USA > Michigan > St Clair County > History of St. Clair County, Michigan, containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources, its war record, biographical sketches, the whole preceded by a history of Michigan > Part 17
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141
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
workshops of the artisan are thronged; a common school system, increasing in value and influ- ence with each succeeding year, has been established, and children of the rich and poor press forward, eager to participate in the benefits thereby afforded. Churches have been built, and a Christian ministry ordained for a cultivation of a religious life, the promotion of piety, the inculcation of morality and virtue. The press, the Archimedean lever which moves the world, sends forth floods of light, to illuminate the land and benefit the sons of men. Railroads are completed to facilitate the acquisition of independence; the electric telegraph and the telephone shorten the intervals of space at the behest of mankind. As these pages are read, bright memories will blossom out of the shadowy past, glorifying and beautifying its dimness. Many here- in mentioned have long since gone, like visions of the beautiful, to be seen no more. Many yet remain who have almost reached the Biblical limits of human life, and are waiting to say: " Now let thy servant depart in peace," leaving as a heritage to their descendants in long years hence, the ripe and perfect glory of a domain of which they laid the foundations, while a large num- ber of those who participated in the foundation of the county, sleep after their labors, and their works do follow them, an equally large number remain who have survived the rush of matter and wreck of worlds, and contemplate the scene as a Rock of Ages cleft for the good and faithful servant.
142
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
St. Clair presents one vast, slightly undulating field of marsh prairie, openings and timber lands, covered with an infinite variety of grass, herbs, shrubs and plants. It is ornamented with the most luxurious and beautiful flowers, and watered with innumerable flowing streams, seeking the level of Huron and St. Clair Lakes, or uniting to make the Black River a common channel through which to pour their waters into the St. Clair. Perhaps the eye of man bas never rested on a spot of earth, which, for beauty, fertility, health and convenience, is better calculated to meet his wants and supply his necessities since shut out from the primeval garden. Moderate climate, exhilarating atmosphere and water of unequaled purity have given to this county the growth and prosperity which have, with few revulsions or even checks, marked its progress from its first settlement. Each successive year contributes to develop the advan- tages enjoyed in this county, and at no time have the inducements to the agriculturist, the mechanic and the capitalist been greater to establish themselves here than the present. This county does not present as great a variety of soil as many other sections of country, about all portions, even to the black mold prairie, partaking largely of argillaceous properties; yet all the varieties, of the grains, grasses, roots and fruits common to northern latitudes are produced in abundance when judiciously cultivated. No doubt there are districts which can produce greater crops of some of the grains, and with less labor; but here, pure air and wholesome water, so necessary to health of body and mind, give vigor, elasticity and hardihood to the entire constitu- tion, and a zest to industry; so that without over-tasking the natural powers with excessive toil, the amount of exercise necessary to the development and health of the physical and moral powers, wisely and justly directed, are sufficient to supply all the necessities of life, many of its. luxuries, and make constant improvements in its conveniences. Since the period of the cholera, sickness has been almost a stranger here. Up to the present time, this place has never been visited with any general sickness. Disease and death have followed the transgres- sion of the natural and Divine laws here as in other places, but the inhabitants are abundantly warranted in their fixed belief that this is a very highly favored part of the world as regards health.
Vast fields of wheat, corn, oats and barley, bowed with the weight of substantial wealth, wave their rich treasures where so lately wild flowers bloomed alone. The howling of wolves and savage yells of the Indian no longer rend the air and chill the blood with sensations of horror. The wigwam and its inmates, with all the associations of rude and savage life, have disappeared, as the tide of civilization, like a prairie fire, has swept over the country. Wild plums, apples and cherries, like the wild men who plucked them, have given place to those which are more refined and highly cultivated. Many thousands of apple-trees of choice vari- eties have been planted. Encouraged by the luxurious growth and abundant productiveness of those which were early cultivated, agriculturists are now beautifying and enriching their farms with the best varieties of apple, pear, plum and cherry trees. While the citizens of this county have manifested so much zeal and energy in the cultivation of their farms, they have not neg- lected the moral and intellectual field, but have exhibited their high sense and active appre- ciation of the cultivation of the youthful mind in common and denominational schools, by the erection of schoolhouses in the various districts, most of which are convenient and elegant, while a few yet remain of the rude edifices, hastily thrown up to serve a temporary purpose. The schools of this county, in common with the best schools of the State, are of a superior kind. They are organized on the graded system, and have all the advantages accorded to schools in large cities. In these schools, the young are prepared for college, business life, or fitted for teaching. The rough cradle of learning, which many of the most distinguished men recall to memory, seldom reared its rugged exterior in this county. The citizens,
143
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
appreciating the importance of good schools, spare no pains or expense to furnish the best facilities and a superior corps of teachers, consequently they are most efficient and thorough in their workings. It has already been said that the present improvements in this county were but the developments of an insignificant fraction of its capacity. Every new facility for communication or transportation between this and the Atlantic States and the Northwest adds to the value of the products of this county, increases the agricultural interests and advances the market value of the soil. Progress is visible on every side; great schemes for improvement are being fostered; but that progress which will draw forth the full resources of St. Clair, belongs to another age, to the twentieth century.
St. Clair County occupies a position approximating the center of the continent of North America. The geographical center of the continent is not far from the Lake of the Woods, which is 560 miles in a straight line from the center of Michigan and 260 miles from its western extremity. The center of the State is marked by the position of Carp Lake, Leelenaw County, which is 670 miles, in a straight line, from New York, the nearest point on the Atlantic seaboard. The State is limited by natural boundaries on all sides, except the south. Politically, it has 708.5 miles conterminous with the Dominion of Canada; 55.5 conterminous with Minnesota; 571 miles conterminous with Wisconsin; 58 miles bordering on Illinois; 129.2 miles on Indiana, and 92.8 miles on Ohio, making a total length of boundary line amounting to 1,615 miles.
The land area of the State consists of two natural divisions, known as the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, to which are attached the contiguous islands. The Upper Peninsula is bounded by portions of the Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron, the River St. Mary and the State of Wisconsin. The Lower Peninsula is embraced by Lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie, and the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, and is bounded on the south by the States of Ohio and Indiana. The main land of the State is embraced between the parrallels 412.692 and 47°.478 north latitude, and the meridians of 822.407 and 90°.536 of longitude, west from Greenwich. The most northerly point is the north side of Keweenaw Point, five miles west of the light-house at Copper Harbor; and the most southerly is the northwest corner of Ohio. The most easterly point is at Port Huron, near the outlet of Lake Huron; and the most westerly is at the mouth of the Montreal River. The most northern territory belonging to the State is Gull Islet, of the extremity of Isle Royale, which attains the latitude of 48° 2.11.
The following table exhibits the difference of time between Detroit and some important points in the State :
TABLE OF LOCAL TIME.
LOCALITIES.
TIME SLOWER THAN DE-
LOCALITIES.
SLOWER THAN DE- TROIT TIME
TROIT TIME
M. SEC.
M. SEC.
Port Huron
.(Faster): 2 30.57
Battle Creek
8 34.99
Pontiac ..
(Slower)
0 59.85
Kalamazoo
10 13.13
Monroe. .
1 07.97
Traverse City
10 18.00
Ypsilanti
2 18.89
Grand Rapids
10 20.39
Flint .
2 34.35
Allegan.
11 20.94
Ann Arbor Observatory .
2 45.35
Grand Haven
12 47.90
East Saginaw
3 33.34
Niles, Trinity Church
12 52.93
Adrian .
3 48.62
Muskegon
12 53.91
Owosso.
5 03.91
Manistee
13 05.29
Hillsdale
05.55
Escanaba
16 00.19
Jackson
5 22.54
Marquette, Light House
17 18.65
Lansing
5 53.30
Menominee
18 12.16
Mackinaw
6 16.01
Houghton
21 04.18
Marshall
7 35.05
Ontonagon ..
25 04.42
Coldwater
7 56.64
Mouth Montreal River
29 59.15
TIME
The county is bounded on the east by Lake Huron and St. Clair River ; south by Lake St. Clair and Macomb County ; west, by Lapeer and Macomb Counties, and north by Sanilac County.
144
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
It is to be deeply regretted that the great wealth and beauty of innumerable Indian names was not more largely drawn upon in the titling of towns, villages and hamlets. It would have been a just and fitting, albeit a small recompense, to have perpetuated the memory of the original inhabitants.
The following table exhibits the latitudes and longitudes of the principal points of the State :
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS.
STATIONS.
LATITUDE.
LONGITUDE.
Detroit, St. Paul's Church
42° 19' 45.85"
83° 02' 22.73"
Detroit, Congregational Church
42 19 45.64
83 02 29.07
Detroit, intersection of Fort and Griswold streets
42 19 49.85
83 02 20.63
Fort Gratiot, Light House.
43 00 21.86
82 24 43.96
Point Aux Barques, Light House
44 01 23.35
82 47 09.87
Saginaw, Light House.
43 38 37.84
83
50 54.46
Tawas, Light House
44 15 35.44
83
26 14.57
Mouth of Thunder Bay River
45 03 38.90 45
83
25 32.63
Detour, Light House.
57 20.11
83
54 21.71
Fort Holmes, Mackinac Island
45
51 27.81
84
36 24.48
Waugoshance, Light House ...
45
47
13.38
85
04 56.83
Northeast corner Big Beaver Island
45
12.67
85
29 38.00
Sand Point, Escanaba
45
44 35.04
87
02 25.65
Menominee ..
45
05
19.31
87
35 25.20
Grand Haven, Court House
43
03
47.25
Grand Haven, Lake Survey Station
43
03 50.14
86 14 21.30
Marquette, Light House ..
46
32 55.
87 22 12.4)
Vulcan, near Copper Harbor
47
26
44.25
42
16
48.30 83
47.
86
44 53.55
Niles, Steeple of Trinity Church.
41
49 46.10
86
15 36.60
Monroe, Light House.
41
53 26.77
83
19 22.29
Adrian
41 41 54 26. 55 19.
84
33 46.
Coldwater.
41
53 30.
85
01 32.
White Pigeon
41
44 59.
85
39 42.
Ypsilanti.
42
14 12.
83
37 06. 23 01. 56 09.
Kalamazoo
42
17 39.
88 35 58.
Allegan
42 31 49.
85 52 37.
Lansing
42 43 53.
84
30 42.
Pontiac ..
42
83
17 21.
Owosso
43
84
18 21.
Grand Rapids
42
57 59.
85
39 59.
Muskegon.
43
13 54.
86
15 51.
Flint ..
43 01 01.
83 40 58.
Tuscola
43 19 31.
83
39 20.
East Saginaw
43 26 25.
83
55 43.
Manistee
44 13 41.
86
18 42.
Traverse City, East End, Hannah, Say & Co.'s Pier.
44 45 59.74
85
36 53.11
Ontonagon, Light House .
46 52 18.35
89
18 29.46
Houghton.
47 07 15.
88 33 27.12
Jackson
42
14 46.
Marshall
42
13 38.
84 84
43 43.05
Ann Arbor, Observatory
New Buffalo, intersection of middle of Whittaker avenue and Mechanic street .. .
41
47
83
59 27.
Hillsdale
45
The foregoing positions, as far as Vulcan, inclusive, are selected from the numerous deter- minations of the United States Lake Survey ; Ann Arbor has been determined by the Director of the Observatory; New Buffalo and Niles are from Col. Graham's determinations ; Monroe, Traverse City, Ontonagon and Houghton, are from the Lake Survey Chart, and the co-ordinates of the remaining localities have been calculated from Farmer's large sectional map of the State.
LOST NAMES OF WESTERN STATES.
Thomas Jefferson's original draft of the ordinance for the government of the Territory ceded and to be ceded by individual States to the United States, prepared in 1784, contains the following, showing what the names of the lake States might have been: "The territory northward of the 45thº
37 44. 00 17.
145
HISTORY. OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
extending to the Lake of the Woods, shall be called Sylvania; that of the territory under the 45thº and 44th°, that which lies westward of Lake Michigan, shall be called Michigania, and that which is eastward thereof, within the Peninsula formed by Lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie, shall be called Chersonesus, and shall include any part of the Peninsula which may extend above the 45th°. Of the territory under the 43d° and 42d', that to the westward, through which the Assinissippi or Rock River runs, shall be called Assinissippia, and that to the eastward, in which are the fountains of the Muskingum, the two Miamis, the Wabash, the Illinois, the Miamis of the lake and the Sandusky Rivers shall be called Metropotamia. Of the territory which lies under the 41stº and 40th" the western, through which the Illinois runs, shall be called Illinoia; that next eastward Saraztoga, and that between this last and Pennsylvania, and extend- ing from the Ohio to Lake Erie, shall be called Washington. Of the territory under the 39thº and 38th°, with some additions under the 37th°; that westward at the confluences of the rivers shall be called Polypotamia; and eastward, up the Ohio, shall be called Palisippia."
Regarding the motto of Michigan, it has not been borrowed from the tomb of Christopher Wren as stated in former works, but rather from that of Giovanni. The most noted of the immediate successors of Giotto was this Maso di S. Giovanni, whose art principles were founded on the ancient works of Ghiberti and Donatello, and his perspective on the plan of Brunelleschi, aided by the study of remains of ancient sculpture at Rome. Pietro Perugino and Raphael studied from his designs; Ghirlandaio, in whose school Michael Angelo Buonaroti studied, was one of his imitators. In a word, he must be considered the beginning of the greater art, and the introducer of fresco painting. His death occurred in the year 1443, about forty-five years after the painting of the walls of the Carmelite Church at Rome. His epitaph is written there, "If any one seeks to know my tomb, or name, this church is my monument," etc. The idea, almost the very words, were borrowed from the old church at Rome, and inscribed on the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's at London, and in turn borrowed by Michigan. Si queris peninsulam amonam circumspice.
GEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY.
In tracing the geological history of the country, it will be only necessary to revert to the era when the accumulated sediments of the ocean were being formed into masses of rock. Ge- ology teaches that the continents of the world were once beneath the ocean, even as Scripture implies that a sea of mud, resembling in substance a South African river, was arranged by an Almighty hand, and the liquid separated from the solids contained therein. The inequalities in the ocean bed, corresponding with the hills and valleys of our land, point out the truth of geological science. The recent deep sea soundings reveal mountains and hills, valleys and table- lands. The greatest depth reached was over 29,000 feet, which exceeds the height of the loft- iest peak of the Himalayas. Some of the mountains springing from the bed of the ocean are steeper and more abrupt than any on the face of the earth. In the Irish Sea and the British Channel the depth changes, within a radius of ten miles from 600 to 12,000 feet, and it is very common, within a few miles of our coasts and islands, for the depth of the waters to change suddenly from a few hundred to many thousand feet. In other cases, as in the bed of the At- lantic between Spain and the United States, there are plateaux extending hundreds of miles, with very slight undulations. The mysterious race that once occupied this continent may have sailed in galleons over the Peninsula of Michigan, and sounded the depth of the waters which rose above it, in precisely the same manner as the mariners of our day cast the sounding line into our great lakes and the oceans. . It may be concluded that the State which we inhabit was to- tally submerged at the beginning of the Corniferous period. At the close of that epoch, a great upheaval of sea bottom formed a line of solid earth across the southern counties of Michigan, which extended to an older and wider formation in Southern Ohio. The land comprised in the original county of St. Clair continued submerged for ages, but by degrees the southern belt rose higher, spread out toward the northern continent, and actually approached the condition of dry land at the beginning of the coal deposit era. At this time, Lakes Michigan, Huron, Ontario and Erie were not in existence, their centers forming the channel of a great river, with expan- sions at intervals. This torrent swept over this now prosperous district of Michigan. The great
10
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146
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR . COUNTY.
geological age-the Mesozoic-dates from this time. It was marked by activity in the animal and vegetable kingdoms; by mild climates and myriads of reptiles, which swarmed in rivers and over land.
The Tertiary period succeeded the Mesozoic. It was the age of beautiful climates and high development of mammals. Animals, greater than the mastodon, roamed over the land, through magnificent forests, meeting their enemy -man-and ultimately falling beneath his repeated attacks. The glaciers came to destroy all this gigantic beauty, the snow and ice came on, burying all nature in their whiteness, and robbing the land itself of life. It was the begin. ning of the Glacial period, the duration of which is lost in mystery. Were it possible to ig- nore the existence of a Divine Architect, and His action in forming the earth we inhabit, the continuance of the ice age might be set down at 2,000 years. There is no intention, how- ever, to ignore the Omnipotent, and therefore what bears the impress of being the work of 2,000 years, might have been compassed in a moment.
Springtime came, and under the influence of its season, the sea of ice which covered land and water to a depth of 5,000 feet began to break up-to dissolve, when the solids held within its grasp fell down and formed a bed of rocky fragments or bowlder drift. This rocky con- formation must not be confounded with the partial drift of after years, evidences of which are given in many sections of our county.
SUPERFICIAL MATERIALS.
Abundant evidences are furnished along the shores of St. Clair Lake and River as well as those of Lake Huron, of the unbroken continuity of the action of those physical forces which have assorted and transported the materials of the drift. From the shingle beach formed by the violence of the last gale, we trace a series of beaches and terraces, gradually rising as we recede from the shore, and becoming more and more covered with the lichens and mold, and forest growths which denote antiquity, until in some cases, the phenomena of shore action blend with the features which characterize the glacial drift. These observations tally with the views of Pictet on the continuity of the Diluvian and Modern Epochs, as established by pale- ontological evidences.
So, also, may we behold evidences of the disintegration of strata, which formerly existed in this very county; we may see every day the comminuted materials lying round us in all direc- tions. The uses of these cobbles are known wherever a pavement is necessary, while on the land they keep it warm, as it were, and aid in the growth of grain crops. These remnants of comminution are principally rounded fragments of syenite, greenstone, vitreous and jasperons sandstones, horn-rock, talcose and of the serpentinous rocks of the azoic series.
Here are the rocks overspread with blue clay, plutonic bowlders and pebbles. In other places those rude materials are often arranged in rude courses, which have a curved dip, and appear outcropping on the hillsides and sometimes on the plains. The outcrop is very irregu- lar in this county. In the deep borings for brine, as well as in the shallow surface water reservoirs, these bowlders and pebbles have been found. Again, entire fields bear them upon the surface, or so near the surface that each successive plowing brings them more prominently into view. In some places a field is found bearing nine and twelve cobble stones on every square foot of its surface; such fields are generally very productive, the only fault being in the diffi- culty of plowing them.
A thin series of argillaceous, magnesian limestones and marls, embracing beds and masses of gypsum, and, in some regions, strata of rock salt, is known as the salina. It is the lowest stratified rock known in the Lower Peninsula. Its belt of outcrop stretches across the point of land north of Mackinac, from Little Point au Chene to the vicinity of the mouth of Carp River, and close to the shore from that point to West Moran Bay. The formation, with the characteristic gypsum, is seen beneath the water-surface at the Little St. Martin Island, and at Goose Island near Mackinac. Dipping beneath the Lower Peninsula, it re-appears in Monroe County, where it has been exposed in some of the deepest quarries. In the well-borings at Mt. Clemens, as well as at Alpena and Caseville, this formation has been reached, and near San- dusky, Ohio, it affords valuable gypsum deposits. At Mt. Clemens, the salt rock was not
147
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
reached, though at Alpena and Caseville a thick bed of such rock was penetrated, doubtless similar, or rather equivalent to the beds at Goderich in Canada. The total thickness of this formation is a matter of speculation; but is supposed to be fifty or sixty feet in depth above the salt rock. The stratification based on information obtained from the measurement of remote outcrops of the group, may be placed as follows: Calcareous clay, as seen at Bois Blanc; fine ash-colored limestone, with acicular crystals, as at Ida, Otter Creek and Plum Creek quarries, and at Mackinac, Round and Bois Blanc Islands; variegated gypseous marls, with imbedded masses of gypsum, as at Little Point au Chene and the St. Martin Islands.
Matt. Porter, writing from St. Clair, June 6, 1882, says:
" A few years ago Professor Winchell, of the State University, who was at the same time State Geologist, made the statement that under the center of lower Michigan there was a great salt basin, or strata of salt rock. Since that time I have proven by actual and practical work in drilling and boring the rock, that the renowned geologist was correct in his assertions.
" I have never seen anything printed from Prof. Winchell's pen, nor in fact from any other geologist, that has placed or given the boundaries of this salt basin. Therefore, having put down many wells along the western part of Canada and in Michigan, I have thought that it would prove interesting to those of your readers who are unacquainted with the work of well- boring, and acceptable to those interested in geology, should I write a brief account of what I have found in delving after salt and oil in the rocks beneath.
" As my purpose in writing this communication is mainly to show the results of my labors in relation to the limits of the great salt basin under the center of the Lower Peninsula of this State, I will briefly give the depths and kinds of rock passed in reaching the salt and oil rock in Canada and Michigan.
" At Inverhuron, Canada, twelve miles north from Kinkarden, and on the Lake Huron shore, the distance to the salt rock is 700 feet. Here the salt rock is found only five feet thick, and there is no doubt but what this is the north limit to the great strata of salt rock, as is evinced by the way it crops out so near the surface, and also by the way it thins up at this point.
" Now notice how, at Kinkarden, twelve miles south down the shore from Inverhuron, the depth to salt rock increases, and the rock becomes considerably thicker. At this point the dis- tance to salt rock is 900 feet, and the rock is found seventeen feet, thick. One well at this place, the Wrightmyer, produces 700 barrels of salt per day. In this production there are used twenty-seven cords of wood at $4 per cord. Seven men " put " the salt ready for barrel. ing, and 12 cents is paid for filling the barrel. The cost of salt barrels is 10 cents apiece. Now this salt is all shipped to the United States at a good profit. No other business is carried on in connection with this salt block, as is done at Saginaw, the owners making the production of salt their sole business. The way the well is pumped directly from the salt rock proves that the rock water is stronger than the brine wells at Saginaw and other places in Michigan. The way the basin is made is as follows: When the salt rock is reached, a large basin, capable of holding a day's pumping, is made by letting water in on the rock and then agitating it, and finally, by pumping and drilling, a large basin is made, and then the water is let in upon the rock every day, thus making the strongest kind as well as the purest salt brine, wholly free from the mineral deposits found in the water of the common brine wells and salt springs throughout the country.
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