USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Newton > Town of Newton annual report 1887 > Part 21
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25
The halls of the Davis School House have been supplied with water, a large window has been placed in one of the lower rooms, and the furniture of two of the rooms has been re-arranged for the more complete utilizing of the light.
The sanitary condition of the Franklin School House has been greatly improved by alterations in the water-closets.
Changes have been made in the location of some of the radiators at the Williams School House, a considerable por- tion of the heat having been wasted by reason of their too close proximity to the ventilating ducts.
The interior of the Prospect School House has been im- proved. The wood work has been renovated, and the walls of the school rooms have been kalsomined.
The outside of the Hyde School House has been painted, and the furniture of one of the rooms has been thoroughly repaired. The building has been still further improved by the introduction of the Mihan system of ventilation.
The old High School building has been improved by the
26
partial introduction of the Mihan system of ventilation, and by the re-arrangement of the class-rooms made possible by the occupation of the new building.
Two new furnaces have been placed in the old High School building, and one in the school house at Oak Hill.
Improvements in some of the school grounds have made them much more attractive. This is especially true of those of the High, Claflin, Williams, and Mason schools.
It is exceedingly gratifying to me to report, that nearly all the repairs and alterations of the past year were made with a view to improving the sanitary condition of the schools, and that, as far as I am able to judge at this time, the work has been done judiciously and successfully.
The present needs of the school buildings are in the direc- tion of improved ventilation. Carbonic-acid gas is not con- ducive to the growth of intellectual or moral fibre. Pure air is a necessity and should be supplied abundantly, let the cost be what it may. The Bigelow, Underwood, Eliot, Adams, Barnard, Williams, Hyde, and Rice school houses, and the new addition to the High School building, are well supplied with the means of ventilation. The Jackson, Claflin, Pierce, Davis, Franklin, Prospect, Mason, and Oak Hill school houses, and the old High School building, are very defective in this particular, and I recommend a prompt and vigorous prosecution of the work of improvement.
In my report to the Board at its regular monthly meeting in June last, I called attention to the need of additional school accommodations at Newton Highlands. I beg leave again to call attention to the same subject, and to repeat the statement made at that time.
The number of pupils enrolled in the Hyde School on
27
the first day of May of the present year was 218; the number of teachers was six ; the average number of pupils to a teacher, 36.3. All the rooms of the present school building are occupied. Those on the third floor may be used in case of necessity ; but it is doubtful, at least, if their permanent use is justifiable. The growth of this district has been quite rapid since the completion of the Circuit Railroad. I am informed that no less than thirty houses have been erected during the past year, and it is believed that a considerable number will be built during the present year. Under these circumstances it is probable that additional accommodations will be needed before they can be provided.
The additional accommodations needed may be provided by enlarging the present school building, or by the erection of a new building north of the present one. In the event of the adoption of either of these plans, there would be no necessity for the purchase of additional land, the present school grounds being ample for the purpose.
Another plan suggests itself. A considerable number of the pupils of the Hyde School live near the junction of Walnut and Beacon streets. Some of the children in this locality attend the Rice and Mason schools at Newton Cen- tre. Again, most of the children living near the junction of Walnut and Homer streets attend the Claflin School at Newtonville. The distance that the children in both these localities are obliged to travel is, in my judgment, greater than we can reasonably require of primary pupils. It works a hardship to this class of pupils in very cold or stormy weather, and materially affects their attendance and progress at school. In view of these facts, I recommend the erection of a building of two rooms on Walnut Street, between Homer
28
and Beacon streets, for the accommodation of the primary pupils residing in the neighborhood. The children who would attend this school would be drawn from the Hyde, Rice, and Claflin schools, and thus the over-crowding of those schools would be prevented for some time to come.
ATTENDANCE.
The statistics of attendance during the past year are quite unsatisfactory. The average daily attendance was ninety- one and three-tenths per cent of the average whole number belonging to the schools, - a falling off of five-tenths of one per cent, as compared with the previous year. The average daily absence was eight and seven-tenths. That is, out of an average enrolment of 3,655 pupils, there was an average daily attendance of 3,357, and an average daily absence of 298. The aggregate number of pupils who were absent every school day for the entire year was more than enough to form seven schools of forty pupils each. The per cent of absence in the several schools varies from four and four- tenths to fourteen and one-tenth ; the lowest per cent being in one of the grammar schools, and the highest in one of the primary schools.
Referring to the last report of the secretary of the State Board of Education, I find that in a table in which all the towns of the State -349 in number-are numerically arranged according to the average attendance of the chil- dren of school age upon the public schools, Newton occupies the one hundred and fifth place.
Consider for a moment the financial aspect of this subject. The cost of the schools is, in round numbers, six hundred dollars a day. Whether the pupils are present or absent, the
29
cost is the same. The absences of the past year, amounting in all to 59,600 days, involved a waste of nearly nine per cent of all the money expended upon the schools. For this waste the patrons of the schools are alone responsible, and it is to them that the taxpayers are to look for the remedy. Surely, here is an opportunity for retrenchment of the most practical kind.
The record of tardinesses is also far from satisfactory. The whole number of tardinesses during the past year was 5,214, an increase of 109 as compared with the previous year. Fur- thermore, these tardinesses are confined chiefly to a compar- atively small number of schools, the High School having a total of 2,413, being nearly one-half of the aggregate number in all the schools. They are a serious evil, in that they interrupt the work, and retard the progress of the school. This evil can be abated through the earnest co-operation of parents and teachers. .
COST OF THE SCHOOLS.
The following table shows the total cost of the schools, exclusive of the amount expended for the evening schools and for new school buildings, from 1878 to 1887. It also shows the cost per pupil, based upon the average whole num- ber belonging. The average cost per pupil for the ten years was $32.69.
The aggregate cost of the evening schools during the corre- sponding period was $6,443.81, being an average of $644 38 per year.
The amount expended for new school buildings during the year 1887 was $54,626.59. This amount represents the cost of the addition to the new High School building, exclusive of the blackboards and furniture.
30
COST OF THE SCHOOLS, 1878-87.
YEAR.
Whole Cost.
Average Whole Number.
Cost per Pupil.
1878
$86,839 17
2,740.7
$31 68
1879
82,521 04
2,791.7
29 56
1886
86,397 64
2,824.4
30 59
1881
87,669 48
2,844 7
30 82
1882
94,885 43
3,092 7
30 68
1883
119,359 75
3,170.3
37 65
1884
109,103 42
3,185.9
34 25
1885
111,632 56
3,356.5
33 25
1886
121,154 20
3,527.7
34 35
1887
124,718 13
3,655.7
34 11
The amount expended upon the schools during the past year, under the direction of the School Board, was $115,- 390.33, being an average of $31.56 per pupil. The amount expended under the direction of the City Council, chiefly for permanent improvements, was $9,327.80. The aggregate amount expended was $124,718.13, being an average of $34.11 per pupil.
The expenditures of the School Board include the follow- ing items : teachers' salaries, $86,078.76; salary of superin- tendent, $2,800; salary of secretary, $300; salaries of janitors, $6,408.34 ; fuel, $7,228.55; conveyance of pupils, $676.25 ; incidentals, $11,898.43.
The incidental expenses include the following items : books and other supplies, $6,323.99 ; repairs, $1,715.97 ; fur- niture, $1,441.35 ; miscellaneous, $2,417.12.
The comparative cost of the schools may be gathered from the following tables. The first is a graduated table in which the cities in the State are numerically arranged ac-
31
cording to the percentage of their taxable property appropri- ated to the support of public schools for the year 1886-87. The second is a similar exhibit of the cities and towns of Middlesex County.
The statistics of the schools of the State and county are inserted here for the convenience of those who do not have access to the report of the secretary of the State Board of Education, from which they are taken.
Comparing the towns and cities of the State with reference to the percentage of their taxable property appropriated to the support of public schools during the past year, we find that Newton is the twelfth among the twenty-three cities of the State, the thirty-fourth among the forty-seven cities and towns of Middlesex County, and the two hundred and twenty-first among the three hundred and forty-nine cities and towns of the Commonwealth. To be more definite, the town of Natick appropriates four and forty-one hundredths mills on each dollar of its valuation for the support of its public schools; the city of Watham, four and fifteen hun- dredths; Newton, three and twelve hundredths. The town of Marlborough contributes five and thirty-nine hundredths, being the highest percentage in the State. In short, there are thirty-three towns and cities in the county, and two hun- dred and twenty in the State, that contribute to the support of their schools more liberally than Newton in proportion to their wealth.
32
For 1886-87 by the State Valua- tion of 1886.
CITIES.
Percentage of Valuation appropriated to Public Schools equivalent to mills and hundredths of mills.
For 1886-87 by the State Valua- tion of 1886.
CITIES.
Percentage of Valuation appropriated to Public Schools equivalent to mills and hundredths of mills.
1
Waltham
$004-15
13
Northampton .
$003-12
2
Gloucester
4-13
14
Fall River
3-09
3
Haverhill
3-79
15
Cambridge .
3-02
4
Holyoke.
3-49
16
Brockton
2-98
5
Lynn .
3-46
17
Lowell
2-98
6
Somerville
3-46
18
Lawrence
2-84
7
Worcester
3-45
19
Salem
2-84
8
Fitchburg
3-36
20
New Bedford
2-73
9
Chelsea
3-21
21
Newburyport
2-67
10
Malden .
3-16
22
Springfield .
2-67
11
Taunton .
3-13
23
Boston
1-96
12
Newton
3-12
Towns and Cities of Middlesex County.
1
Marlborough
$005-39
28
Chelmsford .
$003-39
2
Natick
4-41
29
Acton .
3-34
3
Stoneham
4-35
30
Littleton .
3-33
4
Wakefield
4-22
31
Watertown .
3-23
5
Waltham
4-15
32
Framingham
3-19
G
Hudson .
4-13
33
Malden
3-16
7
Westford
4-12
34
Newton .
3-12
S
Winchester .
4-09
35
Pepperell
3-08
9
North Reading,
3-91
36
Maynard .
3-07
10
Arlington
3-86
37
Cambridge
3-02
11
Holliston
3-80
38
Wilmington
2-99
12
Ashby
3-79
39
Lowell
2-98
13
Wayland.
3-78
40
Everett
2-84
14
Woburn .
3-68
41
Weston
.
2-74
15
Ayer .
3-67
42
Boxborough
2-70
16
Concord .
3-66
43
Burlington ,
2-70
17
Hopkinton
3-65
44
Sherborn
2-65
18
Ashland .
3-64
45
Dracut
2-58
19
Townsend
3-61
46
Dunstable
2-58
20
Tyngsborough .
3-61
47
Belmont .
2-56
21
Lexington
3-56
48
Billerica .
2-36
22
Melrose
3-55
49
Carlisle
2-24
23
Medford .
3-47
50
Stow .
2-24
24
Reading .
3-47
51
Sudbury .
2-03
25
Somerville
3-46
52
Groton
1-97
26
Bedford .
3-40
53
Lincoln
1-91
27
Shirley
3-40
54
Tewksbury
1-84
33
The school system of Newton is an expensive one, even when administered with the greatest economy that is consist- ent with a proper regard for its efficiency. This is due to the fact, that the city is made up of nine villages which are so widely separated that it is impossible to mass the pupils in a few school buildings as is done in the other cities and large ' towns of the State. This peculiarity in the geographical features of our city makes it especially charming as a place of residence. Indeed, it is in this that its attractiveness chiefly consists. But those characteristics that constitute its chief charm, and have contributed so largely to its growth and prosperity, make the maintenance of its schools and streets exceptionally difficult and expensive. If our city were of smaller area, and the population were more compact, - like that of Chelsea, for example, whose population is about equal to that of Newton, -our schools could be maintained at much less expense than now. The cost of instruction would be less, there would be a considerable saving in the fuel and the care of the school houses, and the cost of the buildings and grounds would be greatly reduced. The annual saving would be from $15,000 to $20,000. And this reduction would be made without impairing, in the slightest degree, either the efficiency or usefulness of the schools.
The peculiar geographical features to which I have referred constitute the weakness of our municipal organiza- tion, in that they compel large annual expenditures of the public money, and thereby increase the rate of taxation. They are at the same time an element of strength, in that they lead people of wealth and culture to make their homes within the limits of the city. They make liberal appropria-
34
tions a necessity, but they at the same time increase the ability of the people to meet the demands that are made upon them.
A more detailed exhibit of the statistics of the schools will be found in the tables appended to this report.
Table I shows the number of persons in the city, between five and fifteen years of age, May 1, 1881-87.
Table II shows the number of rooms, halls, sittings, pupils, teachers, number of pupils to a teacher, number of pupils over fifteen years of age, and number under five years of age, in each school, May 1, 1887.
Table III shows the semi-quarterly attendance, by schools, for the year ending July 1, 1887.
Table IV shows the total enrolment, attendance, etc., by schools, for the year ending July 1, 1887.
Table V shows the number of pupils and their average age, by grades, in September, 1886.
Table VI shows the annual enrolment in each grade in September, 1880-86.
Table VII shows the percentage of the total annual enrolment in each grade, in September, 1880-86.
Table VIII shows the distribution of the pupils in the High School, by grades and courses of study.
TRUANCY.
The truant officer has discharged his duties faithfully and acceptably during the past year. Two hundred and seventy- four cases of absence have been investigated. Of the absentees, two hundred and eight were truants. One boy has been convicted as an habitual truant, and sent to the Law-
35
rence Industrial School. There are also ten habitual truants now on probation.
In my last Annual Report I called the attention of the Board to the General Statutes, chap. 48, sect. 14, which pro- vide, that " If three or more towns in any county so require, the county commissioners shall establish, at the expense of the county, at convenient places therein, other than the jail or house of correction, truant schools for the confinement, disci- pline, and instruction of minor children convicted under the provisions of sects. 10 and 12 [of the truant law], and shall make suitable provisions for the government and control, and for the appointment of proper teachers and officers thereof."
I also recommended that we avail ourselves of these pro- visions of the Statutes, and that, for this purpose, we invite two or more of the neighboring municipalities to join with us in a petition to the county commissioners for the estab- lishment and maintenance of a school to which truants, and, in case the Legislature shall give the requisite authority, those pupils " who persistently refuse to comply with the reasonable rules and regulations of the schools," may be sent for discipline and instruction.
Another year's observation and reflection have strength- ened my conviction that the need of such a school is impera- tive, and that the best interests of our schools require its establishment. I again respectfully commend the subject to your consideration.
TEXT-BOOKS.
The number of text-books in use during the past year was 32,747, an increase of 6,088 as compared with the previous
36
year ; the number of reference-books was 1,789, an increase of 106 as compared with the previous year. They were dis- tributed as follows : -
SCHOOLS.
Text-Books.
Reference-Books.
Worn out.
High .
4,893
120
216
Bigelow
3,900
181
104
Eliot
2,811
132
107
Adams
2,005
123
30
Claflin
2,074
130
10
Pierce
4.586
253
69
Williams .
2,501
209
48
Hamilton
1,464
120
21
Prospect .
2,487
142
15
Ilyde .
2,220
119
16
Mason
3,806
260
125
Totals
32,747
1,789
761
The amount expended for new books was $3,526.62; the amount paid for re-binding books was $315.38 : making a total of $3,842. The cost per pupil was $1.05. The number of books worn out and missing at the close of the year was 761.
EVENING SCHOOL.
The Evening School was in session three evenings a week, from Nov. 1, 1886, to Feb. 7, 1887. The whole number of pupils enrolled was 120: males, 62; females, 58. The largest attendance at any session was 120; the smallest was 17. The average number in attendance was 60.
Instruction was given in the common English branches, book-keeping, and industrial drawing. The teachers of this school were patient and faithful in the performance of their
37
duties, and the pupils applied themselves to their work with commendable zeal and perseverance.
GENERAL CONDITION.
The schools have made commendable progress during the past year, and their present condition is quite satisfactory. They are better supplied than heretofore with globes, maps, charts, moulding-boards, and other appliances and aids in teaching. The methods of instruction are more intelligent and effective. This is especially true of the instruction in geography and history. Outline maps drawn upon the blackboard from memory, and the topical method of study and recitation, are used almost exclusively. The improve- ment in these branches is quite pronounced ; and it is grati- fying to be able to report, that the change in the methods of instruction has led to increased interest in these subjects, on the part of both teachers and pupils.
The number of diplomas awarded in the several grammar schools in June last was as follows : Bigelow 35, Adams 24, Claflin 7, Pierce 40, Williams 16, Hamilton 4, Prospect 18, Hyde 18, Mason 24. The whole number was 186.
The number of High School certificates awarded in the several grammar schools was as follows : Bigelow 25, Adams 24, Claflin 7, Pierce 35, Williams 16, Hamilton 4, Prospect 18, Hyde 16, Mason 22. The whole number was 167.
The number of pupils graduated from the High School was 82. Of these, 43 had completed the general course, 19 the classical course, and 20 the mercantile, or three years', course.
The names of the High School graduates will be found on p. 49 of the Appendix to this report.
38
My thanks are due to the teachers for their generous co-operation, and to the members of the Board for many kindnesses and courtesies.
Respectfully submitted.
THOMAS EMERSON, Superintendent.
DECEMBER 28, 1887.
APPENDIX.
STATISTICS IN DETAIL.
TABLE I. - Number of Persons in the City between Five and Fifteen Years of Age, May 1, 1881-87, by Wards.
WARDS.
1 1.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Increase.
Decrease.
I.
453
463
512
541
527
545
582
37
-
II. .
603
645
699
705
705
717
732
15
-
III. .
449
506
519
543
531
594
598
4
-
IV. .
523
562
554
567
593
602
599
-
3
V. .
436
470
460
464
423
480
486
6
-
VI. .
. .
494
549
558
559
560
559
601
42
-
VII. .
294
263
262
274
272
288
295
7
-
Totals .
3,252
3,458
3,564
3,653
3,611
3,785
3,893
111
3
39
.
.
. .
. ·
.
·
.
.
.
TABLE II. - Number of Rooms, Halls, Sittings, Pupils, Teachers, Number of Pupils to a Teacher, Number of Pupils over 15 Years of Age, and Number under 5 Years of Age, in Each School, May 1, 1887.
SCHOOLS.
Rooms, occupied.
Rooms, unocenpied.
HALLS.
Sittings.
Number of Pupils.
Number of Teachers.
Number of Pupils to a Teacher.
Number of Pupils over 15 Years of age.
Number of Pupils under 5 Years of age.
High
6 *
0
0
453
439
11+
39.9
380
0
Bigelow
8
0
1
375
321
8
40.1
33
0
Underwood
4
0
0
194
176
4
44.0
0
0
Lincoln
1
1
0
123
50
1
50.0
0
3
Eliot
4
0
0
193
130
4
32.5
13
0
Jackson
5
1
0
249
217
5
43.4
0
0
Adams
6
0
0
278
234
6
39.0
25
1
Claflin .
5
1
0
197
191
5
38.2
0
0
Pierce
4
0
1 }
241
218
5
43.6
35
0
Davis
4
0
0
202
169
4
42.2
0
0
Franklin
4
0
0
208
174
4
43.5
0
1
Barnard
3
1
0
147
119
3
39.7
0
2
Williams
8
0
0
370
310
S
38.8
24
0
Hamilton .
4
0
1
163
108
4
27.0
1
0
Prospect
6
2
1
265
220
6
36.7
7
2
Hyde
6
0
0
264
218
6
36.3
14
1
Mason
.
7
1
1
320
262
7
37 6
22
0
Rice .
4
0
0
203
176
4
44 0
0
0
Thompsonville .
1
0
0
40
30
1
30.0
0
0
Oak Hill
1
1
0
40
22
1
22 0
0
0
Totals
91
8
5
4,525
3,784
97
39 0
554
10
.
·
* Also four recitation rooms, one laboratory, and one art room.
t Also three special teachers.
# The hall of the Pierce School House is used as a class-room.
40
.
·
·
·
.
·
TABLE III. - Semi-Quarterly Attendance, Etc., by Schools, for the Year ending July 1, 1887.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Attendance.
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Attendance.
Tardiness.
Corporal
Punishment.
High .
457.5
431.6
95.6
105
0
457.3
436.8
95.6
219
0
454.1
411.6
90.6
274
0
454.6
414.7
91.2
349
0
Bigelow
313.9
300.8
95.8
18
0
313.6
298.1
95.0
22
0
311.5
287.9
92.4
24
0
306.5
284.5
92.7
25
0
Underwood
167.6
134.9
92.3
20
0
177.8
163.3
91.7
46
0
175.2
151.2
85.7
56
0
159.0
131.8
82.0
40
0
Lincoln
41.7
38.9
93.3
19
0
45.1
41.9
92.9
9
0
42 6
36.4
85.5
5
1
40.0
33.6
83.5
2
0
Eliot .
140.1
130.6
93.0
00
0
141.3
127.3
89.9
co
0
138.3
122.5
88.3
6
0
135.8
120.4
88.3
=
0
Jackson
197.4
177.9
90.4
ão
0
198.2
174.6
88.1
20
1
179.7
155.6
86.3
32
0
176.8
154.9
87.0
21
1
Adams
229.3
219.9
95.7
10
0
233.6
223.2
95.4
17
0
232.4
211.7
90.3
9
0
224.5
206.8
91.4
11
1
Claflin .
180.7
170.2
94.3
13
0
189.3
177.9
94.2
19
0
189.8
175.5
92.5
17
0
186.4
167.9
90.3
21
1
Pierce .
209.4
204.1
97.4
4
1
211.4
204.1
96.6
11
2
209.4
200.3
95.7
2
5
210.4
201.2
95.6
5
1
Davis .
166.8
159.0
95.3
11
0
167.1
161.2
96.4
20
0
164.9
153.5
93.0
00
1
161.4
143.6
88.7
4
1
Franklin
177.4
169.7
95.6
4
5
174.0
165.2
94.8
16
2
172.0
160.0
92.5
30
4
165.5
154.6
92 6
11
1
Barnard
102.3
99.4
96.7
00
1
106.7
102.2
95.1
5
2
104.6
98.0
92 9
1
0
104.4
96.2
91.6
3
1
Williams .
313.5
292.3
93.3
51
4
316.4
295.2
93.2
30
00
310.8
283.3
91.1
23
3
304.5
272.6
89.1
29
1
Hamilton .
108.8
106.0
97.3
=
0
103.8
99 6
95.8
20
4
99.8
93.0
0
0
102.0
96.7
94.3
17
0
Prospect
214.6
208.1
96.9
2
225.4
2.63
96.0
19
0
227.2
215.6
94.8
43
1
226.9
211.9
93.5
16
1
Ilyde .
201.2
187.4
93.1
2
207 3
188.6
91.1
29
1
209.2
184.0
88.0
45
0
213.3
186.8
87.7
59
00
Mason .
279.4
261.1
93.5
45
0
278.5
259.5
57
1
276.6
250.6
90.0
80
0
272.4
241.4
88.6
88
0
Rice
157.0
144.0
91.7
27
0
159.5
140.9
88.2
32
0
157.9
132.0
85.8
56
0
155.6
127.0
81.3
65
0
Thompsonville .
28.2
26.2
92.6
5
0
27.0
22.7
84.0
5
0
27.0
21.3
79.0
4
0
23.6
20.1
85.5
4
0
Oak Hill
25.2
22.8
90.7
7
1
23.4
21.6
92.0
1
0
21.1
18.0
85.6
1
0
19.9
17.3
88.0
N
1
Whole
Attendance.
Attendance.
Tardiness.
Corporal
Whole
Attendance.
Attendance.
Tardiness.
Corporal
Punishment.
Whole
Attendance.
Cases of
Cases of
SCHOOLS.
Whole
Attendance.
Tardiness.
Corporal
Punishment.
90
·
93.2
Punishment.
41
92.5
TABLE III. (Concluded). - Semi-Quarterly Attendance, Etc., by Schools, for the Year ending July 1, 1887.
4
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Attendance.
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Attendance.
Cases of
Cases of
Average
Number.
Average
Percentage of
Cases of
Cases of
Punishment.
High .
447.8
408.5
91.2
349
0
438.3
393.3
89.7
360
0
425.7
381.9
89.7
413
0
413.1
356.8
86.3
344
Bigelow .
317.9
297.9
93.7
23
0
314.5
289.3
92.0
18
0
309.9
287.8
92.8
27
0
294.1
278.9
94.8
17
Underwood
138.2
121.1
86.8
19
0
162.6
144.1
88.5
36
172.0
159.3
92 3
26
0
170.8
152.7
89.4
24
Lincoln
40.8
35.9
87.9
5
0
46.3
41.2
88.9
4
0
48.5
42.6
87.8
8
0
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.