USA > Maine > The history of the state of Maine; from its first discovery, A. D. 1602, to the separation, A. D. 1820, inclusive, Vol. II > Part 28
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* Smith's Jour. p. 55. t Mass. Letter Book, p. 114-15. # 1 Minot, p. 165 .- ' The Norridgewocks have left their usual place of ' residence, and in all probability have joined the St. Francois Indians .- I ' was well satisfied they would not meet us at St. Georges. A further and ' more general conference may be expected, and all difficulties accommo- · dated.'-Lieut. Gov. Speech.
CHAP. x.] OF MAINE. 273
the treaty, signed two years before, was fully and formally con- A. D. 1751 firmed. However, as there were present no delegates from Nor- ridgewock or St. Francois, another and larger convention was agreed upon ;- the Lieut. Governor, Sept. 3, proclaimed a ces- sation of hostilities ;- and the General Court resolved to make the tribe at Penobscot a valuable present every year, as a token of subsisting amity, so long as the Indians observed their treaty- obligations .*
* 17 C. Rec. p. 399.
Note .- List of the French Governors of Canada, from 1610, to 1711.
Accessus.
Exitus.
1610-11 Count de Bourbon, Prince of Conde, and Montmorency Samuel Champlain, Deputy-Governor 1635
1636 M. de Montmagny
1647 M. d'Ailleboust
1651
1651 M. de Lauson
1657 Vicount d Argenson
1661 Baron d'Avangour
1663 M. de Mesey .- Governor of " New France."
1666 M. de Courcelles,
recalled 1671
1671 Count de Frontenac
1672 M. de Courcelles, (returned)
1682 M. le Fevre, de la Barre, Gov. Gen. New-France
1687 M. Denonville
1689 Count Frontenac, returned
died
1698
1698 Mons. Caillieries,
26 May, "
1703
1703
M. de Vandreuil,
Oct. " 1725
1725
Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois
1744
1744
Marquis l'Galisioniere 1746
1746
Marquis Jonquiere
died 1751
1752
du Quesne Menueville
1756 " Vandreuil de Carnegal :- who surrendered to the British arms, 1760-1.
VOL. II.
35
274
THE HISTORY
[VOL. II.
CHAPTER XI.
The eastern country-Sentiments of the people-Happy change from rigid intolerance, to freedom of conscience-Sectarians- Public worship enjoined as a duty-A learned ministry required -The clergy of Maine-Congregationalists in general, with few exceptions-British American system-Navigation act- Trespass act-Bills of credit-Iron act-West India trade restricted-New, or enlarged eastern settlements-German emi- grants-New valuation-Excise and impost duties-New style- A parley with the Natives, favorable to peace-Fortifications im- proved-A new county desired on Kennebeck -- Settlements there disturb the Indians-Fires in the king's woods-Reasons why the eastern country does not settle-Vassal's project of settlement- Newcastle incorporated-Shirley's return from Europe-Dispute about the boundaries, stated-The Indians-Captives withholden by the French-An agency for them-First French aggressions were at Lake Erie-George Washington-Nova Scotia fortified by the French-Forts Halifax, Western and Shirley on Kenne- beck-Plan of Colonial Union-Indians' attack at Fort Halifax -Embargo-Captives again sent for-St. Francois Indians --- Defensive measures-Public emergency.
IF the neighboring Province of Nova Scotia owed its advance- ment to the patronage and treasure of the mother country ; the interests of Maine and Sagadahock were nourished by the enter- prize and blood of their own inhabitants. Untold numbers of them, the bravest and best of men, had sacrificed their lives, at the shrine of French and savage warfare; while numbers still greater, survived to see the wreck of their families and their estates. In a former age, too, political changes were their un- happy doom ; and at all times, it had been their destiny to en- dure an incredible share of privation and suffering. But a more cheering aspect is at length given, equally to their affairs and their fortunes. The wars, which had so often wasted them and their substance, were likewise the principal means by which sev- eral tribes were nearly exterminated, and others greatly thinned
A. D. 1750, to 1751. Prospect and im- provement of the east- ern country.
275
CHAP. XI.] OF MAINE.
and weakened. In the last one, there were no exploits of the A. D. 1750, Indians, which gave them any occasion of boasting or triumph. lo 1751. No towns were sacked or overcome, not a fort nor yet a block- house taken by them. Our losses consisted chiefly in the many lives of individuals killed, and in the destruction made among the domestic animals ;- while the enemy's trophies were cap- tives, scalps, and plunder. Never had the inhabitants evinc- ed purer patriotism, or more determinate fortitude and res- olution, than in that war. Nor is there undue merit claimed in the reduction of Louisbourg, when we consider, that the chief officers, and also a soldiery entirely disproportionate to popula- tion, were from Maine. As soon as the war closed, the people, Merits and who had been driven into forts and block-houses for the preser- of the peo- sentiments vation of their lives, cheerfully returned to their habitations, and ple. resumed their industry and pursuits. It seemed to be an age of unanimity in sentiment, of deep moral sense, and of pious confi- dence in the Providence of God. In times of war, drought, sickness, or other severe afflictions, they with great unity of heart, consecrated particular days to fasting, humiliation and prayer ; and if special relief were interposed, or remarkable successes granted, they celebrated the occasion in a public thanks- giving. There was harmony too, in the government, and union among the people. Rigid tenets and a persecuting spirit had at length yielded to maxims of reason, to dictates of good sense, and to the more benevolent principles of the gospel.
A century had wrought so happy a change in religious senti- Uniformity ment ; that we ought not to pass unnoticed the traces of its pro- gress. Our puritan fathers were not only educated to notions of royal supremacy, and to rules of dictation by prelates, in all State. matters of belief and church government ; they were animated by an unhallowed zeal, without a consciousness of its force; and in this way, they unfortunately fell into errors similar to those of the arbitrary religionists, from whom they had separated. These errors consisted summarily in two particulars ;- the supposed ne- cessity of uniformity in public worship ; and the connexion of Church and State. The one led on to measures against relig- ious toleration ; and the other armed the law and the magis- trate with the sword, in support or defence of what was believed to be vital religion. In England the church split and parted
in worship, and connex- ion of Church and
276
THE HISTORY
[VOL. II,
A. D. 1750, upon the same rock; yet the puritans neither saw it nor sus- to 1751.
pected it.
toleration.
Notions of a Theocracy. A spiritual father of Massachusetts, in 1633, preached, that " government ought to be considered as a THEOCRACY, wherein " the Lord, was Lawgiver, Judge, and King, and the people as " God's people in covenant with him; that none other than per- " sons of approved piety and eminent gifts should be chosen " rulers, or appointed judges ; and that ministers should be con- " sulted in all matters of religion, and magistrates have a super- " intending coercive power over the churches." A test act fol- lowed, which excluded from civil office all who were not in com- munion ; but this only lasted till 1665. Still there was a spirit of rigid intolerance, which nothing could effectually shake. A ven- erable Massachusetts' magistrate of good reputation, left, when he died, A. D. 1653, some doggerel poetry, in which he cau- tioned ' the men of God in Courts and Churches, to watch over ' such as would hatch the cockatrice egg of toleration.' At this early age the opposing sects were, 1, the Gortonists, " who de- " nied the humanity of Christ ;" 2, the Familists, " who depend- "ed upon rare revelations ;" 3, the Seekers, " who question the " word and ordinances ;" 4, the Antinomians, "who deny the " moral law to be the rule of Christ ;" or, "who prefer faith " without works ;" 5, the Baptists, " who openly condemned or " opposed the baptising of infants and parish assessments ;"* and 6, the Quakers who were foes to forms, fashions, oaths, parish taxes, wars, and the dictates of magistracy ;- believing the outer and inner man should " be yea, yea, and nay, nay."
Religious secis.
Cambridge Platform.
The Cambridge Platform, concluded 1648,f recognized the power and authority of magistrates, " so far as to help and further the Churches ;" and aimed at uniformity as well as purity in doc- trine and practical discipline, This was followed by a law passed in 1658, which forbade the preaching of any person,-provided ' two organic Churches, the Council, or General Court should be dissatisfied with his qualifications.' One of the last of these in- tolerant enactments, was in 1677, which rendered a person fina- ble who even attended a quaker-meeting,
* 9 Coll. M. Hist. Soc. p. 49 .- Called at that time " Anabaptists."-Rev, Dr. Chauncey thought infants " should be dipped in the water."-10 Coll, Mass. Ilist, Soc. 31,
+ 2 Math. Mag. 202,
277
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XI.]
In support of these sentiments and laws, one grave divine A. D. 1750, insisted, that what " is contrary to the gospel, hath no right, and to 1751. " therefore should have no liberty." Another, in 1673, who was conscience Liberty of considered. President of Harvard College, pronounced ' the outcry, in this ' age, for liberty of conscience,-to be the great Diana of the ' libertines.' Nay, said he, " I look upon toleration as the first " born of all abominations." A third uses this sort of language, ' I abhor the toleration of divers religions, or of one religion in ' segregant shapes. For surely, an untruth authorized by tolera- ' tion of the State, is but a battlement-laid to batter the walls ' of heaven, "He that is willing to tolerate an unsound opin- " ion, that his own may be tolerated, though never so sound, " would, if need be, hang the bible at the devil's girdle. It is said, " men ought to have liberty of conscience, and it is persecution "to debar them of it :- But to me, it is an astonishment, that " the brains of men should be parboiled in such impious ignor- " ance."*
Influenced as the men of the age were, by such a spirit of intolerance in life and also in laws, penned with the point of a followed by Persecution diamond, dipped in blood, no wonder the government and the toleration. church in league turned the sword upon those hapless mortals, whose free opinions when merely expressed, rendered them ob- noxious to all the severities of persecution. The familists and antinomians were banished ; the baptists whipped, and the quakers hanged .¡ It was a period of maddening zeal, which fits men for unrelenting animosities, and forges the weapons of civil war. In short, strange as it may appear to us of the present genera- tion, neither the benign principles of the gospel, the lights of reason, nor even the sympathies of our nature,-nothing, but a mandate from the king, July 24, 1679,į could or did dissolve the demoniac spell, and give to all, except papists, the freedom of conscience. This injunction was re-sanctioned by the crown, in the Provincial charter ; and hence there were no more enact- ments against heresy. Society became peaceful and harmonious, Privileges and sectarians ceased from troubling.6 In 1742, Episcopalians Episcopali- extended to
* 1 Belk. N. H. p. 72.
f 1 Doug. Summ. p. 447 .- Sec Ordinances, A. D. 1646-8 ; and vol. 1, Chap. 12. p. 379-81. Į Hutchinson's S. Papers, p. 520 .- 1 Hist. p. 293 .; § We find that in those places where the Quakers " are most of all suf-
" fered to declare themselves freely and are only opposed by arguments,
278
THE HISTORY
[VOL. II.
A. D. 1750, were allowed to apply their taxes to pay their own minister ; to 175%. Baptists and Quakers were exempted from ministerial or par- ans, Bap- tists, and Quakers. ochial taxes, in Connecticut, A. D. 1729 ;* and by temporary laws in Massachusetts, made perpetual, in 1757, the same relief was extended to them through this Province. The next year, affirm- ation was allowed to Quakers, instead of an oath ; and in 1763, they were excused from doing military duty.
ship enjoin- ed as a duty.
As this happy revolution in sentiment had been in great measure effected, by enlightening and liberalizing the mind, educating the heart, and softening the affections ; it is interesting to mark the vigilant care, exercised by government over both the instructers in religion and teachers of youth. Habits of thought and closer investigation, being thus promoted, finally produced the best of Public wor- fruits. The ministry and the common schools have ever gone hand in hand. The privilege and pleasure of public worship were, however, in 1641, made a duty ; while all towns, in 1654, were required to provide themselves meeting-houses, and give their ministers an " honorable support ;" also in 1692, it was en- joined upon them to be constantly provided with " an able, learned, and orthodox minister." Indeed, another statute, in 1760, disallowed assessments to pay him, unless he had been ' educated at some university, college or public academy, where ' the learned languages, the arts and sciences were taught ; or ' had received a degree from some public seminary ; or could ' show testimonials from a majority of the settled ministers in the ' county, where he proposed to settle, that he had sufficient learn- 'ing to qualify him for the work of the ministry.' Though min- isters must be orthodox [pious and evangelical,] their literary qualifications were in the eye of the law indispensable to their usefulness.
Literary qualifica- tions of min- isters.
The minis- try of Maine. At this period, there were fifteen Churches in these two eastern Provinces, and fourteen settled clergymen, whose character for B. Stevens. abilities, learning, and piety, rendered them ornamental to their profession. At Kittery-point, Rev. Benjamin Stevens, ordained, May 1, 1751, the colleague of Mr. Newmarch, was a gentle- man so approved for his talents, and knowledge of science and theology, as to have a doctorate given him ; and so esteemned by
" there they have least desire to come."-Letter of Governor and Council in R. I. Oct. 13, 1657, to General Court, Boston.
* 2 Hol. A. Ann. p. 124.
279
CHAP. XI.] OF MAINE.
his parish, as to be its minister 40 years. His cotemporary in A. D. 1750, the north parish of the same town, [Eliot] was the Rev. John to 1752. J. Rogers.
S. Lankton.
Rogers. There were two parishes in York. Rev. Isaac Lyman, a I. Lyman. graduate of Yale College, 1747, succeeded the famous Mr. Moody, in 1749 ; and for 50 years, faithfully performed the pas- toral duties to his charge. He was a man of great sedateness, good understanding and fair fame; there being few men whose characters are so entirely free of blemishes. Of the Scottish parish, Mr. Samuel Chandler was the minister for ten years S. Chan- prior to his dismission, in 1751. His successor was Rev. Sam- dler. uel Lankton, settled, in 1754, who filled his station " with honor " to himself and benefit to his people, more than 40 years. He " was an accurate scholar, a very close student, and an exem- " plary devout christian." In Berwick, Mr. Jeremiah Wise has been previously mentioned, as a man of learning, prudence and piety. He was succeeded in the ministry, September, 1756, the year of his death, by Mr. Jacob Foster. This gentleman was a J. Foster. graduate of Harvard, in 1754; a lover of learning and of pure re- ligion. His manners were exceedingly pleasant and engaging, and his discourses orthodox and well written. Finding it diffi- cult to support his family in the revolutionary war, he was dis- missed at his own request, in 1777 ; and being warmly devoted to whig-principles, he entered as chaplain into the army. A sec- ond parish was established, in 1751, at " Blackberry Hill," in Berwick, a church was formed, and Mr. John Morse settled, John Morse. in 1755. He was a serious godly young divine, possessing a soul adorned with the choicest flowers of religion, and the qualifica- tions of a pastor, which greatly endeared him to his flock. In about ten years he was taken from them by death, universally lamented. Rev. Mr. Jefferds of Wells, dying in 1752, after a ministry of 27 years, was succeeded by Rev. Gideon Richard- G. Richard- son.
son, in 1754; and he, by Rev. Moses Hemmenway, in 1759. M. Hem- At an early period in life, the latter gentleman received a doctor- menway. ate from Harvard College ; and through his ministry, he was dis- tinguished for a patient study of the fathers, and laborious inves- tigation of abstruse points in polemical divinity. Mr. John
J. Hovey. Hovey was minister of Arundel, a period of 27 years prior to
his dismission, in 1768. At Biddeford, Mr. Moses Morrill, a M. Morrill. graduate of Harvard, was settled, in 1742, while quite a young man-scarcely 21 years of age. Endued with a spirit of peace,
280
THE HISTORY
[VOL. II.
A. D. 1750, he passed through a happy and useful ministry of 35 years, leaving to 1752. a name dear to his charge for his many excellencies. Mr. Wm.
son.
T. Smith.
W. Thomp- Thompson, the minister of Scarborough, before mentioned, died in 1759. He appears to have been a minister of considerable learning as well as gifts, also sound in the faith, if not the most successful preacher. Though a parish was formed in Falmouth,* at Purpooduck, A. D. 1734, and another at Presumpscot, [New- Casco] in 1753, the Rev. Mr. Smith, was the only settled minis- ter in the town for many years. He was a man of brilliant tal- ents and ardent piety. His religious sentiments were purely evangelical, and his discourses fraught with pathos and sound N. Loring. doctrine. Of North-Yarmouth, Mr. Nicholas Loring was the parish minister, from 1736 to 1763, the year of his death. Mr. R. Dunlap. Robert Dunlap, a native of Ireland, educated at the University of Edinburgh, was ordained in Boston by the Presbytery, A. D. 1747, to the ministry, over the people of Brunswick. Here his pastoral relation continued thirteen years. The inhabitants of Topsham plantation were a part of his charge, and contributed something towards his support.+
* In 1753, there were in Falmouth,-120 families on the neck; 48 in Stroudwater, including Long-creek ; 21 at Back-cove ; 51 on the Islands and elsewhere-in all, 240 families, besides 200 families in Purpooduck, (Spurwink.)-Smith's Jour. p. 58 .- Also in New-Casco, including three small Islands, 100 families .- 8 Jour. House of Rep. p. 228.
i Mr. Stevens graduated at Harv. Coll. 1740, settled 1751, died 1791
Mr. Rogers
1711,
1721, " 1761
Mr. Chandler 66
1735,
1751, dis. 1760
Mr. Foster
1754, 66 1756, " 1777 (a)
Mr. Morse .6
1751, 1755, died 1765
Mr. Richardson
1749, 66 1754, " 1758
Mr. Hemmenway "
1755, 1759, “ 1811
Mr. Hovey
1725, 1741, dis. 1768:
Mr. Lyman
" at Yale College, 1747,
1749, died 1810
Mr. Smith " at Harv. College, 1725,
1727, 1795
Mr. Morrill
1737,
1742,
1778
Mr. Loring
"
1732,
1736, 1763
Mr. Thompson
1727, 1759
Mr. Wright
1743, 1754
Mr. Lombard
1750,
1764
Mr. Lankton
1754,
1794
(a) Mr. Chandler was installed in 1761, at Gloucester, Mass .- Mr. Fos- ter was installed in 1781, at Packersfield, N. H., and after about 10 years he was dismissed and settled at Rye, N. H .- See Greenleaf's Ecc. Sketches- -See ante, p. 17.
281
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XI.]
Besides these ordained clergymen in the corporate towns, A. D. 1750, there were a few plantations, which had become parishes, and had to 1752. settled ministers, also there were several itinerant preachers in the eastern country .- New Marblehead, [Windham,] in 1747, settled Mr. John Wright, where he lived and labored in the gos- J. Wright. pel ministry, till his death, in 1754. Rev. Solomon Lombard Rev. Solo- was ordained at Gorhamtown, in 1750; and Merryconeag-pen- mon Lom- bard. insula, (Harpswell,) being separated the same year from North- Yarmouth, and formed into a precinct or district, settled Rev. Elisha Eaton in 1753, who was happy with his people so long as he lived-being a faithful and acceptable minister eleven years. To enable such plantations as entered into ministerial contracts, Plantations to fulfil them, an act was passed in 1751, by which the Courts taxable. of Sessions were authorized to apportion the assessments and ap- point a collector. They were also now for the first time, taken into the general valuation, and rules prescribed by law, for their organization and the choice of officers .- Rev. Robert Ruther- R. Ruther- ford,* a man of a very amiable and excellent disposition, offi- ford. ciated several years, in the double capacity of minister to the people, and chaplain in the fort at St. Georges' river, where he died in 1756. For 4 or 5 years, Rev. Alexander Boyd, a presby- A. Boyd, terian candidate, preached with great acceptance to the people of Georgetown ; and from the first time of their becoming ac- quainted with his eloquent manner and able performances, in 1748, they would have settled him, had not the presbytery found obstacles in the way of his ordination.
Hence it is manifest, that though the devout religionists of Massachusetts might look with obloquy upon this Province, as the receptacle of scismatics and excommunicants ; or tauntingly say, " that when a man could find no religion to his taste, let him remove to Maine ;"-we find at the present period, its inhabit- ants, in proportion to their numbers and wealth, supporting as many learned and worthy ministers as any part of New-England. In no Province was there greater unanimity in religious sentiment
* Mr. Rutherford came to Pemaquid with Col. Dunbar about 1729-30. He died at St. Georges, and was interred in the burying ground near the mansion of the late Gen. Knox. On his grave stone is this inscription,- " Here lies buried the body of Rev. Mr. Robert Rutherford, M. A. who " died on the 18th of October, 1756, aged 68 years.' VOL. II. 36
282
THE HISTORY
[VOL. 11.
A. D. 1750, among the people ;- in none, more fellowship among the minis- to 1752.
'The com- munity, in general con-
terial brethren. The community was in general a body of con- gregationalists,* if a very few presbyterians and episcopalians, gregutional- and still fewer baptists and quakers, be excepted ; and even with ists. them, there were now no important dissensions in sentiment.
British American system.
Navigation acı.
Trespass act.
Another subject, important to this, and every English Province, was the trade of the country, as connected with England. The same year (1696) in which the crown established the Board, called " The Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations ;" par- liament commenced the American System :t-passing first the Navigation Act. By this it was required that all ships trading between the mother country and her colonies, be English, Irish, or American built, and their cargoes, the property of the king's subjects. Another called the Trespass Act, was passed Sept. 24, 1710. to preserve the mast-pines in the forests of New-England, New-York and New-Jersey, for the use of the royal navy. By this, every person who cut a single tree, forfeited £100 sterling, recoverable in a Court of Admiralty. The last provisional clause was deemed a grievance, because that tribunal tried cases without a jury.
The system extended.
But immediately after the peace of Aix-la-chapelle, (1748,) attempts were made to give the system an entirely new and more energetic character. Upon this subject a multitude of English politicians were so rank and determinate, that the passage of a bill in parliament was hardly prevented, though it went so far as to give royal instructions the force of law-a power which would have enabled the crown, by a single blow, to sweep off every Colonial charter and law, in this country .- Fully sensible of what bills of credit had done, especially in the siege of Louisbourg, and what they might do in other emergencies, parliament forbade the emission of them to any amount, except expressly to meet the annual public expenditure, or to repel invasion. This was followed by the Iron Act, passed in 1750, professedly to promote the importation of Pig and Bar Iron from the American Colo- nies into England .; But in the light of its provisions, the flimsy guise which veiled its title, was easily seen through ; for it pro-
Bills of credit re- stricted.
Iron act.
* Quakers had a meeting at York, in 1662 ; and at Mr. Proctor's in Fal- mouth, in 1750; and the Baptists had a meeting in Kittery as early as 1681. -Smith's Journal, p. t See post, A. D. 1763.
# 1 Doug. p. 540-1.
283
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XI.]
hibited, under severe penalties, the use of any mill for slitting or A. D. 1750, rolling iron, and likewise any furnace for making steel. This to 1752.
would compel the Colonists to export their iron in pigs and bars, to London, the only iron market for foreign trade in the realm ; and to take in exchange, cutlery, woollens and other fabrics. Attempts were also made to restrict the colonies in their trade with West India trade, limit- the West Indies* to the Islands belonging to the English. A ed. principal article exported thither from Maine was lumber; for which molasses was received in large quantities. In its primitive Lumber and state, this was an article of great use; and when distilled, it was Molasses. supposed [though erroneously] to be a needful drinkt for those engaged in the fisheries, in the lumbering business, in the military. service, and in navigation-as better enabling them to endure hardships. Besides, rum and molasses were carried by fishing vessels, in the winter, to the southern Colonies, and exchanged for corn and pork, which were every year needed in this eastern country. The balance of trade at this time, was, even while un- restricted, against the fishermen, the ship-builders, the lumber- ers and the seamen ; for it was found, that all those engaged in such employments, could not pay the bills for their supplies and support, at the prices they were compelled to give for articles consumed ; and should they be restrained to a trade with the English, in the single article of molasses, a fatal check must be given to the kinds of enterprize mentioned.}
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