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Gc 974.102 H15s 1759912
M. L:
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01091 7927
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/historichallowel00snel
HISTORIC HALLOWELL-
Compiled by Katherine H. Snell and Vincent P. Ledew
ER
Sponsored by the Hallowell Bicentennial Committee
Designed and Printed by THE KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT SHOP 1962
TELL BICEN
HALL
ENNIAL
1762
-1962 6
1759912
Gallomell
PROUD OF ITS HERITAGE DEDICATES THIS BOOK TO ITS CITIZENS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE - IN COMMEMORATING ITS BI- CENTENNIAL IN NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-TWO.
$7,50 -P.O.977-8-13-23 TUTTLE
Acknowled gments
In compiling a book of this type, assistance is required from many people, and in its final form it becomes the product of cooperative effort. Therefore, in the space allowed, it is difficult to give ade- quate thanks to all who have made definite contributions. We are particularly indebted to those who have written feature articles, which have involved long hours of preparation and research. The attrac- tive jacket cover for the book was designed and created by Mrs. Stanley J. Staciva of Hallowell. Many of the beautiful photographs used in this publication were taken by Col. Harry R. Pierce of Hallowell. Through his cooperation and fine photocopying ability we were able to use a consider- able number of pictures which otherwise would have been unavailable for the book. We have been most fortunate in the wonderful response we have received from those who have offered the use of price- less pictures, old portraits, valuable family letters and scrapbooks. Countless hours have been spent in reminiscing and talking with some of the senior citizens of Hallowell and neighboring towns. We are extremely grateful for their help.
The element of time has been an important factor in the preparation of this book. In two short months, we have made an attempt to combine in a single volume a collection of interesting facts and pic- tures pertaining to the settlement of Hallowell, its early history and growth. The compiling of the material would have been impossible without constant access to the resources of Hubbard Free Library in Hallowell, the office of the Hallowell City Clerk and Treasurer, the State House Library at Augusta, and the Register of Deeds office at the Kennebec County Courthouse. The members of their respec- tive staffs have been most helpful.
In addition to those who are receiving special thanks on the following page, we fully realize that there have been many, many others who have given invaluable assistance along the way. Although it is impossible to mention each person individually, we do want to convey our sincere appreciation to ALL of those people without whose help and interest, this book could not have become a reality.
We would like to give credit and thanks to the following for their assistance in the various cate- gories:
Feature Articles
MARGUERITE M. BEARCE
Homes
JOSEPH H. COBB
The Railroad
CHRISTINE H. CRANDALL
The Granite Industry
HILDRETH G. HAWES
Early History
REV. MALCOLM A. MACDUFFIE, JR.
Churches
GRACE B. MAXWELL ARTHUR R. MOORE
Newspapers and Library
Ships and Shipping
SALLY W. RAND
Early Industries
FRANK E. SOUTHARD, JR.
Early Military History
MARION B. STUBBS
Famous Men of Early Hallowell
4
Donation of Pictures
MRS. HOWARD L. BOWEN MRS. NORRIS BOWIE PERCY H. BRADBURY
MR. AND MRS. J. IRVING BRALEY L. E. BROWN JOHN G. BURNS
LEON E. LONGFELLOW
MRS. MARY MALLOY MISS DOROTHEA M. MARSTON
MR. AND MRS. AMERICO J. MASCIADRI
A. S. MASCIADRI GRACE B. MAXWELL
DR. HOWARD H. MILLIKEN
ARTHUR R. MOORE
MRS. ARTHUR R. MOORE, SR.
WALTER F. MOORE
CHRISTINE H. CRANDALL
MRS. FLOYD MOSHER
MRS. HARLAND EVERSON
MRS. MICHELE H. FALCONI
MRS. CHARLES NILES
MRS. LYNN H. FITZSIMMONDS
CHARLES E. FULLER FRED H. FULLER
RICHARD A. GODBOUT
MRS. ARCHER L. GROVER
HALLOWELL FIRE DEPARTMENT
MISS EDITH L. HARY MRS. ERNEST HASSEN
HILDRETH G. HAWES
MAURICE L. HAYES
C. WARREN HEALD MELVIN HEALD
SOCONY MOBIL OIL COMPANY
CHESTER STEVENS
HAROLD R. STEVENS
CARL D. TRUE
WILLIAM L. VAUGHAN
Special Help
MISS HELEN CHADBOURNE WILLIAM C. COLE MISS ANNIE E. DAY FATHER SAMUEL A. DOUGAN
MICHELE H. FALCONI FRED H. FULLER MRS. ROBERT D. FULLER MARK HENNESSEY FITZ HERBERT L. HUNT
MRS. DORIS LEACH LEON E. LONGFELLOW MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
MISS CLIMENE NERI MRS. JOHN ROBINSON MRS. RALPH D. SMITH
CARROLL E. STEVENS
LEON H. TEBBETTS MARVELLE C. WEBBER, JR.
MERTON R. NILES
MRS. J. V. PAKULSKI
ABBIE PAYSON MRS. CLARENCE PAYSON
ROLAND PETERSON
MRS. RALPH E. PRAY
MRS. CARL RICHARDS
WALTER M. SANBORN
MISS KATHRYN SMALL
MRS. JOHN E. SMITH MRS. WALTER SMITH
MRS. RUTH HOOPER HUBBARD FREE LIBRARY MRS. DORIS LEACH MRS. PERCY LEIGHTON
MISS CLIMENE NERI
LEO CAREY MR. AND MRS. RICHARD P. CHOATE THE MISSES ETHEL, HELEN AND JENNIE COCHRANE
5
CONTENTS
Hallowell City Hall 10
Municipal Officers
11
History
13
Newspapers
24
Famous Men of Early Hallowell
27
Shipbuilding in Early Days
34
Logging Days
36
Hallowell Homes
37
Street Scenes
54
Schools - Past and Present
56
Hubbard Free Library
61
Fire Department History
62
The Town House 64
Granite
65
Old Loudon Hill 72
Activities Along the Bombahook 75
Other Industries of the 19th Century 78
Hallowell and the Railroad 85
Churches
87
Maritime History
91
Hallowell Bridge
100
The Electric Car Line 102
Floods
104
Military History
106
6
MAINE
JOHN H. REED GOVERNOR
STATE OF MAINE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR AUGUSTA
June 1, 1962
To the City of Hallowell
Greetings :
I take great pleasure in extending the official greetings of the State of Maine as well as my own personal congratulations to the City of Hallowell on the occasion of its 20Cth birthday.
Hallowell has played a most significant role in the development of the Kennebec Valley area since its first inhabitants began the settlement known as the Hook.
Incorporated as the Town of Hallowell in 1771 and divided into Hallowell and Augusta in 1797, this town has a glorious history in the fields of shipping and granite.
Hallowell has undergone many changes over the years and stands today as one of Maine's finest and most progressive communities.
I wish the City of Hallowell and all its citizens every success in the future. May your bi- centennial celebration be a most memorable event.
Sincerely, John N. Reed John H. Reed Governor
JHR:msp
THE HOOK
PANORAMA OF OLD HALLOWELL ON THE KENNEBEC
At the far left of the picture, approximately at the foot of what is now Elm Street, can be seen two large brick buildings; in the front of these buildings in the very early 1800's were the adjoining wharves of Abner Lowell and Captain Shubael West.
Mr. Lowell did not "follow the sea" himself, but was a prominent ship builder, generally being sole owner. His vessels were mostly engaged in the West India trade. Bermuda was a favorite port with him, and the brig, Rapid, a crack vessel for the times, and the brig Enterprise were almost wholly engaged in that trade. The Rapid was commanded by Capt. Ferdinand Richards. The schooner Mary & Nancy, with Capt. Stephen Prescott in command, was also engaged in that trade. They were loaded at Lowell's Wharf and sailed directly to Bermuda. This wharf was later owned by Mr. Charles Wilson.
Captain Shubael West, his son, Captain William West, and Captain Larson Butler lived in the immediate vicinity; they were called packet masters and ran be- tween Hallowell and Boston at the same time. Cap- tain William West commanded the sloop Primrose; Captain Shubael, the sloop Delia; and Captain Butler, the sloop Ariadne. All these vessels made their stop- ping place at West's wharf and were about 60 or 80 tons each. The Primrose was built in 1811 at this wharf and the Ariadne close by, and the Delia and Washington a few rods below. West's wharf later be- came known as just the Lowell Wharf. Later on, it was purchased by the Hallowell Granite Company, and then in more recent years it took the name Sandy's Wharf due to the sandy beach to the south.
In the picture at the foot of Temple Street can be seen one large wharf, but there were originally four, namely: Clark's, Sewall's, Livermore's, and Page's. The south section of this wharf was later to have an icehouse erected on it, and a little to the north was the
famous Hallowell Granite Circular Shed. It was from this wharf that all the granite to go from Hallowell by boat was shipped.
The north section later became known as Leigh and Wingate's, then later as Wingate's grain, fuel and coal wharf.
Next, at the foot of Central Street is Kennebec Wharf, built about 1815. It was first built the length of the five stores just north of Central Street, which was known as Kennebec Row, but only about 30 or 40 feet out into the river. Then an extension was put on the north side 80 feet out and 40 feet wide, leaving a jog on the south side nearly half the length of the original wharf so that large schooners could lay on the south side next to the shore, then small craft could lay at the original wharf, north and south. In about 1820 the brig Dolphin, owned by T. B. Coolidge and commanded by Captain James Keen, lay most of the summer on the north side of the wharf. In about 1824 this jog on the south side was filled up, and the wharf later was known as Titcomb's. The wharf on the south side of Central Street was known as Bachelder's.
Next, at the foot of Winthrop Street on the north side, where we see pictured the steamship Clarion, is the area known as the City Wharf or the Steamboat Wharf. This was the place where all the Boston steam packets, stern and side-wheelers stopped which suc- ceeded the Butler and West sail packets. It was a busy freight and passenger terminal and it was also the site of the I. Varney Carriage Shop.
Just a little above was S. Currier & Sons coal shed. As many may recall, this later became Hamilton's coal shed and wharf.
This picture was taken in approximately 1873.
-V. P. Ledew
க
เ
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...
110
Bought of S. WANNOFSKY, Hallowell Domestic Bakery.
BREAD, CAKE AND PASTRY.
Hallowell, Me., July 8 8 3
To W. R. Stackpole, Dr. Repairing Promptly Attended to.
WINTHROP STREET.
AFMORSE VARIETY STORE
+4
To Horace Trundy, Dr. BRICK MASON AND PLASTERER.
Estimates on Building Work Promptly furnished. "Dasons' {Daterials of All kinds. SHOP ON UNION STREET, Next Niles' Stable.
KALSOMINING and WHITENING.
PARLAY
PAY UP
Any persons having demands against the subscriber will
please call and get their money. Those indebted to the sub- scriber are requested to call and settle, or they will find the "items" in the hands of William B. Glazier, Esq., who has no bowels of compassion.
Hallowell Gazette October 5, 1853
Hallowell, Me., Cet 16 1892
WILLOW ROCKERS : : : : : : : WINDOW SHADES, : : : : : @BOOK CASES, : : : : : DESKS. : : :
mr a. r. envier
In Account with F. B. WOOD,
FURNITURE DEALER, >>-
CHAMBER AND PARLOR FURNITURE, SIDEBOARDS AND HALL STANDS. UNDERTAKING A SPECIALTY.
JAMES E. LUNT.
Lunt & Brann,
# Second Street . Laundry
Hallowell, Maine,
Jan. 2
189 3
Hallowell Granite Diaries. O'Hallowell House,
KELL FOUNDED
MAIO . HALLOW
Corners of the
189033
H-O
M2 a Nbarrier Hallowell, Me Pan 31 1895
To W. R. STACKPOLE, Dr. BLACKSMITH AND WHEELWRIGHT. REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. WINTHROP STREET.
Hallowell, Me., May IS 1889. Mor Currier
To NILES BROS., Dr.
PAINTERS ..
House, Sign and Carriage Painting, Graining & Glazing.
Plain and Fancy Paper-Hanging a Specialty F. A. NILES. S. L. NILES.
CHAN. E. BRANN.
To W. P. WATSON, Dr., SEDITOR AND PROPRIETOR OF The Hallowell News. @ COMPLETE JOB OFFICE. PROMPT AND CAREFUL WORK. @
A.K.P. GROVER.
Hallowell Granite Works.
06 2 alger Cansier
BLACKSMITH & WHEELWRIGHT,
FOUND NDED
.D. 1871 - 0581
I - CITY INCORPORATED A
City of Hallowell. Maine
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR
City Hall Hallowell Maine
To the Citizens of Hallowell:
It is with pride that I, as your Mayor, extend to the people of Hallowell, her friends and visitors, the official greetings of the City in this Bicentennial Year.
From the settlement in 1762 to the present in 1962, Hallowell has experienced the complete ebb and flow of the tides of the birth and growth of our United States; developing, through these years, a rich heritage from America's history.
With the advent of the third century in the life of our community, I believe that Hallowell is ushering in an era of progress which will lead to the fulfillment of the destiny of our beloved City.
We of Hallowell have much in which to take pride in our past, and we have much to look forward to in our future.
Yours sincerely,
-
-
Raymond M. Rideout, Jr. Mayor
Hallowell City Hall
James Clark, substantial citizen and son of Pease Clark, lived on Middle Street in a house still standing but remodelled. (62 Middle St., now owned by Rich- ard Laflin.) Of the sons and daughters that he raised, one child, Eliza, born February 27, 1804, contributed much to the City.
In 1827 she married William Lowell who, with his father, was engaged in trade and navigation here. Their only child, Albert, was born in 1828 just two years before his father died at sea. This boy passed away at the age of 35 leaving what property he pos- sessed to his mother, Eliza Clark Lowell. For years she lived frugally, earning money by her needle and investing what she saved. Never remarrying, Mrs. Lowell lived alone in the house at 61 Middle Street which she built for herself. (Now owned by Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Maxwell.) Her investments proved profitable and no one realized she had accumulated so much wealth.
It was this woman who placed $20,000 in the hands of three trustees, James H. Leigh, Ben Tenney and G. A. Safford to build a new city hall. A lot was pur- chased at the corner of Winthrop and Second streets. Work was begun July 1898 and the exterior completed by December. A paper of the time describes the ex- terior as "oriental in design with colonial features." Buff brick was used with trimmings of granite. Six more months were spent on the interior. A mention is made of the use of cypress for the interior finish with the tinted walls.
Mayor G. A. Safford in accepting the gift for the City remarked that Mrs. Clark's most repeated admo- nition was, "Build it good and strong, that it may stand for the years to come." Unfortunately, she did not live to witness its completion, for on the 11th of January 1899 she died at the age of nearly 95 years.
-Katherine H. Snell
Municipal Officials, 1962
CITY CLERK, TREASURER, COLLECTOR
Alden L. Niles
DEPUTY CLERK
Margaret T. Mosher
JUDGE, MUNICIPAL COURT
Leroy T. Snowdon
CITY MARSHAL
Wallace L. Humphrey
NIGHT OFFICER
Verne A. Rowe, Sr.
STREET FOREMAN
Roscoe C. Bradbury
Veronica M. Masciadri
SUPERINTENDENT OF BURIALS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS:
Harry G. Ames
Ralph L. Bean Norman P. Ledew
Bernice D. Snowdon
ASSESSORS:
Gilbert W. Maxwell
Howard L. Bowen
Dorothy T. Stevens
FIRE DEPARTMENT:
Alfredo S. Masciadri, Chief
Roland M. Prime, 1st Asst. Chief
Philip H. Parent,
2nd Asst. Chief
TRUSTEES OF THE CEMETERY:
Americo J. Masciadri Joseph D. Collins Richard P. Choate
OVERSEERS OF THE POOR:
TRUSTEES OF THE WATER DISTRICT:
L. Paul Jones Louise F. Marquis
Benjamin H. Blake H. Kenneth Small Edward J. Surowiec
City Manager, ROBERT P. MCLAUGHLIN
10
:
HEALTH OFFICER
City of Hallowell MUNICIPAL OFFICERS
1962
COUNCILMEN:
At Large RICHARD G. BACHELDER
Mayor RAYMOND M. RIDEOUT, Jr.
1962
COUNCILMEN:
At Large ROBERT A. TISDALE, Sr.
Ward One DAVID V. BRYANT
Ward Two JOSEPH L. GAGNE
Ward Three KILBORN B. COE, Jr.
Ward Four ROBERT A. MORIARTY
Ward Five RICHARD A. NORTON
11
FIRST EDITION LIMITED TO 1,000 COPIES JULY 1, 1962 SECOND PRINTING JULY 25, 1962
HISTORY
IN the fall of 1607 twenty men of the newly estab- lished Popham colony explored the Kennebec river, working upstream until their shallop went aground in the rips between the present towns of Vassalboro and Sidney.
It was the first recorded trip to be made inland for any distance by Englishmen, in what is now Maine.
The Popham party passed three nights at two dif- ferent camping grounds in the vicinity of what was to become Hallowell and met small groups of Indians on the river. Once they were led by a friendly chief to an Indian village close by, where they were greeted by "neere fifty able men very strong and tall x x x all newly painted and armed." There was an attempt at trade, with beads, knives and copper offered for furs and skins but in the end Captain Raleigh Gilbert gave up the transaction, deciding it was not particularly advan- tageous.
Eighteen years passed before Englishmen again ven- tured up the Kennebec to trade. Then a shallop under the command of Edward Winslow of the Plymouth col- ony carried corn from the Pilgrims' first bountiful har- vest. Winslow exchanged the corn for a fine cargo of beaver pelts, the news of which was the first encourage- ment the colony's commercial backers in England had had.
The Pilgrims planted more corn and traded for larger cargoes of fur. Their success resulted in the grant to Plymouth colony of exclusive trading rights on the Kennebec, the ownership of land on both sides of the river, and the right to install civil government.
Eight lessees including Thomas Prince, Myles Stand- ish, John Alden and William Bradford carried on the traffic with the Indians for the Pilgrims, erecting a per- manent trading post, presumably on the site of the pres- ent Fort Western, in 1628. With various incidents, including the widely known Hocking dispute over trad- ing rights in which two men were shot and John Alden briefly jailed, the trading post was maintained until the 1650's with benefit to the lessees and the Plymouth colony. The first decade was the most prosperous, however, and most of the original eight lessees had retired by 1637. A brief new lease returned enough profit to the colony to permit the building of a prison but after that the fur trade became relatively unprofit- able, largely because of the situation of the Abenakis, who lived along the Kennebec river. Their hunting- grounds were being raided by war parties of Mohawks.
A Jesuit father had established a mission about three miles above the trading post, and although he joined the Abenakis in a request that the English help them defend the grounds and themselves, no action was taken. The Plymouth Company, then functioning as the Great Council of New England, may have feared a general war, involving other colonies and tribes. The trade diminished.
In 1646 Edward Winslow returned to England, rep- resenting the Plymouth colony there at the time of the civil war. In 1652, Oliver Cromwell confirmed and enlarged the Plymouth patent, with the result that the colony was able to secure lands along the lower Ken- nebec and on Merrymeeting Bay, including a trading post at Pejepscot.
These events led to the appointment of Thomas Prince as a commissioner to establish "some orderly government amongst the inhabitants of the River Ken- nebecke." Thomas Southworth became the first magis- trate at Cushnoc - the name which had gradually come into use for the area which was to become Hallo- well. The establishment of civil government neither stilled the Indian troubles nor made trade profitable again for the Plymouth men.
In 1661, the Colony sold its patent on the Kennebec, at its least extent an area reaching approximately fifteen miles on each side of the river from the point where the Cobbosseecontee river enters, north about eighteen miles to Negumkeag rapids. The purchasers for £400, were John Winslow, Antipas Boyes, Edward Tyng and Thomas Brattle.
The purchasers did little with their patent. The Indian wars came. There were peaceful intervals, and traders from Sagadahoc are said to have visited Cush- noc in such times, but the trading post and its stockade rotted. The lands of the Kennebec patent were aban- doned for nearly a century. Even the patent was un- recorded for many years. Fortunately for those who came after, it was recorded in the county of York in 1719.
At the time of the Kennebec purchase, there were few settlements east of the Piscataqua river. Kittery, according to John Jocelyn, an Englishman who trav- elled in Maine extensively from 1663 to 1670, was "the most populous. x x x Nine miles east of Black Point lieth scatteringly the town of Casco, upon a large bay. x x x From Sagadahoc to Nova Scotia, is called the Duke of York's Province. Here are Pemaquid, Mus-
13
cataquid, Matinicus, Monhegan, and Cape Newagen where Captain Smith fished for whales.
"The people in the Province of Maine may be di- vided into magistrates, husbandmen or planters, and fishermen. Of the magistrates some be royalists, the rest perverse spirits. The like are the planters and fish- ers, of which some be planters and fishers both, others mere fishers. They have a custom of taking tobacco, sleeping at noon, sitting long at meals, sometimes four times in a day, and now and then drinking a dram."
In 1675, the Indian wars began. By the end of the ten-year-long Queen Anne's War in 1713, only three Maine towns, Kittery, York and Wells, had any reason- able number of inhabitants remaining. To the east- ward, there were blackened homesteads and brush- grown fields. The three surviving towns may have had, in 1713, as few as 500 inhabitants.
The early eighteenth century was to demonstrate again that the Kennebec valley was a land of oppor- tunity. In the second decade the General Court of Massachusetts appointed a Committee on Eastern Claims, to settle the disputes between proprietors who asserted rights based on various Indian deeds and those who claimed ownership of land through crown grants and patents. Massachusetts authorized the resettle- ment of Saco, Scarboro, Falmouth, North Yarmouth and Small Point, at the mouth of the Kennebec. Only at these places, and in the towns which had survived the wars, were colonists to settle without first securing licenses from the Governor and Council.
Forts were built at Saco, Falmouth, Pejepscot, Rich- mond, Small Point and St. George's. The settlers came.
In the Kennebec, a sturgeon fishery began, and, ac- cording to the historian Samuel Penhallow, "many thou- sand kegs were made in a season." Along with kegs for fish, the settlers made staves, planks, boards, "and timber of all sorts, which were not only transported to Boston but to foreign places."
Settlers came to Maine from New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts and from Europe. Included were Germans, Huguenots and the Scotch Irish, the latter coming from Ulster, where their ancestors had been exiled. In 1718 one shipload of Scots cruised the Maine coast and passed the winter in Casco Bay. They broke company in the spring, most of them going to New Hampshire where Derry is now honored for their introduction of the white potato to North America.
At this time, when interest in resettlement apparently led finally to the recording of the neglected Kennebec
Patent of 1661, there is some mystery as to what may have been going on at the present Hallowell. Pen- hallow, in a volume on Indian wars published in 1726, said "Brunswick, Topsham, Georgetown and Cushnoc began to be settled." The reference to Cushnoc has been considered to be a mistake but James W. North, the historian of Augusta, describes an entry within the present limits of Hallowell on the Heath survey of 1719. The symbol is a house with the caption "Mr. Walker's House," and "Plymouth Trading House." On the other side of the river and to the north, opposite what appeared to the historian to be Bond's brook, a building is drawn. There is noted, "Cussenock" and "Plymouth Company Trading House at Cussenock." The only place on the Heath plan which North believed occupied at the time of survey was Fort Richmond.
The Three Years' War with the Indians began in 1722, caused in part by the resettlement of the lower Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers by the Pejepscot proprietors, basing their land claims on deeds from Warumbee and other Indians. Fort George at Bruns- wick was destroyed. Small Point was abandoned and burned. Two hundred men in whaleboats from Fort Richmond journeyed up the river to destroy the Nor- ridgewock Indian village and kill the Jesuit Father Rasle and various chiefs and break the power of the Kennebec Indians. The war over, Fort Richmond be- came a trading post and resettlement continued.
In Boston and other places, the descendants of John Winslow, Edward Tyng, Thomas Brattle and Antipas Boyes, the four purchasers of the Kennebec patent, be- gan a search for the long-forgotten document, locating it in 1741.
The heirs and assigns to rights under the patent met formally in 1749 and again in 1753, to incorporate as "The Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase from the late Colony of New Plymouth." The four shares were divided and subdivided by gift, inheritance and pur- chase into 37 fractional shares. Dr. Sylvester Gardiner and Benjamin Hallowell had fractional shares derived from Boyes and Brattie. These men, with others of similar stature in the proprietary, obtained strong back- ing from Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts.
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