These projects are related to the school work and will be adopted as part of the reg- ular classroom procedure after having been revised.


b. Unifying the instruction.


Because of our many schools and widely divergent opportunities for study in different sections of the city, there has been a considerable difference in the amount of ground covered by the different grades in the various sub- jects and also a tremendous amount of difference in the depth to which these subjects are pursued. The elementary supervisor has made an intensive study of these differences and as a result of her activity our instruction possesses a unity that has not before been possible. It is not the pur- pose to standardize or in any way limit the extent to which an ambitious and enterprising teacher can adapt her work to the needs of her class.


c. Study of electives and mental ability in grade eight of the junior high school.


The purpose of this study was to determine the re- lation between the mental ability of a child and his choice of elective. Three hundred and seventy-nine pupils were' used in the study. The Otis Self Administering Test was used for the Intelligence Quotients. Factors such as teachers' marks and success in former grades, were also studied in order to find what bearing they would have on the main problem. The study proved quite conclusive- ly that there is no relation between mental ability and the choice of elective, as the correlation co-efficient was .35, computed by the Eta method of computation. This study shows the need of a better method of guiding the pupil in the selection of his elective. There also appears the need of a better means of informing the parents as to the purposes of the electives and of impressing upon them the necessity of aiding in the selection of an educa- tional career which is attainable and suitable for their child.


162


ANNUAL REPORTS


d. Study of Repeaters in the Tenth Grade.


A source of considerable concern was found in the fact that twenty-seven girls and forty-four boys of the class of 1932 in the High School had been unable to make up their deficiencies of the last school year and were obliged to repeat the work of the sophomore year. A study was started and is still being carried on for the purpose of determining the reasons for the failures and pro- viding remedial measures for the prevention of their con- tinuance. The various cases are being studied from sev- eral aspects, the educational, the moral, the industrial, and the environmental. Interviews have been arranged 'with the pupils for the purpose of gathering information concerning their character and personality, their views of life, their plans and ambitions for the future, and their health. Interviews with the parents are providing information concerning the pupils' living conditions, en- vironment, and background.


These facts, when completed, tabulated, and an- alyzed will without doubt provide some very helpful and pertinent data which can be used in the development of the courses of study and in increasing the effectiveness of the methods of instruction.


RECOMMENDATIONS


In view of the foregoing it seems advisable to recapitulate and set forth the most important recommendations made here- in as a separate item.


The Superintendent urges that (1) as soon as practica- ble after the completion of the junior high school projects now in process of construction serious consideration be given to a project which will provide a suitable, modern Vocational School in which instruction in real trade work may be furnish- ed to boys of high school grade and (2) immediate consider- ation be given by the School Committee to increasing the size and scope of the research work by establishing a Depart- ment of Research in accordance with the plan outlined ear- lier in this report.


CONCLUSION


In submitting this, my third annual report as Superin- tendent of Schools, I wish to express, first, my appreciation to the School Committee for the fine support which has been given the instructional corps and myself in our efforts to give


163


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


the children of our community the best possible educational opportunities ; and secondly, to the people of Somerville for their helpful and sympathetic attitude.


It is a pleasure to report that our public schools today are operating under better conditions and more efficiently than ever before. The people are becoming increasingly content with their schools because they realize that the schools are pay- ing larger invisible dividends on the investment made.


It is the fine spirit of cooperation and interest on the part of the teachers and their greater efficiency gained by progressive professional study which have made possible these larger dividends.


Respectfully submitted,


EVERETT W. IRELAND, Secretary.


164


ANNUAL REPORTS


SOMERVILLE HIGH SCHOOL


Students Entering Higher Institutions in September, 1930


1. Annapolis (U. S. Naval Academy)


1


2. Bates College


1


3. Bentley School of Finance


10


4. Boston College


7


5. Boston University


11


a. College of Business Administration 6


b. College of Liberal Arts 2


c. College of Practical Arts 3


6. Bowdoin College


1


7. Chandler School


8


8. Dalhousie University


1


9. Dartmouth College


2


10. Harvard University


4


a. Harvard College


3


b. Engineering School


1


11. Katherine Gibbs School


2


12. Massachusetts Agricultural College


1


13. Massachusetts Institute of Technology


9


14. Massachusetts State Normal Schools


12


a. Bridgewater Normal School


3


b. Framingham Normal School


1


c. Lowell Normal School


1


d. Salem Normal School


7


15. Northeastern University


26


16. Radcliffe College


4


17. Simmons College


6


18. Tufts College


14


a. Tufts College


2


b. Jackson College


7


c. Engineering College


5


19. Wentworth Institute


1


20. Wheaton College


1


21. Wheelock School


6


Boys


Girls


Total


Normal Schools


28


28


Scientific Schools


42


42


Colleges


25


23


48


Other


10


10


77


51


128


165


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


NUMBER OF PUPILS BY SUBJECTS


December, 1930


Totals


English


2558


Elocution


1373


History


1549


Latin


467


French


1022


Spanish


443


German


103


Italian


148


Chemistry


595


Physics


247


Biology


543


Physiology


43


Astronomy and Geology


45


Trigonometry


23


Geometry


611


Algebra


539


Stenography


523


Typewriting


790


Bookkeeping


411


Penmanship


1143


Salesmanship


145


Commercial Law


63


Commercial Arithmetic


109


Clerical Practice


255


Commerce and Industry


545


Problems in Citizenship


184


Household Arts


157


Manual Training


111


Mechanical Drawing


263


Freehand Drawing


265


Arts and Crafts


102


Music Appreciation


66


Musical Theory


66


Choral Practice


192


Physical Education


1946


MEMBERSHIP IN HIGH SCHOOL ACTIVITIES


December, 1930


Orchestras (2)


113


Glee Clubs (3)


133


Band


75


Students' Council


18


Traffic Squad


125


National Honor Society


63


School Paper


24


Literary Club


175


Debating Societies


62


Players' Club


37


Chess Club


12


Girls' Athletic Association


350


S. H. S. Athletic Association


All Pupils


166


ANNUAL REPORTS


SOMERVILLE TEACHERS' CLUB Officers, 1930-1931


President, ARDELLE ABBOTT


S VIOLA M. JACKSON


Vice-Presidents, RUTH L. WHITEHOUSE Recording Secretary, CARRIE E. CROCKETT Corresponding Secretary, FRANCES E. BILLER Treasurer, ELEANOR D. CAMPBELL Auditor, ANNA J. COLL


Object


The object shall be to secure a close union among the women teachers in Somerville; to promote the spirit of mu- tual helpfulness ; to advance professional interests; to create a deeper sense of the dignity of the profession; to unite the interests of the home and school.


Program


February 12-Dramatics. Under the direction of Miss Harriet M. Bell.


April 9-Fashion Show.


May 14-Annual Meeting. Election of Officers. Reports of Committees. June 3-Annual Outing, Salem Willows.


October 8-Lecture on Books, John Clair Minot.


November 15-Bridge Tea at Filene's.


December 10-Christmas Party.


SOMERVILLE HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION


Annual Report of Treasurer, January 1, 1930, to November 1, 1930 Receipts :


Balance on hand January 1, 1930


$2,245 00


Baseball games


$ 606 00


Basketball games


98 00


Football games to date


3,627 10


Track


38 00


Interest


10 72


Miscellaneous


2 50


4,382 32


$6,627 32


167


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


Expenditures:


Athletic supplies


$1,477 27


Medical, X-rays


40 00'


Paid visiting teams


1,201 72


Officials


338 70'


Police


319 00


Assistance at games


141 50


Postage


17 50


Printing


53 10ª


Telephone


18 55


Transportation


323 70


Coaching


736 00


Physician's salary


160 00


Treasurer's salary


80 00


Manager's salary


320 00


Mr. E. O'Brien, salary


560 00


Dues


2 00


Miscellaneous


528 12


$6,317 16'


Balance on hand November 1, 1930 ..... Transferred to new account


310 16;


GEORGE E. PEARSON,


Treasurer ..


SOMERVILLE HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC COMMITTEE.


Report of Treasurer, November 1, 1930, to January 1, 1931


Receipts :


Balance on hand November 1, 1930


$5,832 77


Miscellaneous


7 20


$5,839 97


$6,150 13


Expenditures:


Athletic supplies


$1,103 91


Medical services and supplies


205 69


Paid visiting teams


1,666 55


Officials


165 00


Police


165 00


Assistance at games


456 00


Printing


90 00


Transportation


69 55


Physician's salary


40 00


Coaching


700 00


Miscellaneous


152 60


$4,719 72


Balance in Treasury January 1, 1931 ...


$1,430 41


JOHN A. AVERY,


Treasurer.


$ 310 16


Football games


168


ANNUAL REPORTS


IN MEMORIAM


CHARLES SHEDD CLARK


Superintendent Emeritus Died January 30, 1930


ESTHER F. PARMENTER High School Died December 13, 1930


STATEMENT OF WORK OF SCHOOL NURSES FOR SCHOOL YEAR ENDING, JUNE 30, 1930


Schools


Hospitals


Total No. of Pupils


Notices sent to


Consultations with


Consultations With


Treatments in School


INSPECTIONS


PUPILS ESCORTED TO CLINICS


Oper-


ations


Conta- gion found in


* Home Visits


Hy- giene Talks


Special Work


Social Work


September ..


87


2


2878


95


259


6


230


1476


40


43


5


17


8


3


1


1


12


2


85


2


October


131


8314


2114


370


31


945


2169


67


466


472


83


26


7


6


$2


November ..


134


8603


2615


437


12


253


928


203


833


44


69


12


3


8


7


2


4


9


9


12


5


1225


4


1


4


December ..


91


6585


903


250


6


372


718


107


121


695


10


129


5


10


1


3


9


13


2


3


6


7


4


28


1


1016


3


January


147


16986


3741


652


42


595


1027


74


680


464


352


253


11


9


1


8


2


38


15


9


1


2


1


1


1


40


4 1519


8


1


February ...


104


7976


538


415


10


156


615


45


759


16


3.13


6


4


3


2


2


30


35


1


41


11


783


19


March.


116


10115


2515


425


16


1044


83


177


€36


90


520


16


9


6


3


49


94


4


10


3


3


3


25


13


298


7


2


April


136


13599


2820


379


43


380


532


1804


728


566


2


3


2


3


61


13


14


3


1


10


10


137


8


311


May


118


10683


600


642


15


130


30


469


434


430


7


2


1


28


25


11


1


1


1


26


4


198


1


90


1


516-1


235


263


21


148


41


6


36


113


1


12


1


129


Total ... 1154


3


88903


16176


3992


202


4253 7578 2639 2280 4962 743 2457


75


48


25


13


13


4


1


238


209


35


2


11


37


6 36


32


4


2


351


51


6851


49


4


7


*Treated by family physician or dentist


New: Seen first time during School Year Old: Cases followed up


217 Class talks in Hygiene given


Adenoids


School


Home


New


Old


School


Home


New


Old


New


Old


New


Old


New


Old


New


New


Old


New


Oid


New


Old


New


Old


New


Old


Optician


Corrected Vision


Corrected Hearing


seen


Guardian


Teachers


Med. Inspector


Dental


Pedic- ulosis


Un- clean


Eye


Ear


Nose and Throat


*Med- ical


Sur- gical


Skin


Dental


DATE


-


7


10


1


3


1


4


4


3


18


2


1287


1


...


...


422


1


~214


127


16


48


4


6


June


3


-


Tonsils


12


4


5


Old


1


PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS REPORT OF SCHOOL DENTIST For the School Year Ending June 21, 1930


MONTH.


School


No. of Children


Treated


New Patients


Former Patients


Temporary


Permanent


Teeth Extracted


Teeth Filled


Permanent


Teeth Filled


No. Cleanings


No. Having Brushes


Having Brushes


Treatments


Novocain


Examinations


Amount of fees Collected


1556 2221


$ 4.57


October.


20.25


117


71


46


59


4


1


48


3


105


12


67


57


November


18.79


December


96


60


36


86


4


7


11


12


52


10


145


13


62


87


149


27.35


158


75


83


85


49


74


00


A


22


=


95


13


24


76


6


18.30


February


25.30


148


68


80


75


6


01


2


0


00


4


48


7


21


55


14


41


44


57


49


11


4


28


11


101


1


41


108


May.


80


32


48


43


5


5


22


10


N


6


44


46


Or


June


$123.71


Total. ...


894


449


445


525


53


41


273


66


801


93


368


535


7840


.


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


24


19


5


10


2


3


15


2


13


11


15


10


13


86


10


33


85


140


January


108


59


March


2959


9.15


April.


786


6チレ


5


59


17


134


14


61


6


19


Temporary


Teeth Extracted


No. Not


September


51


169


170


ANNUAL REPORTS


CONTENTS OF APPENDIX


SUMMARY OF STATISTICS


Population and school census.


School buildings.


Teachers.


Attendance for year.


Cost of school maintenance.


Teachers' salaries.


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES


CONCERNING FINANCE


No. of Table


1. Schedule of school property.


2. Cost of maintaining schools, school year 1929-1930.


3. Cost per capita of maintaining schools, school year 1929-1930.


4. Cost of maintaining schools for a series of years.


5. Cost per capita for maintaining schools for a series of years.


6. Amount spent annually for new school buildings and for re- pairs for a series of years.


CONCERNING PUPILS


7. Population and school registration.


8. Attendance, etc., of the schools for school year 1929-1930.


9. Statistics of the high school for school year 1929-1930.


10 Pupils by grades, June, 1930.


11. Separate statistics for high. junior high, elementary and voca- tional schools, for school year 1929-1930.


12. Admission to first grade in September.


13. Number of junior high school graduates, 1930.


14. Truant statistics for a series of years.


15. Evening school statistics, 1929-1930.


16. Elementary school promotees for a series of years.


17. Attendance statistics of all schools for a series of years.


18. Statistics of the high school for a series of years.


19. Promotions, junior high schools, 1930.


19a Promotions, elementary schools, 1930.


CONCERNING TEACHERS


20. Resignations of teachers, 1930.


21. Teachers elected in 1930.


22. Leave of absence of teachers.


23. Transfers of teachers.


24. Number of teachers employed for a series of years.


171


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


STATISTICAL AND GENERAL TABLES


25. Changes in textbooks, 1930.


26. High and Junior High School graduation exercises, 1930.


27. Vocational school graduation exercises, 1930.


28. Organization of school board for 1931.


29. Teachers in service January, 1931.


30. Officers in service January, 1931.


31. School janitors.


SUMMARY OF STATISTICS


1 .- POPULATION AND SCHOOL CENSUS


Population, state census, 1895


52,200


Population, United States census, 1900


61,643


Population, state census, 1905 69,272


Population, United States census, 1910


77,236


Population, state census, 1915


86,854


Population, United States census, 1920


93,033


Population, state census, 1925


99,032


Children between five and fifteen years of age in-


clusive, October, 1929, by school census


18,894


2 .-- SCHOOL BUILDINGS


Number of school buildings in June


31


Number of classrooms in use in June


444


Valuation of school property


4,208,100


3 .- TEACHERS


*1929


*1930


Change


In High schools


88


95


+7


In junior high schools


127


131


+4


In elementary schools


226


226


0


In kindergartens


16


19


+3


Total in elementary schools


242


245


Vocational school for boys ..


10


13


4-3


Independent Household Arts


1


1


0


Atypical classes


7


7


0


Sight saving


1


1


0


Cadet teachers


20


29


-19


Special


14


17


+3


Continuation


3


3


0


Americanization


2


1


-1


Total


515


543


+28


·4 .- ATTENDANCE FOR YEAR


*1929


*1930


Change


Entire enrollment for the year


17,083


16,851


-232


Average number belonging ....


15,521


15,632


+111


Average number attending ....


14,435


14,666


+231


Per cent. of daily attendance


93.0


92.8


-0.2


High school graduates


606


564


-42


Junior High school graduates


1,165


1,126


-- 39


172


ANNUAL REPORTS


5 .- COST OF SCHOOL MAINTENANCE


*1929


*1930


Change


Salaries of teachers


$1,001,046 70


$1,052,494 57


+$51,447 87


Salaries of officers


20,869 34


24,350 71


+3,481 37


Cost of books and supplies.


54,662 69


59,560 28


+4,897 59


Cost of light and power


19,457 76


18,403 11


-1,054 65


Cost of janitor's services, etc.


87,451 70


89,482 95


+2,031 25


Cost of fuel and insurance ....


30,032 53


31,826 57


+1,794 04


Total cost of day and even- ing schools


1,213,520 72


1,276,118 19


+62,597 47


Per capita cost


78 19


81 63


+3 44


Cost of high school instruc- tion


205,906 25


220,055 43


+14,149 18


Per capita cost


92 96


95 02


+2 06


6 .- MISCELLANEOUS


*1929


*1930


Change


Paid for new school buildings


$673,185 00


$351,638 49 -$321,546 51


Repairs and permanent im- provements


74,968 01


72,926 90


-2,041 11


Total school expenditures ...


1,961,673 73


1,700,683 58


-260,990 13


Valuation of city


118,840,900 00 122,420,200 00 +3,579,300 00


Number of dollars spent to


maintain schools out of


every $1,000 of valuation


10 21


10 42


+0 21


Number of dollars spent for


all school purposes out of


every $1,000 of valuation


16 50


13 90


-2 60


* School year.


COST OF THE SCHOOLS


The total amount spent for the maintenance of the schools of Somerville for the school year ending June 30, 1930, is $1,276,118.19.


This includes the sums spent for care of school buildings, including janitors' services, fuel, light, and school telephones ; the amount paid for salaries of officers, and the amount spent for school supplies ; and the sum paid for salaries of teachers.


The expenditure for care for school buildings is wholly in charge of the City Government.


The amount paid for janitors is


$89,482 95


The cost of fuel is


31,826 57


The cost of light is 18,403 11


A total cost of 139,712 63


A total cost per capita of 8 94


Cost of repairs


72,926 90


173


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT


The second important expenditure is wholly under the control of the School Committee and is covered by what is known as the "School Contingent" appropriation. The follow- ing is the itemized account :-


DAY SCHOOLS.


EVENING SCHOOLS.


Expenditures.


Total.


High and Vocational


Elementary


High and Vocational


Elementary


CONTINUATION SCHOOLS AND AMERICANIZA- TION WORK




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