USA > Michigan > Genesee County > History of Genesee County, Michigan, Her People, Industries and Institutions, Volume I > Part 3
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Campbell, George M.
641
Carey, John H.
631
264
Anthony, Ray N. 210
Bonbright, Charles H.
Boomer, Clement H. 404
Brady, Samuel
664
Bradley, Robert 200
Branch, Edmund A.
Hosted by
Aitken, Hon. David D 37
Blackinton, Charles A. 767
Blackmore, Fred E. 593
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Carmichael, Robert 381
Carpenter, William, Jr. 698
Carrier, Adelbert W. 238
Carrier, Arthur G.
367
Doane, Clinton D. 720
Dodge, Perry R. 525
Dolan, Frank 321
Dort, Josiah D. 52
Douglas, Dexter 499
Downer, Menno F. 600
Duff, William
572
Dullam, Frank
770
Dumanois, Charles W. 146
Dunton, Lucius A.
712
Durant, William C. 33
Dye, Marion
399
Dynes, John L.
418
E
Eames, Charles H.
682
Eaton, William F. 510
Eckles, Charles M. 289
Eckley, Earl
295
Eddy, George H. 311
Edson, Ara G.
303
Eggleston, Jasper
206
Eggleston, Lyman
206
Elwood, Ernest T.
635
Embury, Philip O.
292
Enders, Harry H.
714
Ennis, James
826
Ensign, Ebern E.
736
Erwin, William J.
226
F
Fairbank, Hon. Merton
W
451
Fairchild, Alfred
598
Farmers Exchange Bank of Grand
Blanc
583
Fenton, Joseph B.
192
Fleming, Eugene
812
Fletcher, Albert
655
Fowler, William S.
427
Frappier, Era M., Sr.
701
Frawley, William M.
853
Freeman, Arthur M.
5.52
Freeman, Horace B.
149
French, James B.
422
Hosted by
D
Dake, Cash H.
819
Dake, Nelson G. 457
Daly, Martin
331
Dauner, Anthony J.
753
Davie, William H.
461
Davis, J. Frank
851
Davis, Walter S., V. S. 276
Davison, Matthew
80
Davison, Robert C.
305
DeLand, Albert M.
329
Delbridge, Grant
298
Dibble, Joel 680
Dickinson, Guy V. 564
Dieck, Ernest W. 377
Carton, Hon. John J.
216
Cartwright, Hon. John F.
112
Chambers, Charles
592
Chapin, F. A. 528
Chase, George W. 834
Chase, John
175
Chase, Robert J. 435
Childs, Archie B.
781
Chisholm, Mrs. Jane 537
Chrysler, Walter P.
152
Cimmer, Arthur
W.
702
Clark, Cranson
808
247
Clark, John
508
Clarke, Charles 708
Clifford, Rev. Howard J. 136
Cody, Alvin N.
86
Coggins, George M.
690
Cole, Ira W.
670
Cole, James P.
347
Coles, John J.
398
Colwell, John B.
839
Comerford, Rev. Michael J.
121
Cook, Henry, M. D.
335
Cook, Wilford P.
728
Coon, George H.
752
Covert, Alonzo J.
448
Cox, Charles E.
785
Crapser, Hon. Bert F. 371
Crego, Aaron B.
773
Crossman, Merritt A.
198
Curtis, S. E.
576
Clark, J. R.
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Frisbie, Marshall M. 103
Frost, Joe 392
Frutchey, Herbert 364
Fuller, Lewis B. 518
G
Galbraith, Arthur E. 421
Gale, Adrian P. 587
Gale, Perry W. 599
Gale, Will A. 638
Gallaway, Frank A.
844
Gaylord, George M.
677
George, Victor E.
172
Hiscock, Alfred V. 841
Hitchcock, Frank C. 280
Hitchcock, Frederick H. 705
Hobart, Joseph 652
Gillett, Leslie D.
357
Gillett, Ralph C.
447
Gillett, Ralph N.
633
Gillett, William H.
495
Gillies, Andrew H.
544
Glerum, Frank F.
743
Goldstine, William H. 786
Good, Elias F. 436
Goodes, William 756
Goodrich, Mrs. Emily 400
Goodrich, William P. 603
Goss, Rev. Joel B.
816
Graff, Otto P.
75
Graham, Hugh W., M. D.
805
Grant, William 817
Green, Frank A.
763
Green, Patrick J.
533
Green, Warren O. 646
Greenfield, James M.
408
H
Haas, Herbert 159
Hackney, George W. 790
Halliwill, Milo B. 665
Hardy, Fred 821
Harris, Myron 676
Hart, Robert O. 813
Haskell, Frank H. 126
Haskell, Frank P. 342
Hathaway, Orlando K. 504
Hawley, Berton J. 430
Henderson, Thomas J. 764
Herman, William G. 478
Herrick, Edwin 827
Hetchler, Clarence 750
Hibbard, Otis G. 202
Hill, Frank H. 269
Hill, George W. 328
Hill, Harry C. 302
Hill, Israel
480
Hill, Philip P. 488
Hiller, James P. 501
Hills, Harley L. 777
Hinkley, D. Eugene
742
Hinkley, Warren J 164
Gibson, Stanford S.
732
Gifford, Lewis
643
Gilbert, Horace W. 188
Gilbert, Ira N.
687
Holden, Claude
285
Holser, Frank 316
Horrigan, John 568
Horton, William H. 232
Hosie, William A. 182
Houghton, Fred M. 524
Houghton, Hon. George E. 362
Houton, John H., M. D. 236
Hovey, Fred 672
Howe, William H. 512
Howes, Seth W. 369
Huggins, George
843
Hughes, Herman
92
Hughes, John 469
Hughes, Peter 405
Hunt, George S. 471
Hurd, John W. 560
Hynes, William P.
403
Hynes, William T.
141
J
Jameson, Charles S. 717
Jennings, Byron S. 531
Jennings, John H. 304
Jennings, Leroy M. 492
Johnson, Abner M. 415
Johnson, Earl F. 40
Johnson, Walter L. 828
Johnston, Daniel J. 306
Johnston, John M. 570
Jones, Frank E.
156
Jones, James A. 118
Hosted by
BIOGRAPIIICAL INDEX.
Jones, James J.
453
Judson, Fred 550
Judson, George 793
K
Kahl, Bismark
463
Kahl, Henry H. 299
Keddy, Wilbert H. 320
Kellar, George C.
558
Kendrick, Augustus C.
788
Kerr, Henry H.
835
Knapp, Fred W.
262
Knickerbocker, Walter D.
260
Knight, A. B.
829
Knight, Morris A.
115
Kountz, John E.
390
Kurtz, Daniel
656
Kurtz, J. J., M. D.
189
L
Lahring, William H 234
Laing, Paul L. 151
Lake, William A.
199
Lauderbaugh, William 748
Leach, Clarence E.
601
Leach, Frank B.
645
Leach, William J. 668
Leal, Charles H.
729
Lefurgey, Marshall C. 466
Leland, Fred D.
557
Leonard, Charles E. 765
Lillie, Charles E.
228
Linabury, Edwin B.
101
Lobban, Alexander
520
Long, John H. 43
Love, George E.
845
Lowell, Fred H.
186
Luby, Rev. Thomas F. 441
Luce, Charles C.
277
Luce, Clarence
282
Luce, Ira D.
818
Mc
McAllister, William T. 391
McBride, Homer J. 83
McCandlish, John 578
McCandlish, John E. 590
McCandlish, Stephen D.
615
McCann, Fred W. 607
McCaughna, Daniel 571
McCloud, William H. 117
McCreery, Fenton R.
104
McDonald, A. E. 663
McKeighan, William H. 144
Mckeon, Paul B. 823
McKinley, George E. 168
Mc Vannel, George H.
758
M
MacNeal, George
846
Macomber, John R. 464
Macomber, Elmore J. 345
Macpherson, Herbert A.
287
Martin, Horace P.
746
Martin, Thomas 413
Mason, Henry G.
723
Mathews, Charles F. 744
Maxwell, Thomas R.
776
Mears, Thomas 792
Millard, Orson, M. D. 42
Miller, Charles H. 353
Miller, John A.
251
Miller, Wilbert L. 379
Minto, Charles W. 286
Misner, James W.
201
Mitchell, George A.
344
Monroe, William N.
595
Montgomery, S. C.
407
Moon, Charles 837
Moore, Edward C. 322
Moran, Coleman P. 824
Morris, Charles S. 315
Morrish, Oscar W. 245
Morrish, Samuel 393
Morrish, Wilbert E.
250
Morrison, Walter
235
Moss, Charles T.
649
Mott, Charles S.
208
Mountain, William 248
Mundy, Charles E. 780
Mundy, George E. 283
Mundy, Thomas
332
Murphy, John J. 738
Murphy, Nicholas, Jr. 619
Murphy, Rev. Timothy J.
48
Myers, Hon. George C.
456
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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
N
Newcombe, Delos E. 243
Niles, Frank A. 783
Nimphie, Henry G. 796
Nimphie, John 431
O
O'Hare, Peter F. 485
Oliff, Thomas
589
Olk, Joseph P. 852
Ottaway, Fred R.
308
P
Packard, George, Sr. 529
Page, Thomas 333
Paine, Mrs. Ruey Ann 516
Parker, G. Russell
739
Parker, Col. James S.
160
Parker, Ward H.
849
Parsons, Edward D. 323
Partridge, Elvah V. 310
Partridge, Fred W. 822
Partridge, Thomas D. 575
Paterson, William A.
138
Patterson, Frank 158
Pengelly, Rev. John B., A. M., D. B. 326
Penoyer, Elmer H. 662
Perkins, Frank D.
636
Perry, Frank M.
685
Perry, George E. 730
Peterson, Ole
548
Phillips, Andrew J. 725
Phillips, Clifford J. 722
Phillips, Elmer N.
358
Phipps, L. E. 803
Pierce, Franklin H. 128
Pierce, John L.
832
Pierson, Harry C. 368
Pierson, Herman H.
215
Post, Earl G.
706
Pound, Sylvester J.
487
Price, James E. 439
Prosser, Arthur 406
Prosser, Hon. Hal H. 546
Prowant, David 420
Putnam, George F.
384
Putnam, William J. 254
Q
Quick, John F.
187
R
Raab, Arthur E. 133
Rankin, Francis H. 472
Ransom, Albert E. 804
Ransom, John P.
178
Ransom, Mark B. 563
Ransom, Randolph H. 173
Raubinger, Philip A. 624
Reed, Rev. Seth, D. D. 424
Reese, Andrew
704
Reese, Loron A. 688
Reynolds, Arthur J., M. D. 148
Richmond, Lemuel
311
Riker, Aral A. 176
Riley, John W. 360
Ripley, Warren G. 296
Robb, George W. 574
Roberts, Clinton 256
Rockafellow, Emrie W. 579
Rogers, Frank G. 268
Rogers, James 291
Rogers, Warren A. 257
Rolland, Charles E. 718
Root, Earl B. 850
Root, William 494
Roska, Albert F. 446
Russell, John B.
491
Russell, John H. 428
Russell, Mrs. Mary 482
S
Sanford, Mrs. Jennie E. W. 460
Sargent, William H. 514
Sawyer, Frank J. 583
Sayre, Frank P.
455
Sayre, Ira T. 318
Schmier, Edward A.
745
Schram, J. Fred 395
Seeley, E. A. 213
Seelye, Nathan A. 612
Selleck, Charles B. 658
Selleck, Robert W. 272
Shanahan, James 522
Shaw, William H. 388
Shuman, Gustav F.
190
Siegel, Charles B.
237
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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Simmons, George L.
800
Skinner, Bert
221
Topham, John L. 526
Skinner, J. D.
225
Skinner, Jeptha
231
Trumble, Abram M.
365
Turner, John
768
Sleeman, John J.
U
Upton, Charles O.
476
Sluyter, Dr. Elden R.
132
Smith, Darwin P.
355
Smith, Matthew B., M. D.
716
V
Smith, Philip
608
Van Buskirk, J. M.
166
Van De Walker, Edward C.
468
Van Fleet, Jared 761
Smithson, Thomas W.
135
Soper, O. Eugene
567
Sparks,. T. Albert
700
Spenser, James L.
693
Sprague, Wesson G.
621
Stafford, Charles M.
374
Stehle, George F.
679
Vincent, William
536
Volz, Jacob
541
W
Stewart, Capt. Damon
Stewart, Herbert A.
628
Stewart, Samuel S.
60
Stewart, William C.
111
222
Warner, Charles K.
396
Watson, Harry W. 123
Webber, George A.
754
Stine, Martin C.
605
Stoddard, Claude M.
791
Stoddard, Frederick E. 854
Streeter, Chancy N.
660
Sutherland, L. C.
218
Whitman, Grant W.
737
Whitmore, Francis
301
Wildman, Frank P.
373
Williams, Glenn
855
Wirth, John F.
437
Wisner, Leslie 838
Wolcott, Robert H. 622
Wood, Edwin O., LL. D. 56
Wood, John H.
534
Wood, William N. 352
Woolfitt, Burtis E. 340
Woolfitt, William E.
266
Wright, William T.
666
Y
York, Jerry F.
609
Youells, Harry P.
432
Hosted by
96
Wheeler, Elmer G.
795
Wheelock, Dr. Amos S.
596
Whitehead, James B. 549
Sutton, Charles E. 617
Swart, Edgar J.
483
Swayze, Judge Colonel O.
77
Sweers, Milo
625
Taylor, Charles E.
100
Taylor, George E. 244
Taylor, George E. 848
Taylor, J. Herman
506
Thomas, Clarence
253
Thompson, James A. 288
Thomson, Col. Edward H. 94
Thomson, Mrs. Sarah T.
95
Thompson, Edmund M.
782
Tice, George W.
336
Tinker, William
271
Wadley, Will N.
820
Walker, Hon. Levi 195
Walker, William T. 125
Stiles, Dennis R.
312
Stiles, E. B.
Stiles, W. B.
416
Vernon, Patrick E.
142
Vickery, Levant A.
120
Steindam, August C.
239
Stemmetz, Frank J., Jr.
703
88
Smith, Samuel F
227
Smith, William V.
240
Van Slyke, Frank M. 211
Van Slyke, Martin B.
205
Van Vleet, John C. 640
Veit, Jacob 348
Utley, Frank H.
294
Slattery, Patrick
474
224
Slocum, A. C.
338
Todd, Fred 376
Topping, Charles M. 692
Whaley, Robert J.
HISTORICAL
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
The first white men to venture into the region of the Great Lakes were the French, who, early in the seventeenth century, extended their discoveries from the regions lying around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, inland along the great valley of the St. Lawrence river. As early as 1615, Champlain, in company with the Franciscan friar, Joseph le Caron, and other Frenchmen, discovered the Georgian bay of Lake Huron. Samuel de Champlain, born in 1570 at Brouage on the bay of Biscay, a poor boy, the son of a fisherman, had received his early education from the parish priest. From these influ- ences he had come to young manhood with a hunger for knowledge, a love for the sea, and devotion to his Catholic friends and to his sovereign. Before coming to Canada he had served in the French army and navy and conducted a successful exploring expedition to the West Indies. When, in 1603, merchants of Rouen, France, formed a great colonizing and fur- trading company to the New World, the command of the expedition was given to the experienced and energetic Champlain.
In 1608 Champlain founded Quebec, and in the following year dis- covered the beautiful lake which bears his name. Unfortunately in that year he won, through the superiority of European methods of warfare, a great victory over one of the tribes of the powerful Iroquois, which, gain- ing for all the French explorers and settlers to come after him the unre- lenting hostility of these tribes through a period of a hundred and fifty years, must be counted as one of the principal causes of the failure of France in America. In 1611 Champlain established a trading post on the site of Montreal, and in 1612 he went to France. On his return to the St. Lawrence he displayed his zeal for the faith, bringing with him four
(3)
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GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
Recollect friars, of the order of St. Francis, who might bear the knowledge of the Cross to the benighted savages of the western wilderness.
In 1615 Champlain, accompanied by an interpreter, Etienne Brule, one other Frenchman and ten Indians, made an expedition to the Huron region of Lake Manatouline. In two canoes the group ascended the Ottawa river, crossed the portage to Lake Nipissing, and thence paddled their way down the French river to the waters of Georgian bay, along whose eastern shore they coasted for a hundred miles, landing finally at Thunder bay. It was only a little distance from there that they found Le Caron, one of Champlain's four Franciscan friends, who, on August 12, 1615, surrounded by hordes of wondering savages at the Indian village of Carhagouha, had the honor of saying the first mass celebrated in this portion of the New World.
Champlain exercised his noble influence as governor of New France for a quarter of a century, until his death at Quebec in 1635. The historian Dionne, in his "Samuel Champlain," pays the following tribute to the mem- ory of "The Father of New France":
"In his conduct, as in his writings, Champlain was always a truly Christian man, zealous in the service of God and actuated by a child-like piety. He was wont to say, as we read in his 'Memoirs,' that 'the salvation of a single soul is worth more than the conquest of an empire, and that kings should never extend their dominion over idolatrous countries except to subject them to Jesus Christ'."
The Rev. T. J. Campbell, S. J., from whose "Pioneer Laymen of North America" the above translation is quoted, says in the same volume, in substance :
"One scarcely knows what to admire most in the multitude of splendid qualities which gave him such a distinctive place among the world's heroes. There was, for example, his amazing courage; nor was he an explorer or a discoverer of the ordinary kind. He went among the people, lived with them, shared in their filthy meals with as much grace and dignity as if he were at the table of Richelieu, adjusting their difficulties, settling their dis- putes, remonstrating with them for their barbarous practices and always endeavoring to instill into their hearts some idea of God, of religion and morality. The purity of his morals was marvelous. His country, its great- ness and its glory, were ever in his mind. His amazing serenity of soul in the midst of multiplied disasters was almost preternatural. He is the real- ization of the old Roman poet's dream of
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'The upright man, intent upon his resolve, Were all the world to crash about his head, Would stand amid its ruin undismayed.'
He was more than that. He was what he insisted even a captain on the high seas should always be to his crew : a man of God."
Lanman, in his "History of Michigan," says: "With a mind warmed into enthusiasm by the vast domain of wilderness which was stretched around him, and the glorious visions of future grandeur which its resources opened, a man of extraordinary hardihood and the clearest judgment, a brave officer and a scientific seaman, his keen forecast discerned, in the magnificent prospect of the country which he occupied, the elements of a mighty empire, of which he had hoped to be the founder. With a stout heart and ardent zeal, he had entered upon the prospect of civilization; he had disseminated valuable knowledge of its resources by his explorations, and had cut the way through hordes for the subsequent successful progress of the French toward the lakes."
THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT.
It is a noteworthy fact that in the history of the advance of civilization towards the Great Lakes, the spirit of the missionary went before the spirit of the colonizer. That spirit was introduced into these wilds when, in 1615, Champlain arrived at Quebec with four members of the Franciscan order-Denis Jamet, Jean Dolbeau, Joseph le Caron and Pacifique du Plessis. These men were the first pioneers in that great and noble undertaking, so laboriously and persistently carried on, of bringing to the savage peoples of New France the light of the Gospel.
The Franciscan order was founded in the thirteenth century by St. Francis of Assisi. The four members who came with Champlain belonged to the Recollets, a reformed branch of the Franciscans. In 1618 Pope Paul IV gave into the hands of the Recollets entire charge of the mission work in New France. Many of these noble sons lived and died in Christian service among the native red men. Their headquarters were at Quebec, where a convent was built. Of the first four, Joseph le Caron was appointed to labor among the Hurons along the upper Ottawa river. At Montreal he studied the Indian languages and by the time Champlain was ready to make his expedition to the Hurons, Le Caron was ready to go with him. This was typical of these early exploring and trading expeditions. Explorer,
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trader, soldier and priest went hand in hand. Wherever waved the golden lilies of France, there the Cross was planted. The rude bark chapel took its place with the stockade and the trading house. Not infrequently the awe-inspiring ceremonies of the church preceded the pomp and pageantry of the military, so characteristic of the old regime in the forests of Canada. While the adventurous soldiers of New France dreamed of the "Great South Sea," to be reached by an inland waterway they should find, and in imagina- tion saw the lilies of France waving dominion for the "Great King" over vast regions yet to be discovered, the soldiers of the Cross had a vision of that glorious time when the Indian nations of the "forest continent" should be gathered to the bosom of the Christian church.
It was needful, however, that a more powerful order than the Recollets should aid in carrying forward this pioneer work of the church to the region of the Great Lakes. This task fell to the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus, a powerful and aggressive order founded in the 13th century by the great Ignatius Loyola, a soldier, who gave from his rich and varied experience as a military leader those qualities to his order which made it the most successful agency that ever worked among the almost insurmountable obstacles of Christian missions to savage peoples. A few Jesuits came to Canada as early as 1611, but not until 1625 did the work of this order there really begin. In that year there came to Canada, among others, Fathers Charles Lalement, Jean de Brébeuf and Enemond Massé, who were the first great pioneers of the Jesuit order in America. Brebeuf, the story of whose martyrdom for a great cause thrills us even at this far reach of time, worked among the Hurons of the Georgian bay where Le Caron had labored before him. Within a few years of their arrival in Canada, the Jesuits were officially chosen as spiritual managers, under the patronage of the powerful Cardinal Richelieu, of that colony the destinies of which Champlain controlled as governor until his death in 1635.
The year before Champlain died he sent out Jean Nicolet, a friend of the Jesuits, a master of the Algonquin dialects, and a man of great tact and influence with the Indians, to discover and explore the great waterway sup- posed to empty into the "Great South Sea," which should open a way to trading operations with China or Cathay. In that year Jean Nicolet, in a canoe paddled by Indian escorts, passed through the straits of Mackinac, probably the first white man to set foot upon the shores of what is now Michigan. A memorial tablet, affixed to the rocks of Mackinac island, was recently unveiled, marking the site of Nicolet Watch Tower, and inscribed,
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GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
"In honor of John Nicolet, who in 1634 passed through the straits of Mack- inac in a birch bark canoe and was the first white man to enter Michigan and the Old Northwest." The character and qualities of this early pioneer of the Great Lakes are worthily set forth in words used on that occasion by a gifted scholar of our own time, the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Frank A. O'Brien, LL. D., president of the Michigan Historical Commission in 1915, who said of him: "Nature had endowed Nicolet with wondrous gifts. Grace had supernaturalized his ambition into a burning fidelity to God and country. Others were blessed with great loyalty; others enjoyed a greater rank; but none possessed a nobler nature, a stronger arm, or a more devoted heart. He had the soldier's aspirations, without the soldier's love of greed. He had the love of victory, without the love of honors which it gave. He yearned for something great, yet he felt that the Old World would give him little to do. France had not been able to call his greatness into action. He sought other fields to increase his country's glory by discovery. He sought to spread God's kingdom. Under the banner of the Cross he went forward. He led his chosen bands through wilds unknown. He was as swift as lightning to resolve and as firm as a rock in execution. Where others hesitated, he quailed not. He was majestic, animated, resistless and persistent. He did better than he knew."
The earliest recorded visit to the shores of Michigan after Nicolet, was made in 1641 by two Jesuit missionaries, Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues, who in that year reached and named the Sault de Ste. Marie, and there preached the Gospel to two thousand hospitable Ojibways. Father Raymbault died shortly afterward, a victim of consumption brought on by exposures. Father Jogues, a short time after Raymbault's death, attempt- ing to return to the Sault, was captured by a marauding band of Mohawks, the beginning of that remarkable series of captivities and persecutions which ended in his being burned at the stake.
In 1660 Father René Ménard, another Jesuit missionary, was the first white man to coast along the northern shore of the Upper Peninsula, explor- ing the mysteries of Gitchi Gomee, the "Shining Big Sea Water." He said, "I trust in that Providence which feeds the little birds of the air and clothes the wild flowers of the desert," and in this simple faith of a little child he tried to found a mission among the Indians on Chaquamegon bay. In the following year, while on a mission of mercy, he became lost in the forest and perished.
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GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
FIRST MAP OF MICHIGAN.
The first map of any part of Michigan was one made of the Lake Superior region, and the northernmost parts of the Lakes Huron and Mich- igan, a few years later, by the Jesuit Fathers Allouez and Marquette. Father Claude Allouez came there in 1666, naming the great northern lake "Lac Tracy ou Superieur," in honor of the viceroy of Canada-a name which it bears on his map. This map was remarkably accurate for this early day. "When it is considered," says a well known report of the region, "that these men were not engineers, and that to note the geographical features of the country formed no part of their requirements, this map may, for that age, be regarded as a remarkable production; although, occasionally, points are laid down half a degree from their true position. The whole coast, sixteen hundred miles in extent, as well as the islands, were explored."
The first accounts of copper in upper Michigan we have, are from the pen of Allouez. He writes: "It frequently happens that pieces of copper are found, weighing from ten to twenty pounds. I have seen several such pieces in the hands of the savages; and, since they are very superstitious, they regard them as divinities, or as presents given to them to promote their happiness, by the gods who dwell beneath the water. For this reason, they preserve these pieces of copper, wrapped up with their most precious articles. In some families they have been kept for more than fifty years; in others they have descended from time out of mind, being cherished as domestic gods."
Our first description of the great copper mass now in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, is also from Allouez. "For some time," he says, "there was seen near the shore a large rock of copper, with its top rising above the water, which gave opportunities to those passing by to cut pieces from it; but when I passed that vicinity it had disappeared. I believe that the gales, which are frequent, like those of the sea, had covered it with sand. One savage tried to persuade me that it was a divinity, who had disap- peared, but for what cause he was unwilling to tell."
The oldest settlement in Michigan is undoubtedly Sault Ste. Marie. Fathers Jogues, Raymbault, Ménard and Allouez had tarried there; its actual permanent occupation by white men began as early as 1668, with the arrival of Fathers Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette, who founded there the first permanent mission in Michigan.
Formal possession of Michigan, and of all the Great Lakes region, in
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