USA > Maine > Gazetteer of the state of Maine > Part 2
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In comparing Maine with the interior districts of the continent in substantially the same latitude it appears that its summer temperature is lower by over twenty per cent. of their temperature, reckoning from the freezing point of water. The mean winter temperature of the northern third of Maine is 14º.01; of the southern two-thirds, 22º.90; the mean for the whole State, 18º.45. The mean winter temperature of districts west of Maine in the same latitude by observation at many points ranging from Burlington, Vermont, to Fort Ripley, Minnesota, is 18°.53. The winter in Maine, therefore, is not so severe as in the corresponding latitudes in the interior.
The mean summer rainfall in the State is placed in the Hydro- graphic Survey at 11-13 inches ; while the fall at thirty stations in the whole extent of the United States outside of Maine is 10-60 inches. The winter (three months) fall of moisture in the State, including rain, snow and sleet, is placed at 10.13 inches, reduced to liquid. The mean annual depth of snow in Maine is 83.02 inches. This amount of new- fallen snow corresponds to 6.91 inches of water. The total downfall for the four months and a half which cover the usual actual limit of
14
GAZETTEER OF MAINE
snowfall is about 15.62 inches ; so that about 44 per cent. of the total downfall during the four and a half months of actual winter in Maine, is snow. The total annual mean depth of snow observed at Dover, N. H., Montreal, Can .. Worcester, Mass., Amherst, Mass., Hartford, Conn., Lambertville, N. J., Cincinnati, O., and Beloit, Wis., is 44.63 inches, which is a little more than one-half of the fall in Maine.
There is a considerable difference in the precipitation of moisture between the northern and southern slopes,-the mean annual fall on the former being 36-71 inches and on the latter, 43.56 inches. There is, however, no lack of moisture for the sustenance of vegetation on the northern slope; the soil being less open than on the southern. By a record of eleven years kept at the Agricultural College in Orono, near the centre of the State, we have the following averages.
The hours of observation for temperature and barometer are the same as those formerly adopted by the Smithsonian Institution, viz. : 7 A. M., and 2 P. M., and 9 P. M.
The warmest day of the year 1879 was July 16th, when the mean temperature was 77°.8, and the coldest day was December 21st, when the mean temperature was 11º.7 below zero. The highest temperature (88".0) recorded during the year was on the 2d of August, and the lewest temperature (26°.0 below zero) on the 27th of December. The range of temperature between the two extremes is 114°.0, or 1º.2 less than the average range between the extremes for the last eleven years. The warmest day within the period covered by the tables was August 7th, 1876, when the mean temperature was 85°.3, and the coldest day, January 8th, 1878, when the mean temperature was 17º.2 below zero. The highest temperature (96º.7) occurred on August 6th, 1876, and the lowest temperature (35°.6 below zero) on January 8th, 1878. A com- parison, as regards temperature, of the several months of 1879 with the mean temperature of corresponding months for eleven years is given below :
Mean temperature from
Mean temperature
Months.
1869 to 1879, inclusive.
for 1879.
January.
. 15°.51
12º.85
2º.66 colder.
February.
. 18°.75
15°.26
3º.49
March .:
. 27°.18
26°.89
0°.29
April.
. 39º.87
37°.85
2.02
May.
52°.30
55°.78
3º.48 warmer.
June.
62°.20
59º.66
2º.54 colder.
July.
67º.75
67º.05
0°.70 "
August.
65°.71
64°.53
1º,18
September.
57°.20
56°.37
0°.83
October.
46°.29
50°.32
4º.03 warmer.
November
32°.43
33°.41
0°.02 colder.
December.
19º.61
19°.48
0°.13 «
The following observations at Portland will afford data of comparison in the climate of the southern with that of the central region of the State. The observations extend from April, 1879 to April, 1880 :
15
THE STATE OF MAINE.
Temperature for month.
1879.
Average.
Highest.
Lowest.
Prevailing winds.
Total rain or snowfall.
April
42°.6
62°.0
23°.
North-east
3.68 in.
May
57º.7
89°.
41°.
South
.88
June
61°·8
93°.
44°.
South
6.61
July
68°.
93º.
55°.
South
3.80
Aug.
63º.9
93º.
53º.
South
3.73
Sept.
59º.9
85°.
39°.
South
2.67
Oct.
55°.6
83º
28°.
North-west
1.43
Nov.
38 .5
60°.
13º
North
4.90
Dec.
29°.2
55°
2° below
North
3.39
Jan'y
32°.3
52°.
80.
North
5.36
Feb'y
30°.1
58°.
zero.
West
4.50
March
33°.7
56°.
8.º
North
1.42
In consequence of its low temperature, malarious fevers are unknown in Maine. Diseases of the respiratory organs-always the forms of unhealth prevailing in countries at once moist and cool-contribute more than any other to the annual mortality of our State; but even in this our rate is only about the average when considered with England, Wales, Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. But the interior, and especially the northern portion of Maine, is to an unusual degree exempt from the ravages of these diseases ; while new comers, soldiers, settlers and others, already affected, derive immediate and marked benefit from the climate.
VEGETATION.
Under this head the noblest forms properly attract our attention first. Almost the first mention of Maine by explorers was Pring's de- scription of it as "a high country, full of great woods" that came down to the water's edge. It is estimated that there are now in farms and wild lands about 20,000 square miles of forest surface. The pri- meval woods of Maine therefore cover a territory seven times larger than the famous "Black Forest " of Germany. "The States of Rhode Island, Connecticut and Delaware," says Walter Wells, " could be lost together in our northern forests, and still have about each a margin of wilderness sufficiently wide to make its exploration without a compass a work of desperate adventure."
Of the trees that form these forests, the first and noblest is the white pine. It has been seen six feet in diameter at the base, and two hun- dred and forty feet in height; and those of four feet through are fre- quently found. Until the Revolution, every tree, two feet in diameter at the butt, growing in any part of the State except within the limits of Gorges' Provincial Charter, was the property of the English crown, re- served for masts and spars for the royal navy [Williamson's History of Maine, vol. I. p. 110.] This tree was the lord of the forest, and very properly found its place upon our State seal. Another species is the yellow pine, harder and thicker grained than the white, and has, therefore, been used for flooring and for planking vessels. Norway Pine is another variety of still closer texture, of rougher bark, lower
zero.
3º below-
16
GAZETTEER OF MAINE.
stature, but of more embowering foliage. A variety called the Pitch Pine is sometimes found. It is extremely full of turpentine, and, when dry, makes exceedingly hot fires.
The Pines, with the Hemlock, Elm, Maple, Beech, and Button-wood, are our large tres ; the next in size are the Oak, Birch, Basswood, and Ash ; the third class embraces the Larch, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, Poplar, Black Cherry, and perhaps a few others. Our oldest trees are the Oak and the Pine. By their annual rings it has been ascertained that some of them have been growing from five hundred to one thousand years. We have been too wasteful of our forest treasures, the accumulation of more than the age of any empire now existing. The forests are still falling with great rapidity, the amount of lumber prepared for market each year being very great.
The principal native shrubs of Maine are the Prickly Ash, Mountain Ash, Black Alder, Barberry, Bayberry, or Wax Myrtle, Boxwood, the Brambles, viz :- the Raspberry, Blackberry, Brambleberry and Pigeon- berry ; the Currant, Gooseberry; the Brambles and the last two pro- ducing eatable fruit ; Dogwood, Cranberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, and Bilberry ; the Hardhack, Hazle, Ground Hemlock (commonly called the ' low Juniper "), Lambkill (called also Mountain Laurel, Ivy, Calico Bush), Moosebush (called also Moosewood), Osier, the Plum, the Choke-Cherry, the Wild-rose (called also the Sweet-briar), Sumach, both the poison and the common, Sweet-fern, Thorn-bush, and others.
Of Plants, we have Agrimony, American Rose-bay, Adders'-tongue, Bear-berry, or Bear's-tongue, Bitter-sweet, Brake, Bane-berry, Blood- root, Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil, Butterfly-weed, or Pleurisy-root, Cel- andine, Comfrey, Cat-mint (or Catnip), China-aster, Columbine, Cowslip, Cuckold, Chequer-berry, or Box-berry, Partridge-berry, Chocolate plant, Colt's-foot, or Wild Ginger (Canada Snake-root), Dandelion, Dogsbane, Dragon-root (Indian Turnip or Wakerobin), Elecampane, or Starwort, Evergreen, Fire-weed, Fever-root, or Wild Ipecac, the Flags, Sweet, Cat-tail and Blue, Ginseng, Golden-rod, Golden-thread and many others. An esteemed writer on agriculture (Samuel Wasson, Esq., of East Surry, Maine), states in the State Agricultural Report for 1878, that Maine has one hundred and twenty-five known species of grass. In New Hampshire ninety species are known, and in Massachusetts, one hundred and thirty. Mr. Wasson thinks that there is not a doubt that a proper survey of the State would discover seventy-five species now unknown here. Of the one hundred and twenty-five known, not more than thirty have been tamed and found friendly, and not over fifty are known to be of any agricultural value. Mr. Wasson says, " When the Puritans left England in 1620, clover as a cultivated grass was un- known there, and not till after a century did the English farmers sow the seed, and then only the chaff from their barn floors. Yellow clover was introduced in 1659. Perennial rye-grass was first grown in 1677. This rye, or "ray " grass, as it was called, was the first species of peren- nial grass ever sown artificially in England. It is now the leading grass in France. In 1700 white clover was introduced. At the close of the American Revolution timothy was carried to England by the returning English soldiers. Orchard grass was carried to the northern country from Virginia in 1764. The sowing of grass seed was not practised in Scotland until 1792. In the early settlement of the North Atlantic States, the colonists foraged their cattle upon the wild indig-
17
TIIE STATE OF MAINE,
enous grasses, such as white clover, red-top, wiregrass, Indian grass, secretary grass, and foul meadow. Foul meadow was found growing in abundance around Massachusetts Bay, as early as 1629. It grew wild at Madawaska before that place was settled by the Acadian French. Timothy, the herd's-grass of New England, is said to have received its name from Timothy Hanson, of Maryland, who brought it from North Carolina in 1770. According to some, it was first discovered in a swamp by one Hurd, of New Hampshire. In England it received the name of Phleum pratense, or "Meadow cat's tail." Where it origi- nated is unknown, as it is nowhere found in a positively indigenous state. When red clover was introduced is not known. It was culti- vated in Pennsylvania as early as 1770. Blue-grass (Poa pratensis) is no doubt a foreigner, although it is said to have been found here in the days of the Indians."
The line that marks the limit where Indian corn ripens is very irreg- ular-not conforming to the latitude, being isothermal, and varying considerably with the peculiarity of the season. The northern limit for its ripening will correspond very nearly to a line drawn from Lake Umbagog across the State to Mars Hill-which marks the higher part of the elevated belt on the south. Yet in some sections in Aroostook corn is found a reliable crop. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat and the roots yield a fair crop all over the State so far as climatic influences go, but in general are most thrifty in the rich soils of Aroostook. Apples, pears, and the small fruits flourish in all parts of the State.
THE BIRDS OF MAINE.
The following list of our birds is that given in the Agricultural Report of Maine for 1861, but without the corresponding scientific names, as found there,-with additons of a subsequent year. Though every bird of the list sometimes nests in the State, there are several that very rarely do so ; and then at the northern or southern portions, as the Tanager, some of the owls, the hawks and the curlows. It is to be doubted whether the Golden Eagle exists at all within the limits of Maine at the present time. On the other hand several birds are known in the southern and western parts of the State which are not in the list; but I am not certain that any of the omitted ones nest in Maine, except the Brown, or Song Thrush, which has come under my own observation, and had been reckoned an inhabitant as far north as Waterville.
Division I .- Raptores (Robbers). Golden Eagle, White Headed Eagle, Fish Hawk or Osprey ; Great Horned Owl, Mottled Owl, Long Eared Owl, Great Brown Owl, Barred Owl, Tengmalmis Owl, Saw- whet Owl, Snowy Owl, Hawk Owl ; Duck Hawk, or Bigfooted Hawk, Pigeon Hawk, Falcon, Sparrow Hawk, Goshawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Marsh Hawk.
Division II .- Incessores (Perchers), Robin, Redstart, Wood Pewee, or Phebe bird, Great Crested Flycatcher, Kingbird, Kingfisher, Chimney Swallow, Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Bank Swallow, Moon-fronted Swallow, or Cliff do, Martin bird, Night Hawk, Whip- poorwill, Humming-bird, Hermit Thrush, Olive-Back Thrush, Golden
18
GAZETTEER OF MAINE.
Crown Thrush, Water Thrush, Tit-Lark, Canada Flycatcher, Least Fly- catcher, Traill's Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Olive-sided Fly- catcher, Wilson's Blackcap, Yellow Rump Warbler, Black-poll Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Chesnut-sided Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Yellow-poll Warbler, Red-poll Warbler, Black and Yellow Warbler, Mourning War- bler, Maryland Yellow-throat, Winter Wren, American Gold-crowned Wren, Ruby Crown Wren, Blue Bird, Brown Creeper, Black and White Creeper, Black Cap Titmouse, Hudson's Bay Tit, Red-eyed Vireo, Solitary Vireo, Cedar Bird, Bohemian Chatterer, Shrike, or Butcher Bird, Scarlet Tanager, Indigo Bird, Cat Bird, White-bellied Nuthatch, Red-bellied Nuthatch, Pine Grosbeak, Blue Grosbeak, Rosebreasted Grosbeak, Purple Finch, Yellow Bird, Pine Finch, Red Crossbill, White-winged Crossbill, Lesser Red-poll, Bobolink, Red-wing Black- bird, Crow Blackbird, Rusty Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, Baltimore Oriole, Raven, Crow, Blue Jay, Canada Jay, Snow Bunting, Lapland Longspur, Shore Lark, Baywing Bunting, White-throated Sparrow, Chip Bird, or Little Blue Snowbird, Fur-colored Sparrow, Tree Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Yellow-winged Sparrow, Savannah Sparrow, Yellowbill Cuckoo, Black Cuckoo.
Division III .- Scansores (Climbers). Pileated, or Black Woodcock, Golden-winged Woodpecker, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Blackback Three-toed Woodpecker, Banded Three-toed Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpeck.
Divison IV .- Gyratores (Whirlers). Wild Pigeon, Long-tailed, or Carolina Dove,
Division V .- Rasores (Scratchers). Ruffed Grouse, or Birch Par- tridge, Canada Grouse, or Spruce Partridge.
Division VI .- Grallatores (Waders). Blue Heron, or Crane, Stake Driver or Bittern, Green Heron, Night Heron or Qua Bird, Golden Plover, Kildeer Plover, Piping Plover, Black-bellied Plover, Ring Plover, Ash-colored Sandpiper, Redbacked Sandpiper, Semi-palmated Sandpiper, Little Sandpiper, Pectoral Sandpiper, Purple Sandpiper, Sanderling Sandpiper, Spotted Sandpiper, Solitary Sandpiper, Willet, Yellow-legs, Tell Tale, Northern Phalarope, Hudsonian Godwit, Curlew Sandpiper, American Snipe, Red-breasted Snipe, Woodcock, Long-billed Curlew, Hudsonian Curlew, Turnstone Curlew, Ruff, Sora or Common Rail, Coot or Mud Hen.
Division VII .- Anatores (Swimmers). Canada Goose, Brant Goose, Mallard, Dusky Duck, Pintail Duck, Green-winged Teal, Blue- wing Teal, Shoveler, Gray Duck or Gadwell, Widgeon, Wood Duck or Summer Duck, Scaup or Black Head, Ring Neck, Whistler or Golden Eye, Buffle-headed Duck, Harlequin Duck, Old Squaw or Long-tailed Duck, American Scoter, Eider Duck, Goosander or Sheldrake, Red- breasted Sheldrake, Hooded Sheldrake or Merganser, Stormy Petrel or Mather Carey's Chicken, Leach's Petrel, Great Shear-water, Mank's Shear-water, Gannet, Wilson's Tern, Bonaparte Gull, Black-headed Gull, Kittiwake Gull, Burgomaster Gull, Herring Gull, Black-back Gull, American Gull, Arctic Jager, Cormorant, Loon, Red-throat Loon, Red- neck Grebe, Pied-bill Grebe, Razor-bill Auk, Puffin cr Sea Parrot, Murre or Guillemot, White-winged Guillemot.
19
THE STATE OF MAINE.
NATIVE QUADRUPEDS.
ORDER I. OF MAMMALS. MARSUPIATA-None in Maine. ORDER II .- CHEIROPTERA (Bats). Common Bat, Hoary Bat.
ORDER III .- INSECTIVORA (Insect Eaters) .- Mole Shrew, Star- nosed Mole, Thompson's Shrew.
ORDER IV .- CARNIVORA (Flesh Eaters) .- Panther or Catamount, Loup Cervier (pro. Loo Serveea) or Lynx, Grey Wolf, Red Fox, Silver Fox, Fisher Cat, Sable (Pine Marten), Brown Weasel, Ermine, Black, Mink, Otter, Skunk, Raccoon, Black Bear, Common Seal, Hooded Seal.
ORDER V .- RODENTIA (Gnawers) .- Red Squirrel, Gray Squirrel, Flying Squirrel, Northern Squirrel, Striped Squirrel (Chip Munk), Woodchuck, Beaver, Jumping Mouse, Brown Rat, Common House Mouse, White-footed Mouse, Hamster Mouse, Red-backed Mouse, Musk Rat, Porcupine, White Rabbit, (Lepus Americanus).
ORDER VI .- RUMINANTIA (Ruminant Animals) .- Moose, Caribou, Deer.
ORDER VII .- CETACEA, (Air-breathing warm-blooded Sea Animals.) Right Whale, Beaked Rorqual, Northern Rorqual, Black Fish, Por- poise, Grampus.
THE FISHES OF MAINE.
The first American legislation in regard to the fisheries was that of Massachusetts in 1639, when the General Court enacted that all vessels and other property employed in "taking, making and transporting of fish, should be exempt from duties and public taxes for seven years ; and that all fishermen, during the season of their business, should be dispensed from military duty. This so stimulated the business that in 1641, the mariners of that colony followed the fishing so well, that there was above 300,000 dry fish sent to market." [Palfrey's History of New England, vol. ii., p. 55.] Almost ever since that time the State, or the national government has stimulated this industry by various bounties and exemptions. In the coast and river fisheries the business has been followed so well that legislation became necessary to protect the fish from destruction, and to re-stock our rivers and ponds. Within a few years past the steps necessary to this end have been taken on all our chief streams and in several ponds, and hundreds of thousands of the young fry have been distributed. The enterprise already shows favorable results and a good promise for the future. The Salmon is the fish for whose introduction the chief effort has been made; and with such success that they are now observed in streams where none had been noticed for years. Yet in the replenished streams they have not increased so as to warrant any attempts at their cap- ture. In their report for 1878 the Fish Commissioners say " the last lingering hold of the salmon of New England is now the two great rivers of Maine, the Penobscot and Kennebec. In the St. Croix and Denny's rivers they are still taken in considerable numbers, but the day of their utter extermination is not far distant." Another fish which has been introduced into some of our ponds in the Black Bass. For this numerous calls have been made, mostly to re-stock ponds where the net and spear and grapple of the slouch, and the gluttony of his more respectable brother, the pickerel, had left nothing but the
20
GAZETTEER OF MAINE.
breme and the yellow perch." Some forty ponds and streams have therefore been supplied with black bass. There is already excellent fishing for this fish at Phillips's pond in Dedham, Cobbosseecontee pond near Hallowell, Falmouth pond near Portland, and perhaps some others.
Many of our ponds in the southern and middle portion of the state have heretofore been stocked with the voracious pickerel, by persons ignorant of their destruction of other fish, or not appreciative of the superior quality of the trout, which it has to a great extent displaced. The latter excellent and much sought fish is still found in most of our ponds and streams, but greatly diminished in size and numbers. In Moosehead lake-though so large and remote-the size and numbers of the trout have considerably decreased, owing partly perhaps to the exhaustion of proper food by inferior fishes and the destructive raids of wholesale fishermen at all seasons. The Rangeley lakes have fortu- nately an excellent supply of food for their superior species of trout in the small blue-backed trout (salmo oquassa). In 1878, the fish com- missioners of the State distributed about 40,000 of the young fry to our different ponds.
In a memorandum of fly-fishing for brook trout in Rangeley lake by the commissioners between Oct. 2d and 9th, we find the whole number taken to be 63,-which averaged above 42 pounds each. The largest fish of this catch weighed 10 pounds, two others, 9 pounds each, two, 8 pounds, and none less than three pounds. This year an 11 lb. trout was taken; being the largest brook trout (salmo fon- tinalis) ever taken from the Ringeley's, or elsewhere, so far as known. After being exhibited in Boston a few days, it was bought by the direction of Professor Baird of the United States fishery commission and forwarded to the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. The Togue (salmo tomah) has been caught of larger size in Moosehead, while some specimens from Sebago lake (salmo sebago) have compared favorably in quality.
Successful efforts have also been made toward re-stocking our waters with alewives, which are found to be almost equal to the her- ring for food. The Menhaden or pogy fishery question, which occa- sioned so much discussion in the legislature for several years, seems to have been settled-for the time at least-by nature. Fleets of steamers have for several years swept our coasts, and this not sufficing, they have entered our rivers also. This continual harrying has apparently had its effect ; and the pogy has mostly forsaken our waters.
Below is a catalogue of nearly all of the fishes of the interior waters and sea-coast of Maine. So far as the list has any arrangement, it is according to the classification of Professor Gill.
SUB-CLASS TELEOSTEI MULLER. ORDER TELEOCEPHALI, Gill. SUB- ORDER PHYSOCLISTI, Bona. PERCOID FAIMLY .- Yellow or Brindle perch, Striped bass, White perch, Bream-flat-fish, Red-tailed bream.
SPAROIDS .- Big porgee.
SOLENOIDS .- Weakfish-squeteague.
SCOMBROIDS .- Spring mackerel, Fall mackerel, Tunney or Horse mackerel, Spanish mackerel.
CARANGINOIDS .- Blunt-nose shiner.
SERIOLINOIDS .- Bluefish.
SCOMBERESOCOIDS .- Bill fish.
21
THE STATE OF MAINE
GASTEROSTOIDS .- Many-spined stickleback.
ATHERINOIDS .- Silverside.
SCORPENOIDS .- Norway haddock, Sea raven.
COPTOIDS .- Sculpin-Greenland bullhead, Common sculpin or bull- head, Labrador or northern sculpin.
AGONOIDS. American aspidophore.
TRIGLOIDS .- Sea swallow.
BATRACHOIDS .- Toad fish.
BLERINOIDS .- Radiated shanny, Butler fish.
ZOARCEOIDS .- Thick lipped eel pout.
ANARRICHOIDS .- Sea wolf.
CRYPTOCANTHOIDS .- Spotted wry-mouth.
LOPHIOIDS .- Angler-goose fish.
SUB-ORDER ANACANTHINI, Muller, GADOIDS .- Codfish, Frostfish- tomcod, Haddock, Pollock, Hake, Cusk.
PHYCINOIDS .- American codling.
OPHIDIOIDS .- New York ophidium.
SUB-ORDER PHARYNGONATHI, Muller, LABROIDS .- Tautog-black- fish, Cunner.
SUB-ORDER HETEROSOMA, Bona, PLEURONECTOIDS. - Halibut, Toothed flat-fish-summer flounder, Flounder.
SUB-ORDER PHYSOSTOMI, Muller, CYPRINOIDS .- Goldfish-Golden carp, Shiner, Redfin.
CATASTOMOIDS .- Common sucker.
CYPRINODONTS .- Minnow-killifish.
ESOCOIDS .- Common pickerel.
SALMONOIDS .- Salmon, Brook trout, Sebago trout, Togue, Red- bellied trout, Blue back, Whitefish, Smelt.
CLUPEOIDS .- Herring, English herring, Common shad, Alewife, Menhaden-pogy.
ENGRANLINOIDS .- Anchovy.
ORDER APODES. AUGUILOIDS .- Eel.
ORDER LEMNISCATI, Kaup. LEPTOCAPHALUS .- Thinhead.
ORDER NEMATOGNATHI, Gill, PIMELOIDS .- Hornpout.
SUB CLASS GANOIDEI, (Ag.) Muller. ORDER CHONDROSTEI, Muller. STURIONOIDS,-Sturgeon.
SUB-CLASS ELASMOBRANCHII, Bona. ORDER PLAGIOSTOMI, Cuvier, SUB-ORDER SQUALI, (Muller) Gill, CETORHINOIDS,-Basking shark. SCYMNOIDS .- Sleeper.
SUB-CLASS DERMOPTERI, Owen. ORDER HYPEROARTII, Bond. PETROMYZOUTOIDS, Bona. Lamper eel.
GEOLOGY, MINERALS, METALS, ETC.
Aroostook county appears to be wholly underlain with calcareous slate, with these exceptions: in the centre there is a tract imperfectly explored ; others are about the Eagle Lakes, where the rocks are Devo- nian ; about the upper lakes of Fish River and of the Allegash, the outcropping is of Trappean and altered rocks; with a tract of the Lower Helderberg group running from Square Lake south-west be- tween Long and Portage Lakes; near range 14 on the eastern border of the State begins a band consisting, first, of slate-probably of Silu-
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