USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > The memorial history of Boston : including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880. Vol. I > Part 8
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A more correct idea prevailed in 1527, when Robert Thorne, an English merchant then living in Seville, transmitted to England the map, showing recent Spanish and Portuguese discoveries, which, with Thorne's letter to Henry VIII., instigated the expedition under Rut, who according to Hakluyt coasted the shores of Norumbega or Arambec, and landed men "to examine into the condition of the country." Maine, and even the whole of New England, was known by this name, and it is barely possible that our bay may have been explored by the first English known to have
is also in Lelewel's Geog. du Moyen Age, No. 41; De Ja Sagra's Cuba ; Kohl's Discovery of Maine, p. 151, &c. Cf. Appendix to Kunstmann's Ent- deckung Amerikas.
1 Lorenzo Sabine, Report on the Principal Fisheries of the American Seas, Washington, 1853. Cf. Wytfliet's Descriptionis Ptolemaica Augmen- tum : Lescarbot's Nouv. France, 1618, p. 228; Biard's Relation, 1616, ch. i; Champlain's L'ovaiges, 1632, p. 9; Navarrete's Collection, &c., iii. 176, who denies the French claim ; Parkman's Pioncers of France, i. 171 ; Kohl's Disc. of Maine, pp. 201, 2So; Estancelin's Recherches sur les Voyages des Navigateurs Normands.
2 Cf. E. E. Hale's paper, with a section of the map compared with the Asia coast, in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April 21, 1871.
8 A copy of the original of this map, which belonged to the late Charles Sumner, is in HIar- vard College Library, and fac-similes or repro- ductions will be found in Humboldt's Examen Critique, v. ; in his App. to Ghillany's Behaim ; in Santarem's Atlas ; in Stevens's Hist. and Geog. Notes, pl. 2; in Lelewel's Moyen Age, and a sec- tion in Kohl's Disc. of Maine, p. 156. The original map measures twenty-one inches by sixteen, and is thought to have followed one by Columbus, now lost.
4I
EARLIEST MAPS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
set foot on the soil of this region. If Rut made any sailing-charts, none are known; but Thorne's map was engraved in Hakluyt's first publication, the Divers Voyages, London, 1582.1 It shows a continuous coast-line from Labrador to Florida, but it can hardly be said that it has any indication of Massachusetts Bay.
In 1527 we have the map 2 ascribed to Fernando Columbus, the son of the admiral, which is preserved at Munich, and bears a close resemblance to the chart made in 1529 by the royal carto- grapher, Ribero, by the order of Charles V., to cmbody existing knowledge. They arc supposed to represent the results of the cx- pedition of Gomez, which had been sent out after the Congress at Badajos, where, on a com- parisôn of views of geographers then present, it appeared there had been up to that time no R dı Buena Madre. adequate examination of the coast of the pres- B. a. S Antonio ent United States, to discover if some passage de. S. Xeoual through to the Indies did not exist. The dis- coveries of Gomez first introduced into maps de Arenas the connection between Cabot's surveys and those of the Spanish, who had sailed as far north as the Chesapeake. In Ribero's chart, Cape Cod seems to be well defined as Cabo BY FERNANDO COLUMBUS, 1527. de Arenas3 (Sandy Capc), enclosing a circling bay called St. Christoval, which stretches with a northern sweep to the estuary of the Penobscot.4 If Boston Harbor can be made out at all, it would seem to be that fed by a river and called Baie de S. Antonio.
The same date (1529) is given to a planisphere, preserved in the Collegio Romano de Propaganda Fide at Rome, which by some is thought to be an original, and by others a copy, by Hieronimus Verrazzano. It has of late ycars been brought into prominence in support of the authenticity of a letter
1 It is also fac-similed in J. W. Jones's ed. of this book, published by the Hakluyt Society.
2 Figured in Kohl's Aeltesten General Karten von Amerika.
3 The Spanish names of Ribero, as well as his error in placing Cape Cod so low as 39º or 40°, was followed in many maps for a long time.
4 There is, however, some difference of opin- ion on this point. Originals of this Ribero map are preserved at Kome and at Weimar, and Dr. Kohl gives a fac-simile in his Aeltesten General Karten von Amerika, and a reduction in his Dis- covery of Maine, p. 299. Sprengel, in 1795, had already given a large fac-simile in his Ueber Riberos älteste Weltkarte. Lelewel, Moyen Age, gives a reduction. Murphy, Verraszano, p. 129, gives it with English names, and this writer thinks VOL. I .- 6.
that it is followed in the map given in Ramusio's Indie Occidentali, Venice, 1534. De Costa, Mag. of Amer. Ilistory, August, 1878, p. 459, on the con- trary, traces this Ramusio map to another pre- served in the Propaganda at Rome, of which he gives a sketch. Thomassy, Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, xxxv., had already described this Propaganda map in 1855, and it is attributed - De Costa thinks wrongfully -to Verrazzano in the Studi Bibliografici, &c., p. 358. De Costa also contends that Oviedo, when he described the coast in 1534 from the map of Chaves, now lost, repudiated Ribero, as did Ruscelli in 1544 (Kohl, p. 297), and Gastaldi in the Ptolemy of 1548. The map of Fernando Columbus is also given in fac-simile in Kohl's Aeltesten General Karten von Amerika, Weimar, 1860, and a sec- tion is given in Kohl's Disc. of Maine.
42
THE MEMORIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON.
ascribed to Giovanni de Verrazzano, which purports to describe a cruise by that navigator along the coast of the present United States in 1524.1 The map in question, if it shows our bay at all, puts it much too far to the north, and the outstretched spit of land which bounds it on the south is represented as much broken along its straight length.2
The Asian theory came out again very singularly, in 1531, in the plani- sphere of Orontitis Finæus, in which the castern shore is given with close resemblance to that of the older continent. It is hardly possible to find our bay, however, in any of its sinuositics.3
Dr. Kohl gives from a MS. in the collection of the late Henry Huth, of London, of about this date, a Spanish map of the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod, which resembles the outline of Ribero, with the same want of definiteness.4 Much the same may be said of a map of an Italian cosmog- rapher, Baptista Agnese, 1536, preserved in the Royal Library at Dresden.5 In this and in other maps of about this time the continent in the latitude of New England is drawn as an isthmus, which is made to connect the Cabot discoveries at the north with the Spanish discoveries about ancient Florida. It usually shows on the Atlantic side a vague likeness of Massachusetts Bay, resembling the Ribero draft. A map giving this representation did much service during the middle of that century, appearing first in the Ptolemy of 1540, subsequently in the Cosmographia of Scbastian Münster, and in various other places for a period of fifty years. I think the map was the first from a wood-block, in which cavities were cut for the insertion of type for the names. Impressions of it accordingly appear with the names changed into several languages.6 The engraved sheets of a globe, an carly work of Mercator, 1541, show a similar bay.7 It is quite impossible to make the coast-line, as shown in the globe of Ulpius, into any semblance of the bay. This globe, which bears date 1542, was found in Spain by the late Mr. Buckingham Smith, and is now in the New York Historical Society's rooms, and it was cited by Smith in his contribution to the Verrazzano controversy.8
1 Ortelius, in 1570, in giving a list of maps known to him, does not mention any of Verraz- zano. The main points of the Verrazzano con- troversy are sketched in Mr. Dexter's chapter.
2 Two imperfect photographs of this map, which measures 102 X 51 inches, were procured by the Amer. Geog. Soc. in 1871, and Murphy, in his Voyage of Verrazzano, and Brevoort, in his Verrasano the Navigator, give engravings, but without the coast names, which are un- decipherable in the photographs. De Costa, however, has since added the coast names from the original to an enlarged section of the map, which is given in the Mag. of Amer. Ilistory, August, 1878, with sketches of other and later maps, influenced, as he claims, by this of Verrazzano.
3 The original representation shows the strange union of the two continents by no means so clearly as is done in Mr. Brevoort's reduction
of it to Mercator's projection. The reduction is given in Henry Stevens's Ilistorical and Geo- graphical Notes.
4 Kohl, Disc. of Maine, P. 315.
5 Depicted in Kohl, p. 292.
6 A sketch of this map, incorrectly dated 1530, is given in Kohl's Disc. of Maine, p. 296, with some others of similar features for our New England coast. See Kohl, p. 31 5.
7 These sheets - the only ones known - were bought by the Royal Library at Brussels in 1868, and a small edition of a fac-simile has since been issued under the auspices of the Belgian gov- ernment.
8 It is engraved in Smith's Inquiry into the authenticity of Verrazzano's claims, and in Mur- phy's Verrass.ano, p. 114. A full description of it, with an engraving, is given by B. F. De Costa in the Magazine of Amer. History, January, IS79.
43
EARLIEST MAPS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
How far Alfonce, in 1542, came into the bay it is not easy to determine, though he has been credited with being its first actual discoverer, and there is a sketch of the Norumbega or Maine coast, given, after Alfonce's drafts, in Murphy's Verrazzano.1
Of about this date ( 1542-43) is a map which was perhaps made, as Davezac thinks, under orders from Francis I. On it the Spanish "Cabo de Arenas" becomes the French C. des Sablons, and it encloses a bay in the same way, which has a river -R. de la Tournée, possibly our Charles- at its inner point.2 Another map R De St. Anthoin of this time (1543) seems to be of Portuguese de SIX gofle origin, and is preserved in the collection of the late Sir Thomas Phillipps. It gives the same B. de la Tourn de Sablons bay, but calls the outer cape C. de Croix, and it has a river-Rio Hondo-about where the Merrimac should be. The designation Cabo de Arenas is given to a projection further south.3 A year later is the date (1544) of the large engraved map of which the single copy known is preserved in the great Paris library. The influence of Jomard brought it from Germany, where it was discovered in 1855. It is usually called Sebastian Cabot's Mappemonde, but the better authorities 4 doubt Cabot's connection with it in the state in which we have it. It gives our cape and bay rather after Ribero's plat, but without names.
In 1556 the Italian Ramusio gave a map of the two Americas in the third volume of his Collection of Voyages, but the sketch of the coast-line from Terra de Bacalaos (Newfoundland) to Florida has simply a general south- westerly trend. The same map was again used in his 1565 edition.
Again, in 1558, a Portuguese chart, by Homem, indicates the bay, but yields nothing distinctive.5
In 1561, Ruscelli, a learned Italian geographer, produced his edition of Ptolemy, and included in it a map 6 borrowed seemingly, so far as the coast- lines of New England go, from a previous map of Gastaldi; but he carries the coast to the west, and gives the bay this time with two headlands, bestowing the name of Cabo de Santa Maria on the one corresponding to
1 See B. F. De Costa's Northmen in Maine, p. 92; Davezac in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 1857, P. 317; Margry's Les Naviga- tions Françaises, p. 228; Guérin's Navigateurs Français, p. 109; Ilakluyt's Principall Naviga- trons, iii. 237 ; and Le Routier de Jean Alphonse, pub. by the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc., 1843.
2 Given in Jomard's Monuments de la Geog., and in Kohl's Disc. of Maine, p. 351.
3 Kohl, Disc. of Maine, p. 354.
4 R. 1I. Major's "English Discovery of the American Continent," in the Archeologia, xliii., p. 17; Geo. Bancroft in Appletou's Cyclopedia ; Chas. Deane in his Remarks on Sebastian Cabot's Mappemonde, in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proceedings, April 24, 1867, also Oct. 20, 1866, and his note
to Hakluyt's Western Planting, p. 224; and Kohl's Disc. of Maine, p. 358. There is also a small sketch of it in Bryant and Gay's United States, i. 132; Jomard, Monuments de la Géo- graphic, gives it in fac-simile ; and Judge Daly gives a reduction of the entire map in his Early Ilistory of Cartography, an address before the American Geographical Society, 1879.
5 The original is in the British Museum. It is figured in Kohl, P. 377.
6 This map is figured in Lelewel, p. 170, and Kohl, p. 233. The Ptolemy in question is in the Boston Public Library. The same character- istics of nomenclature appear in Navigationi del mondo nuovo, by Nicollo del Dolfinato, which is also given in Kohl, P. 317.
44
THE MEMORIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON.
Cape Cod, and not to Cape Ann, as the Spanish maps commonly do. In the small map of the New World, given in Levinus Apolonius, published at Antwerp, 1566, Cape Ann is called C. de S. Maria; Cape Cod, C. de Trafal- gar ; 1 and Massachusetts Bay is named B. de S. Christoval.
In 1569 the great German map-maker, Mercator, produced his most. famous work, - that great chart in which he first gave his well-known projec- tion publicity, and which is now to be seen in the National Library at Paris. For our Massachusetts Bay he represents an almost enclosed expanse of water, guarding it on the south with the then well-known C. de Arenas. He puts it, however, much too far to the south, giving it a latitude of 38º north. Unfortunately, as Kohl says, this great chart tells us but little of our own New England coast.2
The next year (1570) Ortelius brought out his Theatrum orbis terrarum, which was the first general atlas since the revival of letters. The maps of the world and of the two Americas were not changed in several successive editions.3 Penobscot Bay is given prominence with C. de lagus islas on its westerly entrance, while a general southerly trend of coast, called Buena l'ista, gives the old Spanish name of C. de Arenas further down, with hardly a protuberance to correspond. Ortelius followed, in large measure, the views of Mercator, and in turn affected for many years the cartographical knowledge of the world, but he had less influence in England than on the Mare de verrazano 7524 continent. When Hakluyt issued his first pub- lication in 1582,- Divers Voyages, - he gave in it what was known as Michacl Lok's map, entrenas a strange conglomeration of cartographical notions. Our bay is still shown with its Cape Carenas, but the Penobscot was changed into LOK'S MAP, 1582. a strait connecting Massachusetts Bay with the St. Lawrence, or the gulf-like water that stood for that river, while the " Mare de Verrasana, 1524," making an isthmus of New England, lay like a broad sca over most of New France.4
There is in the Munich Library, in the collection of manuscript maps which belonged to Robert Dudley, one marked "Thomas Hood made this platte, 1592." It gives a shape to the bay common to maps of this time, and calls Cape Cod C. de Pero, - a name Dudley corrects in the manuscript to Arenas, while Hood had placed the old name further down the coast.
1 This name is usually applied on the Caro- cording to Verrazano's plat," and with it the lina coast to Cape Hatteras or Cape Fear, but the sliding scale on which names run in those days was very slippery.
2 It is given in Jomard's great work in fac- simile, and is reduced in Lelewel, p. 181, and in part in Kohl, p. 384. Cf. Amer. Geog. Soc. Bul- letin, No. 4, on Mercator and his works. Judge Daly gives a reduction of the entire map in his Early History of Cartography, N. Y., 1879.
great western sea called in early maps by his name passed out of geographers' minds. The map is rarer than the book. The copies of the Divers Voyages in Harvard College Library, in the Lenox Library, and in Chas. Deane's collec- tion, have it in fac-simile. The Hakluyt Society's reprint of the book gives it in fac-simile, and it can also be found in the Catalogue of the John Carter Brown Library, p. 288. There are small sketches of it in Kohl's Disc. of Maine, p. 290,
3 1575, 1584, &c.
4 The map claims to have been made "ac- and in Fox Bourne's English Seamen.
45
EARLIEST MAPS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
The names around the bay in succession, going north, are Santiago, B. de S. Christoforo, R. de S. Antonio, Monte Viride, and R. de Buena Madre.1
R de Buena Madre
E
Nonte Viride
e San Antonio
Bites Christelero
Ç de Pero
Santin.ço
(Arenas)
Arenas
HOOD'S MAP, 1592.
FORGrande
R de Buena Madri
YPrimera
Chesupeok Sinus
comofica.
WYTFLIET, 1597.
A new cartographer appeared, 1597, in Wytfliet, who then published his Descriptionis Ptolemaica Augmentum, and gave a new delineation to the coast, with some curious mistakes. A large estuary is represented in the correct latitude for Massachusetts Bay, fed by various rivers, and called Chesipook Sinus, while the genuine Chesapeake has no existence. Along the main river, at the bottom of this bay, Comokee is written ; while to the north, where the Merrimac might be, is the R. de Buena Madre,2 with an island, Y. Primera, off the mouth. C. de Santa Maria is carried well north into what looks like Casco Bay, with the usual estuary of Norumbega ( Penob- scot) still to the east.3 Confusion meets one at every turn in tracing the development of the coast-lines at this time. Maps were produced and followed here and there often long after other and better surveys were made
1 This map is fac-similed (No. 13) in Kunst- Library of Boston and in Harvard College mann's atlas to his Entdeckung Amerikas, Mu- nich.
2 A name which goes back at least to the Gomez explorations.
3 The same map appeared in subsequent editions, - 1598, 1603; in French at Douai, 1607 and 1611. Copies of the last are in the Public
Library; and the map of 1597 is also in the latter library. The America sive Novus Or- bis of Metellus, issued at Cologne, 1600, has a map which seems to have been drawn wholly from Wytfliet. It is also in the Col- lege Library. Cf. Harrisse's Nouv. France, No. 298-301.
46
THE MEMORIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON.
known. Kohl,1 for instance, gives three maps of about 1590, which are hardly improved on Ribero of sixty years before, showing how Hondius, as late as 1619, used an old plate of Mercator's, which can be contrasted with a map in the Atlas Minor Gerardi Mercatoris, also issued by Hondius in 1607; while the Novus Atlas of Blaeu, Amsterdam, so late as 1642, shows a coast-line of a very much carlier date.2 Again, the same atlas shows differing sources in separate maps of the coast; as, for instance, in Hondius's Mercator, Amsterdam, 1613, the map Virginia aud Florida gives to the Chesepioock Sinus the same shape that it bears in Wytfliet, while being put in 37 14°, it raises a doubt if it may not, after all, be the modern Chesapeake; but in the same atlas, on a map of the two Americas, the C. de las Arenas encloses a large B. de S. Christofle, going back to Ribero for the name, while Chesepiook now does duty to a small inlet a little further south.3
De Bry's map of the two Americas, in 1597, makes the coast-line stretch west from the Penobscot, loop into a bay, and then trend south. This is our bay again with the C. de S. Maria at the north, but Plancius's name for the southern peninsula, C. de S. Tiago, was a forerunner of Prince Charles's Cape James of twenty years later, when he fruitlessly tried to supplant the homely nomenclature of Gosnold. It is usually said that this English navi- gator was the earliest to stretch his course from England directly to New England, others having before followed the circuitous course by the Azores and the West Indies. It seems to be quite certain that he made his land- fall near Salem, May 14, 1602, when, striking across to the opposite Cape, he was surprised at a large catch of fish, and gave the now well-known name of Cape Cod to the headland.4 He and his men are the first English posi- tively known to have landed on Massachusetts soil.5 If Gosnold made any drafts of the coast as he found it, they have not come down to us. They would doubtless have shown the peninsula of Cape Cod as an island, " by reason of the large sound [called by him Shoal Hope] that lay between it and the main." We know that Hudson and Block subsequently supposed it such.
I In his Discovery of Maine, P. 315.
2 Some of the atlases passed through many editions. Muller's Catalogues (Amsterdam) de- scribe many of them, under Mercator. Ortelius, llondius, &c.
8 So late as 1638, in Linschoten's Histoire de la Navigation, a map by Petrus Plancius, dated 1 594, preserves this same S. Christoval Bay, shut in by C. de S. Maria on the north, and C. de S. Tiago on the south. It had appeared on various intervening charts, and came out even later in Visscher's map of the two Americas, dated 1652. Blaeu, when he was making his sectional charts follow the reports of Block (1614), would give the old contour in his general maps, with the B. de Christofle, &c., as see his 1635 edition.
4 His chronicler Brereton says: "There is
upon this coast better fishing and in as great plenty as in Newfoundland." So also Rosier reported, two or three years later.
5 Gosnold's short letter to his father, Sept. 7, 1602, Archer's Relation in Purchas, iv., and Bre- reton's Brief and True Relation are the chief original authorities. The Harvard College copy of Brereton is imperfect ; there is one in the Bar- low Collection ; and the Brinley copy (Catalogue, No. 280) brought eight hundred dollars. Brere- ton is reprinted in 3 Muss. Ilist. Coll. viii. 69. There are other accounts in Strachey's Historie of Travaile, ii. ch. 6; reprinted in 4 Mass. Hist. Coll. i. 223, and in N. Y. Ilist. Coll .; and in Smith's Generall Historie, i. 16. For Gosnold's landfall, see John A. Poor, in his L'indication of Gorges, 30, and Drake's Boston, p. 12.
47
EARLIEST MAPS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
It is interesting to note that the earliest English name attached to our coast should later point to one of the chief industries of the future Com- monwealth.1
Captain Pring, the next year, 1603, following in the track of Gosnold, seems to have landed somewhere 2 in the bay, without entering, however, the present Boston Harbor, and to have made a map, if we can so inter- pret Gorges's language when he says Pring made "the most exact dis- covery of that coast that ever came to my hands." It has never, however, come into later hands, so far as we know, and it is fair to presume bore more resemblance to the reality than did the sketches of the New England coast which this same year - 1603 - appeared in Juan Botero's Relaciones Universales,3 published at Valladolid, which is of no further interest than as introducing a new name, Modano, against a barely protuberant coast, where Cape Cod might well be.
Again, another English captain, Weymouth, leaving England in May, 1605, under the patronage of the Earl of Southampton, seems to have struck the coast at our Cape Cod, and then to have borne away to the north, leaving to our friends of the Maine coast a disputed ques- tion concerning his navigating.+
Our next records are French. Henry IV., in 1603, gave to De Monts a patent of La Cadie, as a country lying between 40° and 46° north lati- tude.5 In De Monts' expedition for exploration, in 1605, Champlain sailed with him as his pilot, and they seem to have landed at Cape Ann,6 where Champlain tells us he got the natives to draw for him the coast farther south. They made it in the form of a great bay, and placed six pebbles at intervals along its shores to indicate so many distinct chieftaincies. It has been noted that this agrees with the number of chief sachems which, later, Gookin and others said the early settlers found about Massachusetts
1 The effigy of a codfish, which now hangs in the Representatives' Chamber in the State ITouse, was transferred from the Old State House in 179S, where it was hung up in a simi- lar position, by vote in 1784, "as a memorial of the importance of the cod-fishery ; " and it would appear, from the same vote, that such an em- blem had earlier " been usual." A previous effigy may have been burned in one of the fires to which that building or its predecessor had been subjected in 1711 or 1747. A colonial stamp in 1755 figured a cod as "the staple of the Massachusetts." Cf. R. S. Rantonl on " The Cod in Massachusetts llistory," in Essex Insti- tute Ilist. Coll., September, 1866.
2 l'lymouth was the bay in which Pring landed, according to De Costa, in his paper on Gosnold and Pring, in N. E. Ifist. and Geneal. Reg., January, 1878, p. 80.
3 In Ilarvard College Library.
4 Rosier's Journal, describing this voyage, is one of the rarities. The Brinley copy (No.
2So) brought eight hundred dollars. There are other copies in the Barlow Collection, and in the N. Y. Ilist. Soc. Library. The copy in the Grenville Collection (British Museum) was transcribed for Sparks to print in the 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 125; and George Prince has also printed it in his pamphlet on Weymouth. Cf. Purchas, iv. 1659; Strachey in Mass. Hist. Coll. i. 228; Smith's Generall Historic, p. 18.
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