USA > Maryland > Leading Events of Maryland History: With Topical Analyses, References, and questions for original thought and research, revised and enlarge > Part 18
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HOWARD
Cotton Mills (J. S. Gary & Son), Alberton From a photograph
Howard county, organized in 1851, bears the name of John Eager Howard, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Revo- lution, and afterward governor of Maryland and United States senator. It is triangular in shape, lying between Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's, and Anne Arundel counties, in the heart of the Western Shore. The Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of the Patuxent extend into Howard from the Anne Arundel line. Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery. The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the section
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COUNTY HISTORIES
of which from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills was the first passen- ger railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its southern. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upward of ninety years old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to his signing the Declaration, if "even it be second to that." The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topography is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hill-sides and valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn, and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore deposits of Howard led to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In granite, marble, and building stones Howard is especially rich. Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the United States. Ellicott City, the county seat, on the Patapsco river 15 miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an electric road. Ellicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history. The manufacture of flour was begun here by the Ellicotts in that year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the state. The town has a population of 1, 151. Rock Hill College, a widely known educational institution, is located here. Wood- stock and St. Charles colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist institution in Howard have made the county known wherever the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage are large cotton mills, operated by water power. Howard has been the birthplace or the home of many Marylanders noted in political life, on the bench, and in the arts and sciences, and on her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separa- tion from the mother country.
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WICOMICO
Lumber Yard, Salisbury From a photograph
Wicomico county lies southeast of Dorset, the division line between the two being the Nanticoke river. Delaware on the north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, and the Nanticoke river extends along its western side, emptying into Tangier sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, and its name is taken from the river which flows through its central section into Monie bay. Salisbury, the county seat (1732), is one of the most thriving commercial towns on the Eastern Shore, and has a population of 6,690. It is incorpo- rated as a city, and has numerous manufactures, mostly asso- ciated with the extensive lumber interests of the county. Salisbury is noted for the beauty of its situation and its sub- stantial business buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico and partly in Delaware, is a goodly sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanticoke, Powellsville, Quantico, Pittsville, Parsons-
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COUNTY HISTORIES
burg, and Fruitland are the centers of thriving communities. Agriculture is the occupation of many of the people, and fruit- growing is largely and successfully engaged in, as is also truck- ing. With its fine transportation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, although, perhaps, in a greater degree, is in compe- tition with the truck-farmers of Virginia in the Northern mar- kets. Light, sandy soils, overlying stiff clays, are found in Wicomico, and there are areas of gum swamp-land and of loams, the " black loam " along the edge of Delaware being very fertile. Mardela Springs, a village of several hundred inhabitants, is well known in local history as the location of " Barren Creek Springs," the fame of whose medicinal waters covers over a century. Francis Makemie established a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then Somerset) county before the formation, in 1706, of the American Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Presbyterian Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic railway and the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk railroad run through Wicomico.
Lumber Mill, Salisbury From a photograph
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GARRETT
Coal Mining, Corinth From a photograph
Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved out of territory belonging to Allegany county, in 1872. Its first election for county officers was held January 7, 1873. John W. Garrett, then president of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, for whom the county was named, was instrumental in its estab. lishment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the state - 660 square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great plateau of the Alleghanies, and contains much uncleared land. It has rich deposits of iron ore, fire-clay, and other minerals, especially coal; but the chief industries are farming, stock-
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raising, and lumbering. Oakland, its county seat, is 2800 feet above sea-level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain Lake Park, widely known for its Chautauqua and camp-meeting, and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the county are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, and only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of the county abound in game fish - bass and trout; and deer, pheasants, wild turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's paradise it was in the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally, in the mountain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer-shooting has long attracted hunters from all over the country, and the glades and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buck- wheat, and hay are leading Garrett crops. The maple forests of the county yield annually about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. Wild honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett railroads. The lumber industry in Garrett has long been its chief manufacturing interest. The first saw-mill - forerunner of the many that have leveled the primeval forests of the county - was owned by Philip Hare, and placed in oper- ation near Grantsville about 1790. Valuable and productive farms have been made of the fertile limestone lands. Oakland is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from Chicago. Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friendsville, Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geography as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a tribu- tary of the Ohio.
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APPENDIXES
A
PROPRIETARIES OF MARYLAND
Cecilius Calvert . 1632
Charles Calvert
. 1715
Charles Calvert 1675
Frederick Calvert
1751
Benedict Leonard Calvert . 1715 Henry Harford 1771-1776
N. B .- It is well to remember that there were six Lords Baltimore and six proprietaries, but the first Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) was not a pro- prietary of Maryland, and the last proprietary of Maryland (Henry Harford) was not a Lord Baltimore.
B
GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND1 COLONIAL GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND Under the Proprietary
Leonard Calvert
. 1633 William Fuller and Commis-
Thomas Greene
. 1647 sioners
. 1654
William Stone .
1649 Josias Fendall 1658
1 I do not know of any complete list of Maryland governors ever published that is correct. The list of colonial governors here given will be found very different from the usual lists, but in agreement with the list prepared from the archives by Dr. B. C. Steiner and others for the Maryland Manual, issued by the secretary of state. The list of state governors is taken from the list prepared by Mr. Edward T. Tubbs for the Teacher's Manual issued by State Superintendent M. B. Stephens. A comparison with the conven- tional list will show that the terms of most of the governors have been dated from their election instead of from thei. qualification.
J. M. G.
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Philip Calvert . 1660
Benedict Leonard Calvert, a
Charles Calvert
1661
minor; government adminis-
Cecilius Calvert, a
minor ;
tered by Council
. 1684
William Joseph, President of
Jesse Wharton, deputy, and
later Thomas Notley
. 1676
Thomas Notley
. 1676
Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore,
in person .
. 1679
Royal Governors
Lionel Copley . . 1692
Edmund Andros (ad interim) 1693
the Council . . 1702
John Seymour . 1704
Edward Lloyd, President of the
Francis Nicholson .
. 1694
Council 1709
Nathaniel Blackiston .
1699
John Hart
. 1714
Proprietary Governors
John Hart
. 1715
Samuel Ogle 1733
Thomas Brooke, President of
the Council
. 1720
Samuel Ogle
1747
Charles Calvert
. 1720
Benjamin Tasker, President of
Benedict Leonard Calvert
. 1727
the Council
1752
Samuel Ogle
. 1731
Horatio Sharpe . 1753
Charles, Lord Baltimore, in
Robert Eden
1769-1776
person .
. 1732
Convention and Council of Safety, 1774-1777
STATE GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND
Thomas Johnson
· 1777
James Brice .
· 1792
Thomas Sim Lee
. 1779
Thomas Sim Lee
. 1792
William Paca
1782 John H. Stone .
· 1794
William Smallwood
1785
John Henry .
1797
John Eager Howard
1788
Benjamin Ogle .
· 1798
George Plater
1791
John Francis Mercer
. 1801
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the Council . 1688
Convention of Protestant Asso-
ciation .
. 1689
Thomas Lawrence, President of the Council . . 1694
Thomas Tench, President of
Thomas Bladen
. 1742
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APPENDIXES
Robert Bowie .
. 1803
Thomas G. Pratt . 1845
Robert Wright
1806
Philip F. Thomas . 1848
James Butcher .
1809
E. Louis Lowe 1851
Edward Lloyd .
. 1809
T. Watkins Ligon 1854
Robert Bowie
1811
Thomas Holliday Hicks . 1858
Levin Winder .
1812
Augustus W. Bradford 1862
Charles Ridgely
1816 Thomas Swann 1865
Charles Goldsborough
1819 Oden Bowie 1868
Samuel Sprigg .
1819
William Pinkney White
1872
Samuel Stevens, Jr.
1822
James Black Groome 1874
Joseph Kent
1826
John Lee Carroll .
1876
Daniel Martin .
1829
William T. Hamilton
1880
Thomas King Carroll
1830
Robert M. McLane
1884
Daniel Martin .
1831
Henry Lloyd
1885
George Howard
1831
Elihu E. Jackson
1888
James Thomas .
1833
Frank Brown
1892
Thomas W. Veazey
1836
Lloyd Lowndes
1896
William Grason
1839
John Walter Smith . 1900
Francis Thomas
1842
Edwin Warfield
1904
Austin L. Crothers .
. . 1908
Phillips Lee Goldsborough . . 1912
Emerson C. Harrington . . 1916
C
TOWNS OF MARYLAND
Having a population of more than 3,000 (U.S. Census, 1910)
Baltimore city
. 558,485
Cambridge 6,407
Cumberland
21,839
Frostburg
6,028
Hagerstown
16,507
Havre de Grace 4,212
Frederick
10,41I
Brunswick
3,721
Annapolis
8,609
Crisfield . 3,468
Salisbury
6,690
Westminster
3,295
Easton
3,083
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION
WHICH ASSEMBLED AT THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF MAY, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND ADJOURNED ON THE SEVENTEENTH DAY OF AUGUST, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND RATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE ON THE EIGHTEENTH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, WITH AMENDMENTS AND DE- CISIONS OF THE COURT OF APPEALS, TO AND INCLUDING 94 MD.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS Preamble
We, the people of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof declare : -
Origin and foundation of government. Right of reform
Article 1. That all Government of right originates from the People, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole ; and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their form of Government in such manner as they may deem expedient.
Constitution of the U. S. the supreme law
Art. 2. The Constitution of the United States, and the Laws made or which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, are and shall be the Supreme Law of the State ; and the Judges of this State, and all the People of this State, are, and shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or Law of this State to the contrary notwithstanding.
Powers reserved
Art. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the People thereof.
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CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND
State's rights
Art. 4. That the People of this State have the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, as a free, sovereign, and independent State.
Common law : trial by jury - English statutes - Charter of the State
Art. 5. That the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the Common Law of England, and the trial by Jury, according to the course of that law, and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the Fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six ; and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and have been intro- duced, used and practiced by the Courts of Law or Equity; and also of all Acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ; except such as may have since expired, or may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution ; subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legislature of this State. And the In- habitants of Maryland are also entitled to all property derived to them from or under the Charter granted by His Majesty, Charles the First, to Caecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore.
Right of reform - Non-resistance
Art. 6. That all persons invested with the Legislative or Executive powers of Government are Trustees of the Public, and as such, accountable for their conduct : Wherefore, whenever the ends of Government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered and all other means of redress are ineffect- ual, the People may, and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new Government ; the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and op- pression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of man- kind.
Right of suffrage
Art. 7. That the right of the People to participate in the Legislature is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free Government; for this purpose elections ought to be free and frequent, and every white 1 male citizen having the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage.
1 The word "white" omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Separation of the departments of government
Art. 8. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of Government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said Departments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other.
Suspension of laws
Art. 9. That no power of suspending Laws or the execution of Laws, unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be exercised, or allowed.
Freedom of speech
Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the Legis- lature, ought not to be impeached in any Court of Judicature.
Seat of government
Art. 11. That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legislature and the Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any other place but from evident necessity.
Meeting of Legislature
Art. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthening, and for preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to be frequently convened.
Right of petition
Art. 13. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature for the redress of grievances in a peaceful and orderly manner.
Levying of taxes
Art. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees ought to be rated, or levied, under any pretence, without the consent of the Legislature.
Poll tax - Taxation according to actual worth - Fines
Art. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, and ought to be prohibited ; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of the Government ; but every person in the State, or person holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of the Government, according to his actual worth in real or personal property ; yet fines, duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed, or laid with a political view for the good government and benefit of the community
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CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND
Sanguinary laws
Art. 16. That sanguinary Laws ought to be avoided as far as it is consistent with the safety of the State; and no Law to inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter.
Retrospective laws
Art. 17. That retrospective Laws, punishing acts committed before the ex- istence of such Laws, and by them only declared criminal are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty ; wherefore, no ex post facto Law ought to be made ; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed or required.
Attainder
Art. 18. That no Law to attaint particular persons of treason or felony, ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter.
Right to have justice
Art. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or prop- erty ought to have remedy by the course of the Law of the Land, and ought to have justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any denial, and speedily without delay, according to Law of the Land.
Trial of facts
Art. 20. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the greatest securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the People.
Criminal prosecutions ; indictment - Counsel and witnesses - Trial by jury
Art. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to be informed of the accusation against him ; to have a copy of the Indictment, or Charge in due time (if required) to prepare for his defence ; to be allowed counsel ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have process for his witnesses ; to examine the witnesses for and against him on oath ; and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he ought not to be found guilty.
Evidence against oneself
Art. 22. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence against himself in a criminal case.
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Freemen not to be imprisoned
Art. 23. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the Law of the Land.
Slavery abolished
Art. 24. That Slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but having been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United States, compen- sation, in consideration thereof, is due from the United States.
Bail and fines
Art. 25. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted by the Courts of Law.
Search warrants
Art. 26. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search suspected places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and oppressive ; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend suspected persons, without naming or describing the place, or the person in special, are illegal, and ought not to be granted.
Corruption of blood
Art. 27. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.
Militia
Art. 28. That a well regulated Militia is the proper and natural defence of a free Government.
Standing armies
Art. 29. That Standing Armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised, or kept up, without the consent of the Legislature.
Military subject to civil power
Art. 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be under strict subordination to, and control of, the civil power.
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CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND
Quartering of soldiers
Art. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by Law.
Martial law
Art. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines and mariners in the service of this State, or militia, when in actual service, ought, in any case, to be subject to, or punishable by, Martial Law.
Judiciary
Art. 33. That the independency and uprightness of Judges are essential to the impartial administration of Justice, and a great security to the rights and liberties of the People; wherefore, the Judges shall not be removed, except in the manner, and for the causes, provided in this Constitution. No Judge shall hold any other office, civil or military or political trust, or employment of any kind whatsoever, under the Constitution or Laws of this State, or of the United States, or any of them ; or receive fees, or perquisites of any kind, for the discharge of his official duties.
Rotation in office
Art. 34. That a long continuance in the Executive Departments of power or trust is dangerous to liberty ; a rotation, therefore, in those Departments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom.
Holding offices - Presents
Art. 35. That no person shall hold, at the same time, more than one office of profit, created by the Constitution or Laws of this State ; nor shall any per- son in public trust receive any present from any foreign Prince or State, or from the United States, or any of them, without the approbation of this State.
Religious liberty - Witnesses
Art. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty ; wherefore, no person ought, by any law to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persua- sion or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious
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rights ; nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain or contribute, unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or any ministry ; nor shall any person, otherwise competent be deemed incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious belief ; provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that under His dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in this world or the world to come.
Oath of office
Art. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a qualification for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than a declaration of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legislature prescribe any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by this Constitution.
Disqualifications of Ministers and religious bodies
Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination, or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination ; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the Seller or Donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomina- tion, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void ; except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceed- ing five acres, for a church, meeting-house, or other house of worship, or par- sonage, or for a burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for such purpose ; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void.
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