USA > Michigan > Oakland County > History of Oakland County, Michigan, with illustrations descriptive of its scenery, palatial residences, public buildings, fine blocks, and important manufactories > Part 1
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STORY
WAND WAT MICHIGAN
..
OF MIC
RSITY
MICHIGAN
N
N
THE
1817
LIB
Reviewed by Preservation 1909
1
want some W.
1817.
HISTORY OF
OAKLAND COUNTY,
MICHIGAN.
Illustrations
DESCRIPTIVE OF ITS SCENERY,
Palatial Foesidences,
ublir Buildit Fine Blocks, and Important Manufactories,
FROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY ARTISTS OF THE HIGHEST ABILITY.
PHILADELPHIA: L. H. EVERTS & CO., 716 FILBERT STREET.
1877.
5
PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA.
F 572
53714610
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
PAGE
Addison Township .
123-129
Avon =
129-152
Brandon
. 152-157
Commerce "
. 158-165
-Farmington "
. 166-174
Groveland “
. 174-183
White Lake "
. 183-192
Holly
. 192-200
Highland
. 201-207
Independence Township
207-214
Lyon
214-221
Milford =
221-230
Novi
. 230-236
Royal Oak
. 236-242
Oxford
"
. 242-250
Oakland
. 250-255
Orion
. 255-260
Rose . 261-267
Southfield 44
. 267-274
Springfield
. 274-284
Troy
=
285-299
Waterford
. 299-311
West Bloomfield
. 311-317
Bloomfield
. 317-329
MILITARY HISTORY OF OAKLAND COUNTY
i-xv
ROSTER OF SOLDIERS, OAKLAND COUNTY, IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION .
XV-XXV
.
VIEWS, PORTRAITS, AND BIOGRAPHIES.
PAGE
Ontline Map of Oakland County facing 5
Fac-simile of First Legal Process between 40, 41
CITY AND TOWNSHIP OF PONTIAC.
Eastern Asylum for the Insane facing 68
High School Building 68
Residence of Judge A. C. Baldwin, with portraits of self and
wife .
facing 76
Residence of Edwin Phelps, with portrait of his father, Elnathan Phelps facing 77
Residence of William H. Kimball, with portraits of self and
wife facing
92
Hodges' House 93
Portrait of Hon. Mark S. Brewer 112
Col. Samuel E. Beach
113
Hon. Theron A. Flower
114
= Hon. Thomas Mabley
115
Leonard Sprague and wife
facing 116
" Thomas Turk and wife 116 +
Residence of Justin S. Newman
120
Erastus Brown
121
Personal Sketch of Hon. Augustus C. Baldwin 112
Hou. Mark S. Brewer 112
Col. Samuel E. Beach
Hon. Theron A. Flower
114
Hon. Thomas Mabley
115
Thomas Turk 115
=
Elnathan Phelps 116
Leonard Sprague 11
a Patriotic Family-the Van Valkenburgs 116
=
Justin S. Newman 122
Morgan J. Spencer 123
ADDISON TOWNSHIP.
Residence of A. A. Snyder, with portraits of self and wife (double page) . . between 122, 123
Residence of Samuel E. Ferguson, with portraits of self and
wife between 122, 123 Residence of George M. Boice, with portraits of self and wife,
facing 123
H Purse, with portraits of self and wife facing 124
C. Selfridge, with portraits of self and wife . = 125
126
= John M. Norton . 151
John Kinney
152
Albert Terry
296506
BRANDON TOWNSHIP.
Residence of G. L. Hummer
B. F. Scott
156
Portraits of A. Cowden and wife
157
T. N. Lomis and wife
157
Personal Sketch of Thos. N. Lomis
157
COMMERCE TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Albert Bowen facing 158
=
Seth A. Paddock, with portraits of self and wife, " 158
Alfred H. Paddock.
159
Alonzo Sibley, with portrait of self
162
= Mrs. Pliny Phillips, with portraits of self and hus- band .
facing 163
Portrait of Jas. M. Hoyt, M.D.
165
Personal Sketch of Alonzo Sibley
164
Pliny Phillips
164
=
Jas. M. Hoyt, M.D.
165
FARMINGTON TOWNSHIP.
Residences of Theron O., O. L., and A. A. Murray, with portraits of self and wife (double page) . . between 166, 167 Residence of C. J. Spragne, with portraits of self and wife, facing 168 Joshua Simmons, with portraits of self and wife
(double page) between 170, 171
Mark Hance
facing 172
4 Daniel Lapham 172
44 S. P. Lyon, with portraits of self and wife 174
143 Personal Sketch of S. P. Lyon 174
GROVELAND TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Daniel Johnson, with portraits of self and wife, facing 180
= Portraits of George Postal and wife John F. Hamlin and wife 14€ 146 Henry W. Horton, with portraits of self and wives . facing 181 Hon. Daniel F. Johnson, with portraits of self and Henry Carey = wife facing 182 146
Portrait of Mrs. Sally Price
149
Linus Cone 150
Personal Sketch of Levi W. Cole
= Joshua Van Hoosen
Lysander Woodward 148
Isaac Barwise 148
=
Linus Cone . 150
= John M. Wilcox 150
=
Edmund L. Goff . 151
Portrait of Dennes Snyder .
Residence of Jacob Snyder, with portraits of self and wife, facing 126
William Hagerman's residence in 1834 127
William Hagerman's residence in 1877
facing 127
Portraits of William Hagerman and wife .
12
Residence of Cornelins Snyder, with portraits of self and wife, facing 128
Residence of A. N. Brewer, with portraits of self and wife 129
Personal Sketch of Dennes Snyder 126
= William Hagerman
127
Cornelius Snyder
128
Abram A. Snyder
128
= Jacob Snyder 128
= George M. Boice . 128
=
Henry Purse 128
Samuel E. Ferguson 128
Peter Brewer
129
Cornelius Selfridge
129
AVON TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Mrs. Adaline Sprague, with portraits of self and husband . facing 130
Residence of late John Kinney, with portraits of self and wife,“ 131
Joshua Van Hoosen, with portraits of selfand wife,“ 132
133 Albert Terry, with portraits of self and wife, 136
John M. Norton, with portraits of self and wife," 137
= Edmund L. Goff,
112 L. Woodward, =
"
141
Rochester Woolen Mill, S. H. Richardson, proprietor 142
Residence of T. C. Cook, with portraits of Mr. and Mis. Cole " W. A. Hayes, with portraits of J. H. Hayes and wife facing 144
Residence of Isaac Barwise, with portraits of self and wife, 14
C. D. Barron, with portraits of self and wives, Horatio Wright
183
Personal Sketch of C. D. Barron 148
181
Horatio Wright .
181
Henry W. Horton
181
Daniel F. Johnson
182
WHITE LAKE TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Mrs. J. C. Taylor . facing 183 Mrs. Delia Webster, with portraits of self and husband . facing 184
Hopkins' Mills, Oxbow, with portraits of R. W. Hopkins and wife, Erastus Hopkins, and Harley Olmstead . facing 185
HISTORY OF OAKLAND COUNTY.
PAGE
PREFACE .
iii, iv.
INTRODUCTORY
5
CHAPTER I .- Pro-Historic Races-Traditions-Indian Nations 9,10
CHAPTER II .- Early Explorations and Discoveries by the French -Cartier, Roberval, Champlain, La Salle 10-13
CHAPTER III .- The Franciscans and Jesuits-Indian Wars- Early Settlements in Michigan-First Settlement at Detroit -System of Government-First Siege of Detroit-Military Road to the Ohio River-First Appearance of Pontiac- Detroit surrendered to the English 13-15
CHAPTER VIII .- Early Settlements and Entries of Lands- Proceedings of County Commissioners and Board of Super- visors-Court-Houses and Jails-County Asylum-Eastern Asylum for the Insane-Canals and Ruilways-Growth and Prosperity - Census - Lands-Agricultural -Stock- Manufactures-Banks-Pioneer Society .
26-38
CHAPTER IX .- Courts and Learned Professions-The Law Courts
-Kingly Jurisprudence - Par hamentary Provisions - Congressional Enactments-Territorial Decrees-Guber- natorial Commands-Constitutional Requirements-The County Court-Circuit Court-Chancellor's Court-Crimi- nal Court-Probate Court-The Bar and its Reminis- cences-Celebrated Trials-An Old Docket-The Medical Profession : Allopathy and Homoeopathy . 38-52 .
CHAPTER X -Educational and Religions: Schools-Re- ligions Societies-The Press of Oakland County . 52-57
CHAPTER XI .- Literary : Legend of Me-uah-sa-gor-ning- Poems and Address by Hon. H. M. Look-Selections from the Pioneers' Record
57-67
TOWNSHIP HISTORIES.
Village and City of Pontiac
68-117
Pontiac Township .
117-123
PAGE
Governors and Rulers under the various Nationalities-State and County Officers . 19-23
CHAPTER VII .- Organization of Oakland County-Proclama- tions of Governor Cass-Area-Subdivisions -Taxation
. -County Officers-Under Territorial Laws-Organization of Townships-Surveys-Military Lands-Explorations- Early Roads 23-25
CHAPTER IV .- ( Under English Rule)-Disaffection of the Indians -The Delaware "Prophet" -- Pontiac's War-Second Siege of Detroit-Death of Pontiac-English Operations in the West during the Revolutionary War-General George Rogers Clarke . 15-17
CHAPTER V .- ( Under United States Rule)-As a Part of the Northwest Territory-Captain Potter takes Possession of Detroit-County of Wayne-Governor St. Clair-Govern- ment of the Territory-Delegate in Congress-Indiana Territory-Made a separate Territory-Detroit destroyed by Fire-Governor Hull-Indian Treaties and Councils- Population-War of 1812-Surrender of Detroit-Proctor's Defeat-Governor Cass-First Counties organized-Sale of Public Lands-First Steamer on the Lakes-Summary 17-19
CHAPTER VI .- Preliminary Steps looking to the Formation of a State Government-Census of the Territory-Convention and Formation of a State Constitution-Election of State Officers-Admitted mto the Union-First Governor-The Toledo War-The Mexican War-War of the Rebellion-
PAGE
PAGE
facing 156
.
152
44
140
Capt. Wm. Price 149
147
183
.
Seth A. Paddock
164
Residence of Morgan J. Spencer, and portraits of self and wife facing 117 J. M. Wilcox, with portraits of self and wife, and Mrs. R. Bennett . facing
vi
VIEWS, PORTRAITS, AND BIOGRAPHIES.
PAGE
Residence of Jas. Thompson, with portraits of self and wife, facing 186 John Garner, with portraits of self and wife, 187
Octavius Robinson, with portraits of self, son, and
wives (double page) . between 188, 189
:
Robert Garner, with portraits of self and wife, facing 190
R. D. Voorheis 4€
190
Sebring Voorheis "
=
19
James Fair
191
Peter Voorheis and Voorheis' Landing, with portraits of self and wife
Herman Wyckoff
Personal Sketch of Erastus Hopkins .
188
4 Ralph W. Hopkins
Thomas Garner
189
John Garner
= Robert Garner
190
Octavius Robinson
190
=
Alanson J. Webster 190
James Thompson 191
Robert D. Voorheis 191
=
Sebring Voorheis 191
Peter Voorheis 192
HOLLY TOWN-HIP.
Residence of Robert Pearson
facing 194
= Chas. Tinsman, and portrait of self
=
Samuel Green, with and wife 4 197
4.
Richard Houchin .
W. E. Pier, with portraits of self and wife . 199
N. T. Elliott,
=
200
Property of M. Stiff
201
Personal Sketch of William E. Pier
199
200
=
=
Samuel Green
44
Nathan T. Elliott
200
HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Pardy A. Tuttle, with portraits of self and wife, facing 202 B. F. Davison, with portraits of self and wife
206
Residence of A. D. De Garmo
facing 206
Personal Sketch of Norman Davison
4
Benj. F. Davison
205
..
OXFORD TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Harry Frink facing 242
44 M. J. Park, with portraits of self and wife. =
244
Mrs. Moses B. Killam, with portraits of self and
deceased husband facing 245 John Moyers, with portraits of self and wife, 246
Portraits of Samuel Axford and wife
247
A. Decker
247
William Powell
" 248
David Applegate
= 248
Residence of Hoyt W. Hollister, with portraits of self and wife," Personal Sketch of Hon. Samuel Axford 248
¥ Alanson Decker
248
David Applegate .
249
Mansfield J. Park
249
Hoyt W. Hollister
249
=
= Moses B. Killam .
249
= William H. Powell
249
44
John Moyers
249
OAKLAND TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Wm. Anderson, with portraits of self and wife (double page)
between 250, 251
Residence of Lester C. Dewey facing 252
Allen Brewster
252
R. D. Anderson, with portraits of self and wife, 253
Portraits of Christian Cole and wife . 254
Residence of Win. B. Fosdick, with portraits of self and wife, facing 254 Portraits of N. B. Fosdick, Jr., and Mrs. Emma J. Fosdick, 254
Personal Sketch of Christian Cole 254 Personal Sketch of George German = Theron Murray
William Anderson
254
William B. Fosdick
254
ORION TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Christopher Cole, with portraits of self and wife, facing 256
L. B. Hemingway,
¥ = 257
44 C. A. Carpenter,
C. K. Carpenter,
259
Valley Mills, R. G. Rudd & Son
260
Residence of John Howarth 261
259
Chas. A. Carpenter
260
L. B. Hemingway
ROSE TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Solomon C. Skidmore, with portraits of self and wives . facing 262
_Hon. Marcus D. Elliott,
264
Elias Doty, wives, 265
Portrait of Asa Reynolds, with biography 265 Personal Sketch of John B. Sly .
John B. Cartwright
:
William P. Durkee
333
228 Personal Sketch of George Garner .
264
= Solomon C. Skidmore 264
PAGE
Personal Sketch of Elias Doty
264
Caleb Everts
Hon. Marcus D. Elliott
SOUTHFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Residence of John N. Heth, with portraits of self and wife, facing 268
William Sturman .
Melvin Drake, with portraits of self and wife, 269
Francis Young .
4 272
Portraits of Morris Jenks and wife
272
Charles V. Babcock and wife 272
Samuel D. Beekman 279
Residence of John C. Daniels, with portraits of self and wife, and Mrs. Julia Daniels
facing 273
Personal Sketch of Isaac Heth
333
Deacon Melvin Drake
333
SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP.
44 275 236 Residence of Samuel Foster, with portraits of self and wife, facing 274 Eli Brondige, with portraits of self and wife, =
Frederick Foster, with portraits of self and wife, facing 276
Edmund Foster
276
J. K. Tindall, with portraits of self and wife,
277
Mrs. Harriet E. Wright, with portraits of self and David A. Wright facing 278
James Neal, with portraits of self and wife, 279
Moses Garter, with portraits of self and wife, 280
Personal Sketch of Frederick Foster .
281
James Neal 281
282
237 Portraits of Nolton Bigelow and wife (with biography) . Jonah Gross and wife (with biography)
283
facing 240 Personal Sketch of David A. Wright Jefferson K. Tindall
283
Eli Brondige
284
Samuel Foster
284
TROY TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Jesse L. Stout, with portraits of self and wife, facing 285 A. C. Trowbridge, with portraits of self and wife, “ 286
28'
George H. Niles, and portraits of Johnson Niles and wife facing 298
Portrait of William Poppleton and wife
297
= Mrs. Betsey Judd
296
Josephus Smith
facing
298
= A. J. Crosby
298
A. Partridge
298
Benjamin Page = 298
299
Residence of Frank Ford, with portraits of self and wife, Portraits of Washington Stanley and wife, with biography Personal Sketch of Jolinson Niles .
= the Judd and Hastings Families
295
= Andrew J. Crosby
296
William Poppleton
297
Josephus Smith .
298
A. C. Trowbridge
298
=
= Jesse L. and Olivia Stout
298
Benjamin Page
298
WATERFORD TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Alfred Windiate, with portraits of self and wife, facing 298 Farm and residence of William Whitfield, with portraits of self and wife, and Walter Whitfield and wife (double-page) betw. 300, 301 Farm and residence of Thomas Whitfield, with portraits of self and wife (double page) between 304, 305
WEST BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Bird's-eye view of David Ward's residence, located between Orchard and Cass Lakes (double page) .
between 312, 313
Residence of George German
facing 314
Fred. Carlisle (double page) .
between 316, 317
317
317
BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Wm. P. Durkee, with portraits of self and wife . facing 318
Philip Durkee, with portraits of Stephen and Nancy Durkee facing 319 320
A. G. Dewey
J. B. Cartwright, with portraits of self
and
wife . facing 321
Mrs. Polly Robinson, and Old Homestead, with por- traits of Austin, Polly, and Anna Robinson, facing 322
= 260 Hugh Irving, Birmingham . facing 323
John Irving, Birmingham =
323
= 326 Portrait of Wm. Lowes and wife David Patchett and wife 326
Residence of John Jones, and portraits of self and wife .
Horatio Scott, and portraits of self and wife,
329
Personal Sketch of John Jones
328
.
facing 269
333
Residence of Jonathan Phillips, with portraits of John Kesby and wife
230
Personal Sketch of Leonard Phillips
4 Luman Fuller
228
44
Thomas Curdy 229
John Kesby .
=
H. Crawford .
NOVI TOWNSHIP.
Residence of A. J. Welsh, with portraits of self and wife, facing 230 Amos Bently . 231
. J. W. Morse, with portraits of self, wife, and son " 232
Washington West 232
0. F. Whipple 232
John Bassett, with portrait of self
233
A. S. Brooks, with portraits of self and wife,
233
Riley C. Shaw, with portraits of self, wife, and father facing 234 ¥
Baptist Church and Town Hall
Residence of Richard C. Simmons, with portraits of self and wife,
facing 236
44 M. G. Porter .
Personal Sketch of A. S. Brooks. 331
331
= John W. Mouse
John Bassett
331
A. J. Welsh
331
= George B. Dennis
332
= Riley C. Shaw
332
=
Philip Shaw
332
332
ROYAL OAK TOWNSHIP.
Old Homestead of Welcome Campbell Residence of William H. Knowles
44 David Williams (double page)
between 238, 239
A. B. Parker .
= Clark Rose
V. M. Rose
240
Sherman Williams
241
3 John Benjamin
241
N. S. Schuyler
241
Personal Sketch of David Williams
242
Portrait of W. Campbell
facing 298
Personal Sketch of Welcome Campbell
332
-
INDEPENDENCE TOWNSHIP.
Residence of J. and D. Reese facing 208 -
Peter Voorheis, with portraits of self and wife, 212
H. Walter,
44
= 210
A. H. Cross,
= 214
Moses Case 209
Orsamus Beardslee, with portraits of self and
=
213
wife
Hon. Edwin G. Clark, with portraits of self, wife, and Hon. Jeremiah Clark Ezekiel Dennis
211
215
Personal Sketch of Orsamus Beardsley 213
44
Peter Voorheis . 213
Harrison Walter .
213
=
A. H. Cross .
213
=
= Judge Jeremiah Clark 213
Hon. Edwin G. Clark . 214
LYON TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Eben Whipple, with portraits of self and wife, facing 216 44
George W. Button, with portraits of self and wife facing 217
Portraits of Hiram and Hannah Covey, with personal sketch, 218
=
218 -
6.
218
Residence of William Blackwood Rev. S. Calkins
Jay Marlatt, with portraits of self and wife
219
Hon. George Vowles, with portrait of self and wife
facing 219 =
Personal Sketch of Philip Marlatt
4.4 George W. Button
Eben Whipple 220
44
Hon. George Vowles 220
221
Rev. S. Calkins . 221
MILFORD TOWNSHIP.
Residence of Leonard Phillips, with portraits of self and wife (double page) between 220, 221
Residence of John L. Andrews, with portraits of self and wife and
Samuel Fuller (double page) .
between 222, 223
Residence and Farm of James Moore, with portraits of self and
wife (double page) .
between 224, 225
Residence and Farm of J. J. Mendham, with portraits of self and wife .
facing 226 Residence and property of Thomas Curdy, with portraits of self and wife
facing 229
Residence of Caleb Everts, with portraits of self and wife, facing 266
PAGE
Personal Sketch of James Moore
229
James Mendham .
229
. 265
266
229
230
facing 192 46
193
189
196
..
Martin Stiff .
205
44
Pardy A. Tuttle
200
44
Squire W. Rowe
206
Sarah S., and H. N. Davison facing 205 Mark Hollister 44 242
Portrait of Squire W. Rowe
Silas B. Wattles
299
295
44
249
44
219
220
Portrait of Philip Marlatt
218
Eleazur Calkins.
258
Personal Sketch of Chas. K. Carpenter
328
Residence of John Sly, and portraits of self and wife
Dr. Ebenezer Raynale
333
=
283
240
facing 236 44
Joshua Simmons .
198
200
189
235
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
1
Residence of George Gardiner, with portraits of self and wife, 263
333
268
Plan of
OAKLAND CO.
MIGK.
Scale 3 Miles to an inch
L
A
P
E
E
R
C
0
S
E
E
CO.
E
1
Oakwood
P.O.
Horse Stipe
Stony tum
Zuke
P.O
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Melwin T Tamarack,
0
X F
R
D
LA D D
I S
0
N
Gavirs L.
RO VE
A.
B
H
0
E
LL. Gratched
Theki
Lake
Grotelang
başı
10
1
Olive Branch
Austin
Oak HI
Long Take
Cranberry
HO.
Comandante
CrookedIk
WhippleL
Jersey Sanary
Oakland
Walters L
Y Stony
Rose Corn
Dayisburg
INDEPEN DE N
R
E
Anderson
Time
Mahopu
Buckhorn
R
P.O. GalicksL
bodi son Station
Springle
Colake Frduh
0
CA
MILWAU
nee
SE
0
Nace Day
Three Mile
Whi
o.
Cirek
E
Willian
inrom
Tipper silver
Kocheste P.O.
P
0
N
T
N
H
IGH
ND
Oxbow hake
Highland PO.
Lake
Z
Cedar Island
Elizabeth
Tiker]
CONTAC
IR
Gerunds9
Round
el T.
Mill Pond
Square
1
Lake
T
Commerce
Turtle 4.
P. O .-
Py
OMand
0
S
M
I
R
I
TaylorT.
M
E
Woodper
Black
Gilbert L.
Rig Beaver
Sun L.
Pleasant I
B
Wing II.
Birmingham
Sibleys
Wallled Lake PO.
WES
North Farmington PO
Franklin
Kensington PO
WAY
Mud7
>
E
Ved
Ran
10
Novi Coren's
5
Southfield
Royal Oak
Z P.O
NSING
MICH. R.
& LAKE
R
WASHTENAW
CO.
WAYNE
COUNTY
G
Pine L
Bailey De
Seymour Lake
Cedar L.
Indian
Green
Jong Take
160.
Springfield 'PO
Jake Sixteen
Round Di
borheis L.
CY.
8
Ling Lake
DETROIT
Settlement.
WEClarkston
& B.C. V.A.
Backto
Commis
Ärkaputte: Jake
Duck
Bald Eagle
AStrumit hr
Brandon P.O.Spory
Stanton Z FlossTA
Tong 1
Lakeville
& L. George
Ortonville
Cranberry
hartz
C
Narrin
Oxford
Farmington RO
Rou
E
West Novi PO
1
Voix, SouthLyon
Comme
Lowers
Burberry P.
Walnut
T.O.
N G
VIaron.
Loon Z.
Stretti.
Si aishit
Hoan
Clinton
Spring Nils
Crescent
R.
NINIE
( PROPOSED) Anker
Scotch!
Long
Troy Cornens
Bass
Take
Carfse
scotts
Watkins
Galloway Tr
Sa
WormerTo School Hot
Tomt
Jains
Clinton
Ever
A
w Hudson PO.
MOI
Mud Lake
7
INTRODUCTORY.
The general surface of the country is elevated from three to four hundred feet above the water-level of the great lakes, and its drainage is comparatively good.
GEOLOGY.
Oakland County presents very little of interest to the student of geology. Its surface belongs wholly to the drift period, which buried nearly the entire penin- sula beneath a mass of débris composed largely of loose sand, gravel, and bowlders. No rock, in situ, appears in any part of the county, and the lowest cuttings of the streams have nowhere penetrated through the immense diluvial deposit, which is probably hundreds of feet in depth. No minerals are known to exist, except, pos- sibly, in isolated particles mingled with the drift.
Professor Alexander Winchell, in an article upon the geological structure of Michigan, discourses as follows :
"The lower peninsula occupies the central part of a great synclinal basin, towards which the strata dip from all directions. The basin structure is bounded on all sides by anticlinal swells and ridges. Thus, north of Lake Ontario, Georgian bay, and Lake Huron is a portion of the great Laurentian ridge, whose branches extend from this region towards the northeast and northwest. On the northwest is the elevated granitic and dioritic region, stretching from Marquette southwest through northern Wisconsin. On the southwest, south, and southeast is a bifur- cating gentle swell of the outcropping Devonian and Silurian strata, which stretches southward to Cincinnati and central Kentucky.
" The limits of this great geological basin exceed somewhat the bounds of the lower peninsula, as the centripetal dip can be traced on the east as far as London, Ontario ; on the west to Madison, Wisconsin ; on the northwest to the vicinity of Marquette, and on the north to the Sault St. Marie. Within these limits the outcropping edges of strata, older and older in the series, are passed over in traveling from the centre of the peninsula outward. The whole series of strata may be likened to a nest of wooden dishes.
" The great hydrographic features of the region present a striking conformity to the trends of these out-cropping strata, as will readily be seen by comparing the longitudinal axes of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, as of Georgian, Little Traverse, and Green bays, with the strikes of the neighboring formations, as deline- ated on the geological map."
The following table exhibits the various formations of the State.
EOZOIC GREAT SYSTEM.
Black Shale ... 20 feet.
I. LAURENTIAN SYSTEM.
Portage Sub Group ... 500
II. HURONIAN SYSTEM.
Chemung Sub Group. 200 «
PALEOZOIC GREAT SYSTEM, 2680 feet. III. SILURIAN SYSTEM 920
Lake Superior Sandstone ... 300
100
Carboniferous Limestone 70
Trenton Group. 60
Cincinnati Group. 60
Parma Conglomerate 100
Niagara Group .. 250
Niagara Limestone 218
Woodville Sandstone. 80
Clinton Sub Group
32
CENOZOIC GREAT SYSTEM.
Salina Group
50
Lower Helderberg Group. 100
VI. QUATERNARY SYSTEM. Bowlder Deposits.
IV. DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
1040
Modified Drift.
Corniferous Group
120
Lacustrine Clays.
Little Traverse Group. 200
Bogs, Marls, Dunes, Soils, etc.
The stratifications and formations underlying Oakland County, or portions of it, next below the drift, are as follows, commencing with the uppermost, and all belonging to the Paleozoic great system, and to the Carboniferous system. The coal measures are supposed to underlie a fraction of the county lying northwest of Holly ; below this comes the Parma sandstone, which reaches a little farther into the county ; below this in turn is found the Carboniferous limestone, with a still greater area ; and next below this follows the Michigan salt group, which is supposed to underlie about two-fifths of the county ; succeeding this, at a still greater depth, we find the Marshall sandstone group, which is supposed to underlie nearly the entire county ; and lastly the Huron group, which extends beyond the limits of the county.
Borings in the northwest corner of the county would penetrate all of these formations, while in the southeast corner only the Huron group would be found. The centre of this immense geological basin would be near the line between Gratiot and Midland counties, where the dip of the underlying strata is probably the deepest ; from thence gradually rising toward the margin of the basin. Fossils of various forms are found in the drift of Oakland County.
CLIMATOLOGY.
The meteorological conditions existing in and around the lower peninsula of Michigan are wonderfully peculiar and interesting. Perhaps in no other portion of the globe do the same peculiarities exist, and for the reason that nowhere else are similar conformations of land and water found. The hydrography of Michigan is peculiar to itself. The lower peninsula is surrounded on three sides by vast bodies of fresh water of great depth, whose mean temperature changes but slightly from one season to another, and the influence of which upon the climatic conditions of the region inclosed by them furnishes an interesting study for the scientist.
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