USA > Michigan > Branch County > Branch County, Michigan, directory, 1919 > Part 32
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Disking stubble ground, or burning stubble immediately after harvesting the grain, thorough preparation of the seed- bed, late seeding and the use of good seed, are effective measures for controll- ing the pest in winter-wheat growing regions. A trap crop of wheat may be sown immediately after harvest and disked under later in the fall before seeding the main crop. In springwheat growing sections, late seeding will not apply; on the contrary, the earlier it is sown in the spring, the less it seems to suffer from this pest.
The general rule for winter-wheat seeding is that there should be a differ- ence of one day for each ten miles of difference in latitude, and seeding should be approximately one day earlier for each 100 feet of increase in elevation. There is usually, however, a period of several weeks in all the winter-wheat area where sowing may take place with about equal results. This period is longer as one proceeds to the southward.
Grasshopper
After seventeen years of study the Kansas grasshopper has been reduced to a harmless quantity. The grasshoppers that do the damage are native. That is, they develop and perpetuate themselves on one farm; they do not move about. Of course, no one should confuse these native grasshoppers with the hordes of small red ones that used to sweep down from the North in armies. The latter, raised in arid land, are forced to migrate to obtain food.
In the counties that provide the ma- terials, poison is spread on the farms. The formula used is the following, ob- tained after years of experimenting: No. 1. Two and a half pounds Paris green or white arsenic; fifty pounds bran (mix these dry). No. 2. Six oranges or lemons, chopped up fine, rind and all; four quarts syrup; five gallons water (mix these three together thoroughly). Mix Nos. 1 and 2, then add sufficient water to make a wet mash.
The lemon and orange in the mixture attract the grasshoppers, who find it irresistible and deadly. A scientific count showed that from two-thirds to three- quarters had been killed.
Alfalfa should be disked and cross- harrowed early in the spring as soon as the frost leaves the ground. This throws out the eggs of the grasshoppers, to be destroyed by the weather and eaten by the birds. This method of culture, first advocated by the University of Kansas, not only lessens the number of grass- hoppers, but also has been proved to in- crease the yield of the alfalfa fully one- third. Scatter the poison, disk the fields and say "Good-bye" to the Kansas grasshopper.
254
RURAL DIRECTORY
Handy Things to Know
A rod is 161/2 feet, or 51/2 yards.
A mile is 320 rods.
A mile is 1,760 yards.
A mile is 5,280 feet.
A square foot is 144 square inches. A square yard contains 9 square feet. A square rod is 2721/4 square feet. An acre contains 43,560 square feet. An acre contains 4,840 square yards. An acre contains 160 square rods.
A quarter section contains 160 acres.
An acre is 8 rods wide by 20 rods long.
An acre is 10 rods wide by 16 rods long.
An acre is about 20834 feet square.
A solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches.
A pint (of water) weighs 1 pound.
A solid foot of water weighs 621/2 pounds.
A gallon (of water) holds 231 solid inches.
A gallon of milk weighs 8 pounds and 10 ounces.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds.
A barrel of salt weighs 280 pounds.
A barrel of beef weighs 200 pounds.
A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of fish weighs 200 pounds.
A keg of powder equals 25 pounds.
A stone of lead or iron equals 14 pounds.
A pig of lead or iron equals 211/2 stone.
Anthracite coal broken-cubic foot- averages 54 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-43 cubic feet. Bituminous coal broken-cubic foot- averages 49 pounds.
Cement (hydraulic) Rosendale, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-48 cubic feet. Cement (hydraulic) Louisville, weight per bushel, 62 pounds.
Cement (hydraulic) Portland, weight per bushel, 96 pounds.
Gypsum ground, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
5 yards wide by 968 yards long, 1 acre
10 yards wide by 484 yards long, 1 acre
20 yards wide by 242 yards long, 1 acre
40 yards wide by 121 yards long, 1 acre
70 yards wide by 69 1/7 yards long, 1 acre 80 yards wide by 601% yards long, 1 acre
60 feet wide by 726
feet long, 1 acre
110 feet wide by 396
feet long, 1 acre
120 feet wide by 363
feet long, 1 acre
220 feet wide by 198
feet long, 1 acre
240 feet wide by 181%
feet long, 1 acre
440 feet wide by 99
feet long, 1 acre
MEASURING HAY AND CORN
Hay is often sold in the mow or stack where the weight has to be estimated. For this purpose 400 cubic feet of hay is considered a ton. The actual weight of 400 cubic feet of hay will vary ac- cording to the quality of the hay, time of cutting, position in mow, etc. For making an estimate in a given case multiply together the length, breadth and height of the mow or stack in feet and divide the product by 400. The quotient will be the number of tons.
Corn is measured by the following rule: A heaped bushel contains 2,748 cubic inches. To find the number of bushels of corn in a crib it is therefore necessary merely to multiply together the length, width and height in inches and divide the product by 2,748. The number of bushels of shelled corn will be two-thirds of the quotient. If the sides of the crib are slanting, it will be necessary to multiply together one- half the sum of the top and bottom widths with the height and length.
The legal weight of a bushel of shelled corn in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia is 56 pounds.
In Pennsylvania, Virginia and Mary- land 32 pounds constitute a bushel of oats; in New Jersey, 30 pounds.
A bushel of wheat is placed at 60 pounds by most of the states of the Union.
Pennsylvania recognizes 56 pounds as a bushel of white potatoes. In Mary- land, New Jersey and Virginia the legal weight is 60 pounds.
A bushel of clover seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 60 pounds; in Mary- land, 60 pounds; in New Jersey, 64 pounds; in Virginia, 60 pounds.
A bushel of timothy seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 45 pounds, and the same weight in most adjacent states.
To estimate the amount of land in different fields under cultivation use the following table:
Lime, loose, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
Lime, well shaken, weight per bushel, 80 pounds.
Sand at 98 pounds per cubic foot, per bushel, 1221/2 pounds.
18.29 bushels equal a ton. 1,181 tons cubic yard.
255
BRANCH COUNTY
Seed Per Acre
It requires less seed per acre to sow in hills or rows than to sow broadcast. The hill or row system permits of after cultivation, which is not possible with a broadcasted crop. In all calculations for hill and drills it must be remembered that an acre of land contains 43,560 square feet. A square piece of land, 209 feet on a side, contains about an acre. The following figures are merely suggestive, as practice varies with locality :
ALFALFA, 25 to 30 1bs, broadcast.
ASPARAGUS, 4 to 5 lbs. in drills; 1 oz. to 50 feet of row.
BARLEY, 112 to 2 bushels drilled; 2 to 212 bushels broadcast.
BEANS, bush, 11/2 bushels in drills.
BEANS, pole, 10 to 12 qts., in hills.
BEETS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills.
BUCKWHEAT, 1 bushel, broadcast.
CABBAGE, 14 1b. in seed bed, to be trans- planted.
CARROT, 3 to 4 lbs., in drills.
CELERY, about 1 oz. for 2,000 plants; 1 lb. per acre.
CLOVER, red, 8 to 10 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, crimson, 15 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, white, 6 lbs., broadcast.
CORN, field and sweet, 8 to 10 qts.
CORN, ensilage, 12 qts., in drills.
Cow PEAS, 1 bushel, in drills; 112 bush- els, broadcast.
CUCUMBERS, 2 lbs., in drills.
EGG PLANT, 1 oz. seed for 1,000 plants ; 14 lb. to the acre.
GRASS, lawn, 2 to 4 lbs., broadcast. LETTUCE, 1 oz. of seed to 1,000 plants ; 1/2 lb. to the acre.
MELON, musk, 2 to 3 lbs., in hills.
MELON, water, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills. MILLET, 1 bushel, broadcast.
OATS, 3 bushels, broadcast.
ONIONS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills ; for sets. 30 to 50 1bs., in drills.
PARSNIPS, 4 to 6 lbs., in drills.
PEAS, 1 to 2 bushels, in drills.
POTATOES (cut) 8 to 10 bushels.
PUMPKINS, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
RADISHES, 8 to 10 lbs., in drills.
RYE, 34 to 11/2 bushels, in drills. SPINACH, 10 to 12 lbs., in drills; run- ning sorts, 3 to 4 lbs.
SQUASH, bush, 4 to 6 lbs., in hills.
TIMOTHY, 15 to 20 lbs., broadcast, if used alone; less if sown with other grasses. TOMATOES, Ig 1b. in seed bed, to be transplanted.
TURNIPS, 1 to 2 lbs., in drills; 2 to 3 lbs., broadcast.
WHEAT, 11/2 bushels, broadcast.
Suitable Distance for Planting Trees
-
Apples-Standard .. 25 to 35 feet apart each way Apples-Dwarf (bushes) 10
Pears-Standard .... 10 to 20
Pears-Dwarf 10
Cherries-Standard .18 to 20
Cherries-Dukes and Morrellos . 16 to 18
Plums-Standard . 15 to 20
Peaches
16 to 18
..
Apricots
.16 to 18
Nectarines
.16 to 18
Quinces 10 to 12
Currants
3 to 4
Gooseberries
3 to 4
5
Blackberries
6 to 7
Grapes
8 to 12
Shingles Required in a Roof
Double the rafters and multiply by length of building. Multiply this by 9 if exposed 4 inches, by 8 if exposed 41/2 inches, and by 7 1/5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather.
One thousand shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet of surface.
Eight hundred shingles, 5 inches to
the weather, will cover 100 square feet.
One thousand shingles require 5 pounds of four-penny nails.
Five to ten per cent. should be al- lowed to these figures to cover waste and shortage.
One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and take 11 pounds of nails.
Two hundred and fifty pickets will make 100 lineal feet of fence.
Nails Required
For 1,000 shingles, 31/2 to 5 pounds 4d., or 3 to 31/2 pounds 3d.
For 1,000 laths about 7 pounds 3d. fine, or 8 pounds 2d. fine. For 1,000 feet clapboards (siding), about 18 pounds 6d. box.
For 1,000 feet covering boards, about 20 pounds 8d. common, or 25 pounds 10d.
Nails-Common
Size
3d 4d
6d
8d 10d
12d
Length
11/
1 12
2
21/2 3 314
No. to 1b.
.500
300
165 90
62 45
Size
16d
20d
30d
40d
50d 60d 6
Length
31/
4
41/2
5
No. to Ib. 35
24
18
13 10 8
Eighteen to twenty-five pounds of nails are required per 1,000 feet of lumber.
Grease a nail and it won't split wood.
256
Raspberries 3 to
1
RURAL DIRECTORY
BUY A Nappanee Silo
It is hardly necessary for us to set forth all the advan- tages of the silo. The rapidity with which silos have come into general use is the strongest evidence that we can put forth as to their value.
The crying need has been for a fertilizer which would build up the soil and yet permit it to re- tain its original physical condition.
THE SILO saves 40 per cent. of the corn crop which. has heretofore gone to waste.
THE SILO helps the farmer to save his hay and grain and sell it, thus turning into cash what he heretofore was obliged to feed.
We are confining ourselves to the manufacture and sale of Wood Silos because we believe, and experi- ments of various agricultural schools will bear us out, that the efficiency of wood is greater and the cost is less.
T Our anchorage system is complete.
T Our splice is one of the best.
T Our lumber consists of Oregon Fir and Long Leaf Yellow Pine.,
T Consider well the double door construction.
" The setf-adjusting spring lug which controls the contraction and the expansion of the Silo is one of our best points.
OSBORN & TUPPER AGENTS
Dealers in Farm Implements 107 West Chicago Street COLDWATER - - MICHIGAN
257
BRANCH COUNTY
FARMERS' BULLETINS Sent Free to Residents of the United States, by Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C., on Application.
NOTE .- Some ammbers omitted are no longer published. Bulletins in this list will be sent free, so long as the supply lasts, to any resident of the United States, on application to his Senator, Representa- tive, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Because of the limited supply, applicants are urged to select only a few numbers, choosing those which are of special interest to them. Residents of foreign countries should apply to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., who has these bulletins for sale. Price, 5 cents each to Canada. Cuba, and Mexico: 6 cents to other foreign countries.
22. The Feeding of Farm Animals.
27. Flax for Seed and Fiber.
28. Weeds: And How to Kill Them.
30. Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast.
34. Meats: Composition and Cooking. 35. Potato Culture.
36. Cotton Seed and Its Products. 44. Commercial Fertilizers.
48. The Mannring of Cotton.
51. Standard Varieties of Chickens.
52. The Sugar Beet.
54. Some Common Birds.
55. The Dairy Herd.
61. Asparagus Culture.
62. Marketing Farm Produce.
64. Ducks and Geese.
77. The Liming of Soils.
81. Corn Culture in the South.
85. Fish as Food.
86. Thirty Poisonous Plants.
88. Alkali Lands.
91. Potato Diseases and Treatment.
99. Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. 101. Millets.
104. Notes on Frost.
106. Breeds of Dairy Cattle.
113. The Apple and How to Grow It.
118. Grape Growing in the Sonth.
121. Beans, Peas, and Other Legumes Food.
126. Snggestions for Farm Buildings.
127. Important Insecticides.
128. Eggs and Their Uses as. Food.
131. Tests for Detection of Oleomargarine. 184 Tree Planting in Rural School Grounds. 137. The Angora Goat.
138. Irrigation in Field and Garden.
139. Emmer: a Grain for the Semi-arid Re- gions.
140. Pineapple Growing.
150. Clearing New Land.
152. Scabies in Cattle.
154. The Home Frnit Garden
156. The Home Vineyard.
157. The Propagation of Plants.
158. How to Build Irrigation Ditches.
164. Rape as a Forage Crop
166. Cheese Making on the Farm. 167. Cassava.
170. Principles of Horse Feeding.
172. Scale Insects and Mites on Trees.
173. Primer of Forestry.
174. Broom Corn.
175. Home Manufacture of Grape Juice.
176. Cranberry Culture.
177. Squab Raising.
178. Insects Injurious in Cranberry Culture. 179. Horseshoeing.
181. Pruning.
182. Poultry as Food.
183. Meat on the Farm.
185. Beautifying the Home Gronnds.
187. Drainage of Farm Lands.
188, Weeds Used in Medicine.
192, Barnyard Mannre.
194. Alfalfa Seed.
195. Annual Flowering Plants.
198. Strawberries.
200. Turkeys.
201. The Cream
Separator on Western
Farms.
203. Canned Fruits, Preserves and Jellies. 204. The Cultivation of Mushrooms.
205. Pig Management.
206. Milk Fever and Its Treatment.
213. Raspberries
218. The School Garden.
220. Tomatoes.
221. Fungous Diseases of the Cranberry.
224. Canadian Field Peas.
228. Forest Planting and Farm Manage- ment.
229. Production of Good Seed Corn.
231. Cucumber and Melon Diseases.
232. Okra: Its Culture and Uses.
234. The Guinea Fowl.
236. Incubation and Incubators.
238. Citrus Fruit Growing in the Gulf States.
239. The Corrosion of Fence Wire.
241. Butter Making on the Farm.
242. An Example of Model Farming.
243. Fungicides and Their Use.
245. Renovation of Worn-ont Soils.
246. Saccharine Sorghums.
as 248. The Lawn.
249. Cereal Breakfast Foods.
250. Wheat Smut and Loose Smut of Oats.
252. Maple Sugar and Syrup.
253. The Germination of Seed Corn.
254. Cncumbers.
255. The Home Vegetable Garden.
256. Preparation of Vegetables
for the
Table.
257. Soil Fertility.
260. Seed of Red Clover and Its Impurities. 263. Information for Beginners in Irrigation. 264. The Brown-Tail Moth.
266. Management of Soils to Conserve Mois- ture.
269. Industrial Alcohol: Uses and Statistics. 270. Modern Conveniences for the Farm
Home.
271. Forage Crop Practices in the North- west.
272. A Successful Hog and Seed-Corn Farm. 274. Flax Culture.
Citrns 275. The Gypsy Moth.
277. Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines. 278. Leguminons Crops for Green Mannring. 279. A Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass. 280. A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm, 282. Celery.
284. Enemies of the Grape East of the Rockies. 286. Cotton Seed and Cotton-Seed Meal. 287. Ponltry Management.
288. Non-saccharine Sorghums.
289. Beans.
291. Evaporation of Apples.
292. Cost of Filling Silos.
293. Use of Fruit as Food.
295. Potatoes and Other Root Crops as Food. 298. Food Value of Corn and Corn Prod- ucts.
258
RURAL DIRECTORY
299. Diversified Farming. 801. Home-Grown Tea. 302. Sea Island Cotton.
303. Corn Harveating Machinery.
304. Growing and Curing Hops. 306. Dodder in Relation to Farm Seeds.
307. Roselle: Its Culture and Uses.
310. A Successful Alabama Diversification 1 Farm.
311. Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads. 312. A Successful Southern Hay Farm. 313. Harvesting and Storing Corn. 318. Cowpeas.
321. The Use of the Split-Log Drag on Roads
322. Milo as a Dry-Land Grain Crop. 324. Sweet Potatoes.
325. Small Farms in the Corn Belt.
326. Building up a Cotton Plantation. 328. Silver Fox Farming.
330. Deer Farming in the United States. 331. Forage Crops for Hogs in Kansas
332. Nnts and Their Uses as Food. 333. Cotton Wilt.
337. New England Dairy Farms. 338. Macadam Roads.
339. Alfalfa.
341. The Basket Willow. .
344. The Boll Weevil Problem.
345. Some Common Disinfectants.
346. The Computation of Rations.
347. The Repair of Farm Equipment. 348. Bacteria in Milk.
349. The Dairy Industry in the South.
350. The Dehorning of Cattle.
351. The Tuberculin Test of Cattle. 354. Onion Culture.
355. A Successful Ponltry and Dairy Farm.
357. Methods of Poultry Management.
358. Primer of Forestry. Part II.
359. Canning Vegetables in the Home.
361. Meadow Fescue: Its Culture and Uses. 362. Conditions Affecting the Value Hay.
of
363. The Use of Milk as Food.
364. A Profitable Cotton Farm.
365. Northern Potato-Growing Sections.
367. Lightning and Lightning Conductors.
368. Bindweed, or Wild Morning-glory.
369. How to Destroy Rats.
370. Replanning a Farm for Profit.
371. Drainage of Irrigated Lands. 372. Soy Beans.
373. Irrigation of Alfalfa.
375. Care of Food in the Home.
377. Harmfulnesa of Headache Mixtures.
378. Methods of Exterminating Texas-fever Tick.
379. Hog Cholera. 380. The Loco-weed Disease.
382. The Adulteration of Forage-plant
Seeds.
383. How to Destroy English Sparrows.
385. Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Clubs.
386. Potato Culture on Farms of the West.
387. Preservative Treatment of Timbers. 389. Bread and Bread Making.
390. Pheasant Raising in the United States. 391. Economical Use of Meat in the Home. 392. Irrigation of Sugar Beets.
393. Habit-forming Agents. 394. Windmills in Irrigation. 395. Sixty-day and Kherson Oats. 396. The Muskrat.
398. Use of Commercial Fertilizers in the Sonth.
399. Irrigation of Grain. 400. Profitable Corn-planting Method.
401. Protection of Orchards from Frosts. 402. Canada Bluegrass; Its Culture and 501. Cotton Improvement.
Uses.
403. Construction of Concrete Fence Posts.
404. Irrigation of Orchards.
406. Soil Conservation.
407. The Potato as a Truck Crop.
408. School Exercises in Plant Production.
409. School Lessons on Corn.
410. Potato Culis as a Source of Alcohol.
411. Feeding Hogs in the South.
413. The Care of Milk and Its Use.
414. Corn Cultivation.
415. Seed Corn.
417. Rice Culture.
420. Oats: Distribution and Uses.
421. Control of Blowing Soils.
422. Demonstration Work on Sonthern
Farms.
423. Forest Nurseries for Schools.
424. Oats: Growing the Crop.
426. Canning Peaches on the Farm.
427. Barley Culture in the Southern States.
428. Testing Farm Seeds.
429. Industrial Alcohol: Manufacture.
431. The Peannt.
432. How a City Family Managed a Farm. 433. Cabbage.
434. Production of Onion Seed and Sets. 436. Winter Oats for the South.
437. A System of Tenant Farming.
438. Hog Houses.
439. Anthrax.
440. Spraying Peaches.
441. Lespedeza, or Japan Clover
442. The Treatment of Bee Diseases.
443. Barley: Growing the Crop.
444. Remedies Against Mosquitoes.
445. Marketing Eggs Through the Creamery.
446. The Choice of Crops for Alkali Land. 447. Bees.
448. Better Grain-Sorghum Crops.
449. Rabies or Hydrophobia.
450. Some Facts About Malaria.
452. Capons and Caponizing.
453. Danger of Spread of Gypsy and Brown- Tail Moths.
454. A Successful New York Farm.
455. Red Clover.
456. Our Grosbeaks and Their Value.
458. The Best Two Sweet Sorghums.
459. House Flies.
460. Frames as a Factor in Truck Growing.
461. The Use of Concrete on the Farm.
462. The Utilization of Logged-Off Land.
463. The Sanitary Privy.
464. The Eradication of Qnack-Grass.
466. Winter Emmer.
467. Chestnut Bark Disease.
468. Forestry in Nature Study. 470. Game Laws.
471. Grape Propagation, Pruning, Training.
472. Farming in Central New Jersey.
474. Paint on the Farm.
475. Ice Honses.
476. Dying Pine in Sonthern States. 477. Sorghum Sirup Mannfacture.
478. Typhoid Fever.
480. Disinfecting Stables.
481. Concrete on tbe Live-Stock Farm.
482. How to Grow Pears.
483. Thornless Prickly Pears.
484. Spotted Fever.
485. Sweet Clover.
487. Cheese in the Diet.
488. Diseases of Cabbage, etc.
489. Two Imported Plant Diseases.
490. Bacteria in Milk.
492. Fungous Enemies of the Apple.
493. English Sparrow Pest.
494. Lawn Soils and Lawns.
495. Alfalfa Seed Production.
496. Raising Hares and Rabbits.
498. Texas-fever Tick.
500. Control of the Boll Weevil.
502. Timothy in the Northwest. 503. Comb Honey.
259
-
BRANCH COUNTY
Troublesome Pests-Buffalo Moth
The carpet beetle (often called the "Buffalo Moth") has proved to be a very annoying and destructive pest throughout the northern part of the United States. It was imported into this country from Europe, about the year 1874, and has spread from the East to the West.
All the year, but more often in sum- mer and fall, an active brown larva about a quarter of an inch in length feeds upon carpets and woolen goods. This larva is decorated with stiff brown hairs, which are longer around the sides and still longer at the ends than on the back. It works in a hidden manner from the under surface of a carpet; sometimes making irregular holes, but more fre- quently following the line of a floor crack and thus cutting long slits in the carpet.
The adult insect is a minute, broad- oval beetle, about three-sixteenths of an inch long, black in color, but is covered with exceedingly minute scales, which give it a marbled black-and-white ap- pearance. It also has a red stripe down the middle of the back, widening into projections at three intervals. When disturbed it "plays 'possum," folding up its legs and antennae and feigning death.
Prof. J. B. Smith says: "The Buffalo Moth lives during the winter under scales of bark, in crevices and wherever else it can find shelter. It is the beetle that lives over, of course, and in the spring it congregates sometimes in great numbers on blossoms, favoring those in gardens, and from them it finds its way into houses nearby. I do not think that I have ever found larvae in houses un- der ordinary circumstances in winter ; but I am quite ready to believe that in places kept uniformly warm at all times, breeding may go on in winter as well as in summer."
We believe that only where carpets are extensively used are the conditions favorable for the great increase of the insect. Carpets when once put down are seldom taken up for a year, and in the meantime the insect develops uninter- ruptedly. Where polished floors and rugs are used, the pest ceases to be a serious one.
The beetles are day-fliers, and when not engaged in egg-laying are attracted to the light. They fly to the windows, and may often be found upon the sills
or panes. Where they can fly out through an open window they do so, and are strongly attracted to the flowers of certain plants, particularly the spiraea. .
Remedies: There is no easy way to keep the carpet beetle in check. When it has once taken possession of a house nothing but the most thorough and long- continued measures will eradicate it. The practice of annual carpet-cleaning, so often carelessly and hurriedly per- formed, is, as we have shown above, peculiarly favorable to the development of the insect. Two carpet-cleanings would be better than one, and if but one, it would be better to undertake it in mid- summer than at any other time of the year.
Where convenience or conservatism demands an adherence to the old house- cleaning custom, however, insist upon extreme thoroughness and a slight varia- tion in the customary methods. The rooms should be attended to one or two at a time. The carpets should be taken up, thoroughly beaten, and sprayed out- of-doors with benzine, and allowed to air for several hours. The rooms them- selves should be thoroughly swept and dusted, the floors washed down with hot water, the cracks carefully cleaned out, and gasoline or benzine poured into the cracks and sprayed under the base- boards. The extreme inflammability of gasoline, and of its vapor when con- fined, should be remembered and fire carefully guarded against.
Where the floors are poorly con- structed and the cracks are wide, it will be a good idea to fill the cracks with plaster of Paris in a liquid state; this will afterward set and lessen the num- ber of harboring places for the insect. Before relaying the carpet, tarred roof- ing paper should be laid upon the floor, at least around the edges, but preferably over the entire surface; and when the carpet is relaid it will be well to tack it down rather lightly, so that it can be occasionally lifted at the edges and ex- amined for the presence of the insect. Later in the season, if such an examina- tion shows the insect to have made its appearance, a good though somewhat la- borious remedy consists in laying a damp cloth smoothly over the suspected spot of the carpet and ironing it with a hot iron. The steam thus generated will pass through the carpet and kill the in- sects immediately beneath it.
260
RURAL DIRECTORY
Office Phone, 146
Res. Phone, 502-J
S. I. TREAT & SON
Highest Cash Prices Paid For Hides, Pelts, Tallow, Raw Furs, Scrap Rubber, Metal, Iron, Rags and Paper Stock
Call us by Phone at our Expense when you have a Dead Animal. We call and get them with no cost to you. Cows and Beef Cattle we pay for.
20-22 S. Hudson St. - Coldwater, Mich.
REGISTERED Short Horn Cattle
Scotch and Scotch Topped Stock for Sale at all times Farmers Bulls at Farmers Prices
Fairfield Victor, 546,020, the good Roan Grandson of Avondale, in service
L. E. ALBRIGHT QUINCY, MICHIGAN
261
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PLANTING TABLE FOR VEGETABLES AND BERRIES
VARIETY
For Horse Cultivation Have Rows
For Hoe or Wheel- Hoe Cultivation Have Rows
Distance Apart in the Row
Depth to Cover
1
Time to Plant in the North. Outdoors (See Foot-note)
ASPARAGUS, Seed ASPARAGUS, Plants
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart 3 ft. apart
3 in. transplant in 1 year 1 in. 2 ft.
5 or 6 in.
Thin to 4 in.
2 in.
BEAN, String BEAN, Lima
21/2 ft. apart
Pole, 4 x 4 ft. apart
2 ft. apart 4 x 3 ft. apart
Thin to 3 plants to a pole 1 in.
Bush, 21/2 x 11/2 ft. apart |2 x 11/2 ft. apart
BEET
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart 6 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in. 2 ft.
1 in.
March-April April. Or in the fall
BLACKBERRY, Plants · CABBAGE and CAULI- FLOWER, Plants
21/2 ft. apart
2 ft. apart
16-24 in.
Early kinds, April; late kinds, June
CARROT CELERY, Plants
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart 2-3 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in. 6 in.
1/2 in.
Early crop, May; late
CORN, Sweet
4 ft. apart
Same
8-12 in.
2 in.
CUCUMBER
5 x 5 or 6x4 ft. apart
Same
Scatter 15 seeds in hill; 1/2 in. thin out later
CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY, Plants . . 5 x 5 ft. apart
April. Or in the fall June 1
EGGPLANT, Plants
21/2 x 21/2 ft. apart
LETTUCE ..
212 ft. apart
MELON, Musk
6 x 4 ft. apart
MELON, Water
8x8 ft. apart
5 x4 ft. apart 2 x 2 ft: apart 11/2-2 ft. apart Same Same
Thin to 6-10 in. Scatter 15 seeds in hill; 1/2 in. thin out later
1/2 in.
May 15-20
BRANCH COUNTY
262
·
8 ft. apart
March-April
3-4 ft. apart
crop, early July First sowing. early May May 15
1/2 in.
March-April
May 15
.
March-April March-April May 10-15 May 20-25
.. 4 ft. apart
PLANTING TABLE FOR VEGETABLES AND BERRIES-Continued
VARIETY
For Horse Cultivation Have Rows
For Hoe or Wheel- Hoe Cultivation Have Rows
Distance Apart in the Row
Depth to Cover
Time to Plant in the North, Outdoors (See Foot-note)
ONION, Seed
21/2 ft. apart
12-15 in. apart
Thin to 4 in.
1/2 in. 1/2 in.
March-April Early April
PARSLEY
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 6 in.
PARSNIP
212 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in.
1/2 in.
March-April June 1
PEPPER, Plants
21/2 ft. apart
2 ft. apart
20 in.
PEAS
3-4 ft. apart
21/2-3 ft. apart
Continuous row 12-18 in.
3-5 in. 4 in.
Early, March-April;
RADISH
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 3 in.
1/2 in.
March-April
RHUBARB, Plants
4 ft. apart
3 ft. apart
3 ft.
2 or 3 in. March-April
RASPBERRY, Plants ..
6 ft. apart
5 ft. apart
Red, 2 ft.
Early spring
SPINACH
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in.
1 in.
March-April (or fall)
SQUASH-PUMPKIN
8 x 8 ft. (Bush Squash Same
1/2 in.
May 15-20
STRAWBERRY Plants .. 4 ft. apart
3 ft. apart
15-20 in.
Have crown April. ( Pot-grownplants in August) level with ground
TOMATO, Plants
14 x 4 ft. apart
4 x 3 ft. apart
May 25-June 1
.
NOTE .- Planting time varies according to season and locality; dates given above are only approximate, and are based on latitude of Pennsylvania; allow about five days difference for each 100 miles north or south of this State. Do not work soil in spring while it is very wet and soggy: wait. Plants set in ascama most is well mulched with strawy manure, leaves, etc., during first winter. Successional sowings of corn, peas, etc., may be made later than the dates given.
263
RURAL DIRECTORY
March-April
POTATO
3 ft. apart
2-21/2 ft. apart
late, May-June
Black, 21/2 ft.
4 x 4)
BRANCH COUNTY
Lime on the Farm
The use of lime on the farm is to four tons per acre will not hurt. growing every year. The farmer Lime not only adds to the abundance and quality of the grass, but also is of value from a sanitary point, helping destroy germs of infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, etc. who uses it finds it pays and uses more; then his neighbor tries it with the same experience. Agri- cultural Experiment Stations have proven its value in records of results over periods of years. All reports agree that the necessity of its presence in the soil is second only to drainage.
Lime may be had in Ohio in several forms: Lump caustic, ground caustic, hydrated, and ground raw limestone. Lump caus- tic should be air-slaked before applying to the soil. Hydrated lime is the caustic lime sufficiently slaked with water to take away much of the undesirable qualities sweet-has a plentiful lime supply. in handling, and in the process it is reduced to a fineness which makes it quickly available to do its work in the soil.
Where lime is lacking in the soil, it is a waste to supply other ferti- lizers or even manure, because the full benefit of their application is only attained when the soil is The more green or stable manure put on, the more fertilizer applied, the greater the need of lime, for the decay of any of these in their change to plant food forms acid and tends to soil acidity.
All legumes thrive in soils well supplied with lime. Legumes such as alfalfa, red clover, soy beans, etc., are plants having power to take nitrogen from the air; and since the bacteria necessary to their growth will not thrive where lime is lacking, lime becomes the indirect means of supplying nitrogen neces- sary to all plants.
Not only legume crops are bene- fited by the application of lime, but corn, oats, wheat, fruit trees, etc. Experiments at Wooster show a net increase for lime of more than $20 per acre in a five-year rotation.
Old pastures should be top- dressed with carbonate of lime, two
Ground limestone, or carbonate of lime, is the raw rock ground or pulverized. In it, fineness is especi- ally desirable.
Limestone quarried or mined in some sections differs in analysis from that of other sections, but the basis of all is calcium carbonate.
All cultivated soil sooner or later needs an application of lime in one or the other of its forms, and the farmer who recognizes this fact and supplies the need will find it profitable. But it is important to remember that lime should never be applied so that it will come into direct contact with manure or nitrogenous fertilizers. Use it at a different time, or in such a way that the two will not mix.
264
*
J. W. KLINEFELTER GENERAL STORE
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