USA > Michigan > Washtenaw County > Past and present of Washtenaw County, Michigan > Part 80
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Mr. Bissinger did not like Calhoun's doctrine of nullification, which was then already rife in South Carolina, and he left for the north. His first vote was cast for General Jackson as presi- dent of the United States, doubtless for his second term, and he thinks that if the country had had such a president at the time of the Civil war this would never have come. He re- mained in the east and did not take possession of his property until 1831. He was 92 years old in January last (1894) and shows nothing to suggest that he may not survive for several years. His memory holds a fund which it is indeed delightful to draw upon. Mr. Bissinger has a near relative, who was a minister of state, in Munich, the capital of Bavaria.
Daniel F. Allmendinger was the earliest of the German settlers of Ann Arbor, who was per- sonally known to me up to the time of begin- ning my present inquiries. He came from the old country, like many others, first to Pennsyl- vania, afterwards made his way thence, carry- ing in his knapsack all his possessions, to Dan- ville in western New York, whence he migrated to Ann Arbor, as nearly as I can learn, about the year 1829.
Henry, or using the German name, Heinrich, Mann brought his family to Ann Arbor in 1830. They had remained in Detroit several weeks while Mr. Mann was visiting other places in order to learn where he might settle to best ad-
655
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
vantage. Such was still the condition of the roads at the time of the removal that a team of horses occupied three days in transporting the party with their goods to this place.
Mr. Mann was a tanner by trade. He came over to Pennsylvania leaving his family at Stutt- gart, in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg. He went from Pennsylvania to the city of Mexico, and on his way thence with the money he had earned, defended himself with his fists against the attempt of an armed Spaniard to rob him. The family joined him and made their home at Reading. Pa., until they set out for their future home. I have referred to the remarkable family of the Muhlenbergs. It is of interest to note here that the Reverend Henry Muhlenberg, a grandson of the apostle of the American Lu- theran church, whose family I have sketched, was at the time pastor in Reading of the church which the Manns attended, and his wife was the daugh- ter of Governor Heisler.
Mr. Mann bought the lot, corner of Washing- ton and First streets, in Ann Arbor, where his daughter, widow of the late August Hutzel, now lives, for $12, the one next it on First street for a pair of shoes. The family is numerous. The late Emanuel Mann, once a member of our state senate, was a son of Henry Mann.
Many of the German people now in our city came over as farmers and settled first on farm- ing lands. John Koch, now with his wife com- fortably spending his old age in a house of his own in the Second ward, is an example of the Wurtemberg farmer, though he left his native kingdom at too early an age to have been initi- ated into the ancestral life. Arriving in this country in 1831, he labored as a farm hand. When able to do so, he purchased 40 acres of land. This was a kind of nest egg, and he went on add- ing thereto, or rather, selling at an advance and buying larger farms, until he was owner of nearly 1,000 acres, which he conveyed to his children and came, some 20 years ago, to reside in the city.
A word in regard to German tillage in the fatherland will throw light on what we see around us. German farms, where the surface ad- mits of it, are long, narrow strips, often but two
or three rods wide. The terminal points of their boundaries are marked by stones set firmly in the earth. No fences disfigure the landscape. and, of course, no land is lost between the own- ers. Law regulates the details of tillage. The ends of the strips most distant from the highway must be first seeded, that there may be no driving over the sown ground. Each may drive one wheel in the furrow which separates his own from his neighbor's land. Precipitous places modify the aspect, these being terraced and be- set with vine, or other small fruits. The grass is cut and conveyed to the enclosures in which the domestic animals are kept. Where the lands are thus laid out, the people live in small villages, or hamlets, and not on the farms they till, and the view of an undulating landscape thus cut up and tilled is the most enchanting conceivable. It is in summer as if mother nature has spread a great striped quilt over the earth's bed. The lines between farms are the seams of the thread; the foliage and bloom of the plants which cover the ground show all the various and varying colors of the land's flora. But the poor boy in south Germany can not hope to have a farm for which a must pay 500 to 700 florins ($200 to $280) an acre ; and hence their settlement and thrift here, where they dig up every stump and make every foot of ground pay them tribute.
John George Schairer is one of five brothers, all named John, four of them of course known only by middle names. Mr. Schairer came over as a youth, learned here the shoemaker's trade, and is still industriously pounding away on his lapstone. His immigration was in 1836. He soon felt the need of informing himself of the political matters of the country, bought a spelling book and began with the English alphabet to prepare himself to gather the needed information. His memory is a mine upon which one draws with satisfaction. It is an interesting fact that his wife's sister. Mrs. Ebinger, removed from Ann Arbor to Chicago when but few houses occupied the site of that now great city, walking most of the way, attended by the ox wagon which car- ried the household goods.
Conrad Krapf came also in 1836, but from an- other section, the electorate of Hesse-Cassel. He
656
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
is able to add some interesting items to what I have already related of the Hessians hired by Great Britain to put down the American rebel- lion of 1776- 1782. These men not only did not know whether they were being conveyed across the water, and did not only themselves not re- ceive the pay for their services, but even the pensions to which they were entitled after the war, went into the hands of the electoral gov- ernment, and were never paid over to them. In the year 1830, 47 years after the close of the war, a professor at Marburg brought this fact to light, and four persons, some of them widows, who were entitled to pensions, received these un- til their respective deaths. It is no wonder that Germans even now, when they view the splendid grounds and buildings of the elector, curse him for his oppressions.
Mr. Krapf tells of his intense sighing for free- dom in his boyhood, and says that a friend, know- ing this feeling, handed him a little book, saying : "Here, Conrad, read this, and when you are through with it hand it to no one but me." The passage which he cites from that book sounds like quotations from our declaration of indepen- dence. Thus is explained his emigration. He was a carpenter and worked first for Richard Glazier, of the Society of Friends, whose princi- ples were nearly identical with his own. If any who knew Mr. Krapf shall be inclined to regard his intensely earnest utterances against oppression and injustice as an exaggeration, let them re- member that he came from electoral Hesse.
Young mechanics in Germany, on the comple- tion of their apprenticeship, were formerly obliged by law. and during my own residence there, by custom, to travel from place to place for work. Our word journeyman probably originated in such a practice. Mr. Krapf affirms my own observations on this subject. He wan- dered over the lands of central Europe, German and French, as a Handwerks-Burch-for such is the term used. The supposition was that these young men would thus learn all the different kinds of work and customs of the craft. A little knapsack contained their tools and a few articles of clothing. About one cent a night would pay their lodgings in some farmer's barn. Inns-
called in Germany Herbergs-existed in all the cities with special reference to their wants. These had each its Herbergs-mutter to exercise a ma- tronly care over them. Besides his mother tongue Mr. Krapf could command enough of French and even Latin to make known his wants. There is a little volume written by one Holthaus translated from the German into English by Mary Howitt entitled "Wanderings of a Jour- neyman Tailor," sketching his own journeyings for work all over central Europe and to Egypt and Palestine, from which book one may gather a fair notion of the system. I have myself seen these journeymen and talked with them from single ones to squads of a dozen. Here is one with shoes that have been picked up and are not mates and neither covers the foot ; he is clad throughout accordingly and so on through the crowd. Such has been the condition from which many have come to this country to found a thrifty business. The late Emanuel Mann once told me his recollections of this life as observed in his boyhood.
It was still true when I was in Bavaria that no one could start a business without permission from the government authorities, who were to judge whether such business was demanded. This right must be paid for and it descended like other property as an inheritance in the family of the purchaser. The system was like our American slavery, in this respect, that the government could not justly get rid of it without paying the hold- ers of these charters their fair market value. The case was worse for the government than that of our slavery for the government actually had received the value of these charters while slave-traders had received the price of the slaves. The foregoing paragraphs will show from what state of things our earliest German settlers came.
Christian Eberbach came over in 1838. He was educated in Stuttgart for an apothecary, which business did not exist then in Ann Arbor. as separate from general merchandise. He did not at once set up for himself, but was for a while clerk for William S. Maynard, and after- wards established his present business, Emanuel Mann having been associated with him as part-
657
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
ner. The parents of Philip Bach, our oldest dry- goods merchant, were farmers from the Grand Duchy of Baden. They came to Pennsylvania in 1829; to Ann Arbor in 1835.
Auerbach's novel entitled "Auf der Hohe" (On the Hight) has been set down in a list of the 10 best novels ever written. It doubtless pictures the court life under Maximilian II, of Bavaria, for about the time of my residence there. The story of Margaretha Schnapp and her son, of which I have given a hint, might be made the basis of an equally graphie picture of the popular life of the same period. For, to the details of her life in Bavaria, which I have but touched upon, should be added those of the years spent in this country. When we were about to set out for home the son was off in the wandering life of a journeyman shoemaker, and could not be reached by letter. Meanwhile she had spent the money she had laid up in our service, and I sent the means for both to come over. This is doubtless the only instance which ever occurred in Ann Arbor of the heads of a family being addressed as Gnaediger Herr and Gnaedige Frau: these terms of deference she always continued to use.
In the early summer of 1868 the German Methodist pastor in Ann Arbor received a letter from a former parishioner, asking him to suggest some one who would make him a good wife: Margaret was named. My daughter got up an entertainment for the occasion, and she and an- other young lady served a party of about 20. seated at the humble pastor's table, and our Mar- garet became the mistress of a good farm house in Ohio. Some 15 years had elapsed, and, about to die, she called her son and bade him write me of her decease. The letter would do honor to a college graduate.
THE BETHELEM LUTHERAN CHURCH.
The elder Mann early wrote to the Basle Evangelical Missionary society for a missionary. Frederic Schmid was commissioned in the spring of 1833 for this service, and arrived on the ground in August following. He held his first public worship on August 26th, in a schoolhouse. four miles west of the initial village. As early as
November 3d, next following Pastor Schmid's ar- rival, measures were taken for building a house of worship. At a meeting held on that day, 15 members were present, as follows: J. H. Mann, George Stattman, Jacob Maerkle, George Mayle. Charles Brusche. Abraham Cromann, John Beck, Jacob Steffe. John M. Schneider, Jacob Stoll- steiner, Johann Cromann, Jesaja Cromann, Jo- seph Cromann, D. F. Allmendinger and Frederic Schmid, the new pastor. Of these, Messrs. Mann and Allmendinger were chosen as trustees and the work of the building was at once determined npon, for which a lot, two miles west of the site of the Ann Arbor courthouse, was given by Mr. Allmendinger.
There is often the deepest interest felt in early religious services. These people, if any of them knew the English language for business or social purposes, could not as yet have had the least en- joyment of it as a medium or religious teaching. and would have felt no unction in listening to its empty words. Nay, these would have but mocked the deep hunger of their souls for that which they had left in the fatherland. We can con- ceive then how the little company must have felt when the young pastor discoursed to them for the first time in the school houses from the words : "Other foundations can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ." Of the hymn from Hiller's collection, sung in harmony with the im- port of the discourse. I translate a stanza, imitat- ing the measure and rhymes of the original. as follows :
The ground on which I firm will stand Is Jesus Christ, God's only son : Rise heights, sink depths on either hand. I cannot from this faith be won; Called weak, in worldly wisdom's boast, I'm taught thus by the Holy Ghost.
This was the first German church organized in the territory of Michigan. The house of worship was completed in less than two months, having been dedicated at the end of December, 1833. the whole cost being $265.32. This amount was given partly by friends in Stuttgart and others in Pennsylvania.
658
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
Congregations founded near the same time in Detroit and Monroe, were ministered to in ad- dition to his charge in Ann Arbor by Pastor Schmid, who performed his earliest journeys thither on foot. It is worth a remark that this first little house of worship was kept as a kind of historic memento until 1891, when a photo- graph of it was taken, that its form and style might not perish from memory, and the building itself was destroyed. The cemetery is, however. kept in good condition and it is well worth a walk in pleasant weather out two miles on the territorial road to see it.
Members of the congregation in the village it- self so increased in numbers that as early as 1840 arrangements were made for holding a part of the services there, and at first the use of the Pres- byterian church was obtained for this, the ser- vice being at hours when the church was not oc- cupied by its own people, and in 1844 measures were entered upon for building in the village.
Pastor Schmid, whose term of service was ex- tended to about double the time of any pastorate in the place (38 years) deserves a personal no- tice. He came over as a young man, married the daughter of Mr. Mann, whose correspondence with the fatherland had brought him to Michigan and raised here a family. His eldest son, Emanuel Schmid, graduated from the university in 1854, spent about two years in Germany, and has since been, and is now, professor of history in the Capital University in Columbus, Ohio. An- other son is now among the most prominent men in Ann Arbor's business. Two Lutheran church edifices are now being built and a third is in contemplation as the issue of the settlement described in this paper. There is also in the place a German Methodist church, while not a few of the early German immigrants are members of other protestant churches.
CHAPTER XV.
ELECTION STATISTICS.
The county of Washtenaw has not always been of the same politics. The anti-Masonic party
early had a stronghold in the county, but this did not last long, and for a few years the county was fairly close between the democratic and the whig parties. It went for the whig candidate for president in 1840, the democratic candidate in 1844. 1848 and 1852, and for the republican can- didate in 1856 and 1860. In 1864 it switched back to the democrats and remained with them in 1868. In 1872, although a strong democratic county, it gave a majority for Grant, as against Greeley, but from that time down to 1896 it went democratic at presidential elections, and usually elected democratic county officers. But McKin- ley received a majority in the county in 1896, and from that time down to the present the county has been republican at presidential elec- tions, although usually democratic on candidates for governor, and the county officers have usually been divided between the two parties.
The election returns tell the tale better than words, and are here given from 1827, when the first election was held in the county, down to 1905.
1827.
Congress-
Austin E. Wing 109
John Biddle 123
Gabriel Richard 15
Representatives-
Henry Rumsey 10I
27
Abel Millington 74
Benjamin J. Woodruff 62
John Allen 10
1829.
Congress-
John Biddle 338
236
Gabriel Richards 102
John R. Williams 4
Representative-
James Kingsley 320
217
Elias M. Skinner 103
1831.
Congress- Samuel W. Dexter, anti-mason .. 410 A. F. Wing, demo. or masonic .. 233 John R. Williams, adm. 5
177
659
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
Representatives-
James Kingsley, no opposition. .. 635
Elias M. Skinner 225
George Renwick, anti-masonic .. 420 195
1833.
Congress-
William Woodbridge 519
Lucius Lyon 398
Austin E. Wing 35
Representatives-
George Renwick 559
Abel Millington 537
Henry Rumsey
403
Munnis Kinney
369
1835.
Governor-
Stevens T. Mason . 1074
Congress- Isaac E. Crary 1075
State Senator-
Henry Rumsey
IOII
Silas Finch
949
William J. Moody 999
David Page
773
Abel Millington
771
Benjamin J. Mather
763
Representatives-
Rufus Matthews 1021
George How 1007
Richard E. Morse 1006
John Brewer
997
Orin How
996
James W. Hill 980
Alanson Crossman 965
Daniel B. Brown 81I
Orange Risdon
771
George Renwick
771
Daniel F. Allmendinger
767
Job Gorton
762
Henry Warner
746
Micah Porter
605
1836.
State Senator-
William Moore
. . . . 1750
George B. Cooper . 1743
Marcus Lane 1091
Abram F. Bolton 1100
Representatives-
Oliver Kellogg 1733
Robert Purdy .1729
Gilbert Shattuck 1729
Kinsley S. Bingham 1729
James Kingsley 1725
Thomas Lee
1717
Orin How 1709
George How 1124
Abel Millington 1105
George Renwick IIO4
Jonathan Burnett
1103
Michael P. Stubbs 1006
Jonathan K. Bowers 109I
Martin Davis
590
General Martin Davis
473
Associate Judges-
Henry Compton 1609
William R. Thompson .1602
John Williams
995
Zenas Nash
990
Probate Judge-
Robert S. Wilson
. 1598 596
William R. Perry
1002
Sheriff-
William Anderson 1608
634
Alexander D. Crane
974
Alexander Crane
30
County Clerk-
Jonathan E. Field 1564 547
Welling A. Grover
. 1017
Register of Deeds-
Edward Clark 1520
53I
David T. McCollum
989
David McCollum
30
County Treasurer-
David Page 1452
Dwight Kellogg
. IIO7
345
I21
660
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
Coroner ---
Alva Brown 1599
Walter B. Hewitt 1567
Abram Sage
1002
Daniel F. Allmendinger
999
Walter B. Hewitt
34
County Surveyor-
Orange Risdon 1064
Smith Lapham 99I
1837.
Governor-
Charles C. Trowbridge, whig. . . 2066
Steven T. Mason, dem. . 2039
Congress-
Hezekiah G. Wells, whig 1789
Isaac E. Crary, dem. .1630
1838.
Congress-
Hezekiah G. Wells, whig 2218
Isaac E. Crary, dem 1850
County Commissioners- Dwight Kellogg, whig. 2161
Aaron D. Truesdell. whig 2144
Darius Pierce, whig.
2155
Orrin White, dem.
1823
Gilbert Shattuck, dem.
1820
Oliver Kellogg, dem.
1818
Sheriff-
James Saunders, whig. 2194
Emanuel Case, dem. 175I
County Clerk-
Leonard C. Goodale, whig . 2159 347
Chauncey Joslin, dem 1812
Register of Deeds-
David T. McCollum, whig .. . 2167
Edward Clark, dem.
1824
County Treasurer-
Volney Chapin, whig 2172
365
1839.
Governor- William Woodbridge, whig. .2352 516 Elon Farnsworth, dem. 1836
County Commissioner-
Darius Pierce, whig
.2256
437
Walter B. Hewitt, dem.
1819
27
18.10.
President- William H. Harrison, whig. . 2527 Martin Van Buren, dem. . 2057
Judge of Probate-
George Sedgwick, whig
.2523
425
George N. Skinner, dem.
2098
368
County Commissioner-
Aaron D. Truesdell, whig.
2487
352
Walter B. Hewitt, dem.
2135
Sheriff- James Saunders, whig 2484 369
James H. Fargo, dem.
.2115
County Clerk-
Leonard C. Goodale, whig.
.2615
George Danforth, dem.
2103
443
Register of Deeds-
George Corselius, whig
2517
Ezra Platt, dem
. 2102
415
County Treasurer- David T. McCollum, whig. . 2522 425
John C. Mundy, dem
. 2097
343
John C. Mundy, dem.
1807
Coroner-
32 Chauncey S. Goodrich, whig. . . 2146 Robert Edmunds, whig 2164 Alva Brown, dem 1812 Thomas Tate, dem 1808
613
159
Coroner- Chauncey S. Goodrich, whig . 2509 George P. Jeffries, whig .2510 Matthew F. Gregory, dem 2100 Luther Bement, dem . 2091
412
661
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
County Surveyor-
Richard Peterson, whig 2515 415
Russell Whipple, dem .2100
1841.
Governor-
Philo C. Fuller, whig 1659
John S. Barry, dem 2012
Jabez S. Fitch, free soil 247
County Commissioners-
Charles Starks, dem
1987
Hiram Arnold, whig
1645
Allen Buck, whig
1632
Rufus Mathews, dem
263
Theodore Foster, free soil
203
1812.
Sheriff-
Peter Slingerland, dem 1825
Daniel B. Brown, whig 1562
Justus Norris, free soil
306
County Clerk- Earls P. Gardiner, dem 1801
John B. Hathaway, whig 1510
John Gibson, free soil
305
Register of Deeds- George W. Gilbert, dem 1868 321 George Hill. free soil 347
George Corselius, whig . 1547 Converse J. Garland, free soil. 305
County Treasurer- Nelson H. Wing, dem 1814 256
Jonathan H. Lund, whig 1558 Samuel D. McDowell, free soil. . 311
Coroners-
Samuel G. Sutherland, dem. .. 1842 Gilbert Shattuck, dem 1868 Chauncey S. Goodrich, whig. 1543 Abner A. Wells, whig 527 William Allen, free soil 308
Squire Patchen, free soil
308
County Surveyor-
Jacob Preston, dem 1804 Samuel Pettibone, whig . 1527
277
Samuel W. Foster, free soil. . .. 31I Samuel Preston, dem 47
1843.
Governor- John S. Barry, dem 1843
Zina Pitcher, whig
1681
James G. Birney, free soil
31I
Congress-
Robert McClelland, dem
1851
165
Jacob M. Howard, whig
1686
Arthur L. Porter, free soil
205
1844.
President-
James K. Polk, dem
2550
201
Henry Clay, whig
2349
263
James G. Birney, free soil
360
Congress- Robert McClelland, dem .2533 125 Edwin Lawrence, whig 2408
381
Charles H. Stewart, free soil
398
Judge of Probate-
Samuel P. Fuller, dem
2643
382
Mitchel Eacker, whig
2261
Sheriff- Gilbert Shattuck, dem 2580 337 Townsend North, whig 2343
Justus Norris, free soil
343
County Clerk- Beriah King, dem 2563
208 Cassius Swift, whig 2355 Converse J. Garland, free soil. . 353
Register of Deeds- George W. Gilbert, dem .2612 305
William H. Patterson, whig .2307
John Chandler. free soil
349
County Treasurer- Oliver W. Moore, dem 2568
218
Sylvester Abel, whig
2350
William Kingsley, free soil
252
353
662
PAST AND PRESENT OF WASHTENAW COUNTY.
Coroners-
Samuel G. Sutherland, dem 2569
234
237
Chauncey S. Goodrich, whig
2342
Timothy W. Hunt, whig
2335
Thomas Hoskins, free soil
347
John Pebbles, free soil
350
County Surveyor-
Russell Whipple, dem . 2572
Samuel Pettibone, whig 2342
Samuel W. Foster, free soil
318
1854.
Governor ---
Stephen Vickery, whig 2005
Alpheus Felch, dem 1750
James S. Barry, free soil
305
Coroner-
Timothy Hunt, whig 1940
Harry Sheppard, dem 1590
Andrew L. Case, free soil
244
1846.
Congress-
Edwin Lawrence, whig 1853
Robert McClelland, dem 1657
Charles H. Stewart, free soil. .. 270
Judge of Probate-
Elias M. Skinner, dem 694
Heman Ticknor, whig 566
George Hill, free soil 16
County Judge-
Charles W. Lane, whig 1763
William A. Fletcher, dem 1601
George W. Jewett, free soil. 269
Sheriff-
Ephraim H. Spaulding, whig. . . 1894
Alexander H. Selden, dem 1416
George Millard, free soil 269
County Clerk-
Cassius Swift, whig 1832 Benjamin F. Bradley, dem 1443 John Chandler, free soil 276
Register of Deeds-
Thomas M. Ladd, whig 1790
Charles H. Cavell, dem
1463
Converse J. Garland, free soil.
. .
266
227
County Treasurer-
Sylvester Abel, whig
1861
Henry Rumsey, dem
1448
Horace Carpenter, free soil
262
Coroners- Chauncey S. Goodrich, whig 1783 Timothy Hunt, whig 1783 Mathew F. Gregory, dem 1529
Luke Daley, dem
I 504
Jacob Sherman, free soil
271
Martin H. Cowles, free soil
271
County Surveyor- Samuel Pettibone, whig 1779
Russell Whipple, dem.
1554
Samuel W. Foster, free soil
247
1847.
Governor-
196 Epaphroditus Ransom, dem 1849 James M. Edmunds, whig. 1806 Chester Guerney, free soil 268
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