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'95 P. G. Burnham, '96 E. P. O'Leary, '97 E. C. Ryan, '98 Robert Healy.
It is commonly supposed that in the medical department the strife for class offices is less bitter than in the college and in the law-school. Following are the names of the presidents of the senior medical classes, 1880-96:
'81 G. F. Heath, '82 Eugene Baker, '83 J. B. Siggins, '92 LeRoy Southmayd,
'84 T. L. Iddings, '85 M. L. Eaton, '86 W. B. Sexton, '87 M. H. Clark, '88 Henry Hulst, '89 E. H. Parker,
'90 L. C. Bacon, '91 G. L. Kiefer,
'93 R. H. Wolcott, '94 R. B. Armstrong, '95 H. A. Haze,
'96 C. S. McIntyre, '97 G. B. Wallace, '98 G. M. Livingston.
The presidents of the senior pharmacy classes from 1873 have been:
'74 G. C. Henry, '75 J. H. Salls, '76 J. H. Ames, '77 W. H. D. Lewis, '78 W. A. Hasbrouck, '79 R. F. Mull, '80 Ferdinand Thum, '81 E. E. Gatchell,
'82 E. E. Meredith, '83 C. S. Koon,
'84 J. D. Muir, '85 Henry Palmer, '86 E. A. Ruddiman, '87 E. R. Beal, '88 F. B. Raynale, '89 Mark Rockwell,
I
'90 O. C. Volkmor,
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THE MICHIGAN BOOK
'90 C. C. Sherrard,
'95 W. J. Teeters,
'91 A. W. Adams,
'96 F. H. Wilson,
'92 Richard Fischer,
'97 E. D. Benjamin,
'93 C. O. Hill,
'94 M. S. Nichols,
'98 Edgar Schiller.
The presidents of the senior homoeopathic classes since 1881 have been:
'81 W. P. Polhemus,
'91 A. W. Burdick,
'83 J. B. Hubbell,
'92 F. J. Peck,
'84 W. H. Sawyer, '93 G. F. Clark,
'86 H. B. Reynolds, '94 L. E. Peck,
'87 S. G. Milner,
'95 W. H. Atterbury,
'88 E. W. Ruggles,
'96 W. F. Holmes,
'89 E. C. Williams,
97 C. M. Steele,
'90 L. A. Howe,
'98 S. P. Tuttle.
These have been the presidents of the senior dental classes:
'84 L. M. James, '92 C. L. Blunt,
'85 E. F. Randolph, '93 C. A. Hawley,
'86 E. K. Clements,
'94 M. P. Green,
'87 William Saunders, '95 J. H. Neeley,
'88 T. S. Maxwell,
'96 J. W. Lyons,
'89 Arthur Richardson,
'97 G. D. Edgar,
'90 C. H. Farman,
'98 R. J. Roper.
'91 P. P. Nelson,
Several of the classes have left memorials of themselves upon the campus or in the college buildings. One of these offerings is the huge mass of jasper conglomerate weighing seven and a quar- ter tons which stands in the northwestern corner of the University grounds. It was found in a garden below the old county jail, and only what is now the east face of it was exposed. Professor Win- chell, to use the words of Dr. E. H. Wells, '62, had just been pounding into the class all the strata of the universe, and some brilliant member of '62 suggested the removal for a class monu- ment of this pebble which the great geologist declared had been carried from the far North by a glacier. As the boys were poor they did the excavating themselves. After much tugging the rock was loaded on a sledge, and with flags flying was drawn by ten horses over slushy snow to its present resting place, Feb- ruary 24, 1862.
After the class of '66 had immortalized itself by depositing in the museum a copy of one of Murillo's master-pieces, '69 reverted to the example of '62, and brought upon the campus the choice geological specimen which lies in front of University Hall. The juniors planned to carry away or bury this stone, which is much smaller than the '62 affair, but being pre-
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THE CLASSES
vented they made such feints as caused the seniors to stand guard over their memorial until after Class-Day. Still another stone, which lies under the Tappan Oak, was placed in pursuance of a resolution adopted by the class of '58 at its twenty-fifth anniver- sary. That class before its graduation set out trees in circles around the Tappan Oak, and while some of these have been cut down others have survived. Trees were set out by the class of '71 also. The class of '72 planted ivy close to the south wing in what seems to have been uncongenial soil.
Taking an entirely new departure the class of '70 on the after- noon of Class-Day dedicated to the University the statue of Ben- jamin Franklin which adorns the campus. As early as 1872 fears were expressed for the health of the venerable printer and diplomat, and a writer for The Chronicle went so far as to insinuate that he is of perishable cast-iron rather than enduring bronze. Benjamin has been taken twice from his pedestal, and has suffered sundry coats of whitewash, but he survives. UNIVER Other memorials are: the bronze bust of Judge Cooley, presented by the law 74 SEMPER PLUS class of '95; the bust of President Angell given by the academic class of ULTRA '95; a cast of the Triumphal Arch of T Y the Emperor Trajan at Beneventum, presented by the literary class of '96; a portrait in oil of Pro- fessor J. C. Knowlton contributed by the law class of '96; and a sum of money left as the nucleus of a scholarship fund by the academic class of '97.
Class songs came into vogue at an early day. The Univer - sity Magazine for March, 1862, contains the "Parting Song of '62 " in ten stanzas to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne". Rich- ard S. Dewey wrote the " Parting song of '68". The song of '69 was in three stanzas, and was sung to the air of " Benny Havens, O," which also was utilized by Charles A. Warren for the class of '74. Among the writers, not already mentioned, of class songs, are G. W. Seavey, '71, H. H. Lyons, '72, J. R. Goffe, '73, B. C. Burt, '75, M. L. Woolsey, '77, C. M. Gayley, '78, F. S. Bell, '79, W. E. Brownlee, '85, and R. G. Cole, '88.
With the class of '62 began the series of class seals which for
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THE MICHIGAN BOOK
a quarter of a century formed part of Michigan's collegiate insig- nia. Most of them were not real seals; that is, they were not im- pressions upon wax or paper, but were printed from blocks of wood or metal. However, the seal of '70 was a stamp, and was not engraved for printing until the issue of the class book in 1890. Programmes of class exercises, stationery used by enthusiastic classmen, and class rolls in the Palladium and Castalia, were adorned with these designs, which contained the numerals and the mottoes of the classes, and, usually, the name or the abbreviated name of the University. Very unfilially the class cuts of '64, '65, '68, and '70, made no reference to Alma Mater. The mottoes were these: '62, Juncti semper; '63, Sapientia, facetia, lætitia; '64, Μετ' αγώνα στέφανος; '65, Vivere sat vincere; '66, Droit et avant; '67, Unus amore, more, ore, re; '68, Palmam habeat qui meruit; '69, Virtute et labore; '70, Nec mora nec requies; '71, Per aspera ad astra; '72, "Ίχνος ούδεν τούπισθεν; '73, Scientiae amor nos ducit; '74, Semper plus ultra; '75, Μελέτη το πάν; '76, Respice finem; '77, Sur- gere tento; '78, "Azpt és azpa; '79, Volens et potens; '80, Esse quam videri; '81, Προς μάθησιν εκπονήσαι; '82, Pudeat extremos rediisse; '83, Ne tentes aut perfice; '84, Είς τελέαν ανδρείαν; '85, Semper sur- sum. The series ended with '85, although the class of '93, some time after it had left college, made use of a design which displayed on a shield within a circle three crescents interfretted. The seals **** of '63, '67, and '73 are coats-of- Μελέτη το παν. arms, and those of '72, '75, '76, and '78 are shields imperfectly 0 heraldic. It must be admitted that '63's design is a close copy of the arms of Brazil, and that '73's is very like the seal of the Yale class of '69. As for the seal of '84, it unblushingly adopts the wave- at.of at. beaten rock and even the owl-and- fasces crest of the frontispiece of the catalogue of one of the secret societies. The class of '65 had two seals, it choosing to discard the earlier and neater after its freshman year. Two experiments were made by '66 also, the first a characterless affair, the second a huge design which covered half a page of The Palladium; and
53
THE CLASSES
neither was used after sophomore year. While the design adopted by '67 was by no means poor, yet '62's seal remained unrivalled until the St. George's cross adopted by '71 came into the field. This in turn was surpassed by '72's very neat vignette. The seal of '74 was said to mean that the angular freshman would be de- veloped into the complete and well-rounded senior. At first the class of '75 adopted for its seal a likeness of the statue of Michi- gan; but this was discarded in favor of a less ambitious design. Only one appearance in The Palladium was accorded to the seal of '82, a design representing Pallas, her right arm resting on a shield which shows the numerals '82, while her left hand grasps a spear from which floats a long streamer inscribed with the class motto.
As considerable delay usually attended the selection of a de- sign and the engraving thereof, and as the finished product was not infrequently unsatisfactory, it sometimes happened that the fresh- men did not have their seal ready for The Palladium. The editors kindly supplied the freshmen of '77 with a cut of a donkey accompanied by the motto " In hoc signo vinces". This had the effect of bringing '78 and '79 to time, but '80, '82, '83, and '85, whether in default or not, were set forth with burlesque seals in the annual aforesaid. A boycott being threatened by '84 in the event of the omission of its seal, the class gained its point. In The Pal- ladium of '83 and in later issues all the classes save the seniors received burlesque vignettes. Finally class cuts were given up alto- gether. This was due in part to the absurd notion, assiduously cultivated by vendors of college stationery, that seals and arms of societies or classes must be printed from steel plates to be truly artistic. With the decline of class spirit the expense necessarily involved put steel engravings out of the question. The Chron- icle of Nov. 17, 1888, recommends the purchase of a seal by each class, which, it says, " would be a good custom and would beautify our college annual "; but the suggestion remains unheeded even to this day.
Colors have been adopted by many classes, but the record is defective. The following is a list of the selections made by some of the academic delegations: '73 and '87, blue and maize; '88, ruby and silver; '89, seal-brown and gold; '90, steel-gray and car- mine; '91, old-gold and white; '93, cardinal and black. Pink and Nile-green were the colors of the law class of '89, red and white those of the law class of '94. 5
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THE MICHIGAN BOOK
Class caps have with us been more popular than college caps. Early in October, 1869, the sophomores adopted for their special use a four-cornered affair of blue broadcloth encircled with a sil- ver band, and bearing the figures '72. A small tassel gave the fin- ishing touch. This cap was very neat, and the '72 men were so proud of it that they actually wore it, a most unusual thing to do with a college cap. They also had to battle for it, as the '73 freshmen from the top of the stairs leading to the chapel (then the law-lecture room ) precipitated much flour upon such sophomoric heads as they could reach on the morning of its first appearance, thus bringing on one of the liveliest " rushes " ever known in Ann Arbor. From time to time other classes adopted caps. In the spring of 1881 distinctive head-coverings were observed on the campus: the seniors wore maroon fez caps with old-gold tassels, the juniors white "plugs ", the sophs white derbies, the freshmen black mortar-boards with cardinal tassels, the senior medical stu- dents black silk hats, the senior law students straw derbies with band of blue and maize, the " pharmics " low Mackinac, straw hats with band of old gold and cardinal. Most of the academic senior classes in the eighties had class caps, the prevailing style being the mortar-board, which, indeed, with the gown, is now quite a fre- quent sight in senior year. The sophomores of '85 and the fresh- men of '87 are among the lower classes which have had peculiar caps.
The wearing of class badges is hardly a Michigan custom. However, the members of '74 quite generally wore during sopho- more year, and even later, the interlaced triangle and circle dis- played in their seal; and the law class of '86 had as a pin a plain monogram of gold with a chain and guard.
After spending three years in quiet and unpretentious devotion to college duties the class of '69 suddenly became an originator of a new custom; it adopted a class cane. This is described as a Malacca stick with an ivory handle and a gold band; '69 being carved in raised figures on the end of the handle, and the owner's name being inscribed on the band. The class of '70 brought into fashion the class " autograph cane ", and its members gave much of their time each to carving his name on every other's walking- stick. When '73 attained its seniority this nuisance was abated, to be revived at intervals afterwards-as in 1877-but hardly with the old fervor which caused the instructors of '70 and '71 to des- pair of the republic.
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Another line of activity in which the academic classes became interested at an early date was the public literary exhibition. The first affair of this kind was given in the old Presbyterian Church by the sophomores on the evening of Aug. 10, 1843. Four ora- tions, four dissertations, four essays, and one poem, gave every member of the class a chance. By the same class, '45, the first junior exhibition was given Aug. 14, 1844. Many years passed before a freshman exhibition took place, the first being on the evening of May 28, GERE 1869. It was given by eighteen mem- S bers of the class of '72 who had been appointed by Professor Tyler; and it UNIVERSITY may be observed that only two of the OF MICHIGAN. eighteen were chosen to speak at Com- mencement. The second and last of the freshman exhibitions was held on the evening of May 31, 1870. Twenty- three appointments were made for this by Professor Tyler. Henry Russel, George Hopkins, and S. T. Douglas, now of the Detroit Bar, and V. M. Spalding, now of the Faculty, were among the speakers. The exercises consisted of declamations and recitals.
Sophomore exhibitions were revived in the spring of 1868 for the immediate benefit of the class of '70. Two of these affairs were given, the first in March, the second in May. The speakers were self-appointed. As was sagely remarked none but sopho- mores would volunteer for such a purpose. On the evening of April 29, 1870, the last of this species of entertainment was given by the class of '72. Possibly by preconcerted arrangement the class of '73 was on hand to study the methods of its hated foe. Much pleased by the speeches, which were inconceivable poor, the '73 men were vigorous in applause and prodigal of testimonials, the latter taking the form of grass bouquets. As the evening wore away the flagging interest of the audience was aroused by the descent of a rooster in a somewhat intricate curve from the gal- lery to the stage, where it lay at the feet of Acting-President Frieze. This induction of poultry into the Methodist Church was too much for the patience of the authorities. Four of the class were suspended for six months, others for a longer period, but all were restored in consideration of a pledge by the class that it would refrain during the ensuing year from the usual disorderly
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THE MICHIGAN BOOK
conduct of sophomores. Perhaps the class thought that the giv- ing of an exhibition would necessarily constitute a breach of its agreement; at any rate no sophomore exhibition-of a literary character-has occurred since that April night. At '73's class-day exercises what was claimed to be the rooster above mentioned was produced, but the identity of the fowl was strenuously denied, it being claimed by '72 that the janitor of the church had killed and eaten the bird. Affidavits for and against were produced, and much interest was aroused by the discussion.
Junior exhibitions were deeply rooted in the traditions of the college, and many believed they would long survive their sopho- omore and freshman analogues. The speakers were elected by the academic Faculty (for law or medical students had nothing to do with these distinctly collegiate exercises ), and were usually the leading men of the class in scholarship and literary ability. "Junior Exhibition", says The University Chronicle of Oct. 26, 1867, "is looked upon by the undergraduates as the most import- ant event of the course, and its honors are coveted more than all others, more, even, than class-day positions or Commencement preferences; in fact it is the only thing in the nature of a prize connected with the University." Under the system which went into effect in 1867, an appointment to speak on Commencement Day became a greater honor than one for Junior Ex .; but the lat- ter continued to be regarded as very desirable, although some of every class professed indifference. These exhibitions were char- acterized by the publication of mock programmes, of which Pro- fessor Frieze once wrote:
" A 'mock programme' afforded large opportunity to those members of the junior class who were not honored with an appointment to exercise their wit at the expense of their more lucky classmates, and of any others, whether officers or stu- dents, whom they might wish to ridicule. Members of the Faculty, especially such as had salient peculiarities, and sometimes the President, not infrequently found themselves advertised in doggerel lines to take part in the performance, while the exhibitors themselves were named and characterized in such a manner, and their themes also designated with such absurd titles, that when the poor vic- tims appeared on the stage, the audience being plentifully supplied with the ' mock programmes ' as well as the genuine, could hardly escape their influence. Many of the officers were indicated in these humorous documents by some nick- name; even the venerable Dr. Williams was not spared. But beginning as they did, in a spirit of harmless mirth, just like the practice of hazing, they inevitably took on at last a more or less criminal character, not seldom outraging both moral- ity and decency. For college life cannot avoid occasions of personal enmity, and the college community most always contain at least some bad characters; and the influence of both came naturally to show themselves in these anonymous pro- gram mes. Playful satire, if it becomes anonymous, soon becomes malicious satire. Attacking in the dark, in sport, leads to stabbing in the dark. The mock pro-
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THE CLASSES
gramme, therefore, like all anonymous writings of a personal nature, tended to breed in the authors of them an unmanly and dastardly spirit. Accordingly these programmes at last became a public nuisance; and President Tappan and the Faculty made every effort to suppress them. This was very difficult because of the facility with which the printing of them could be secured in neighboring towns, and of the ease with which they could be circulated in secret; but the temp- tation to make use of such a congenial instrument for venting malice and vileness from time to time led some of the more reckless to repeat the offence, and it can scarcely be said to have been abolished until the exhibitions themselves disap- peared ".
Rascally as many of these programs are, they make up not the most uninteresting part of the memorabilia Michiganiensia. The one which had to deal with the exhibition of the class of '62 was "The University Bedbug", and it is said that a member of that class aided in getting it out and received a suspension there- for. Martin L. D'Ooge, now of the Faculty, was in junior year connected with '62 (although he was matriculated with '61), and of him this was written in the Bedbug:
"I and the Profs, (a pome)-Mighty little 'D'Ogan. God save this junior sent To teach us virtue's bent, And when his say is out, God save him, let him went. " Music-' Oh could we climb where D'Ooge stands.' (Sung by the Fresh- men, en masse.) ".
The mock programme of the exhibition of '63 measures 14 x 6 inches and is printed in two columns upon one side only of the sheet. It is entitled "Great Moral Exhibition of the Junior Class of Mich. University, Wednesday eve., March 26, 1862." Levi L. Barbour, recently Regent, and N. H. Winchell, afterwards of the University of Minnesota, are subjected to discourteous verses; and ten other speakers suffer.
The burlesque on the Junior Ex. of '64 took the form of a long play-bill headed "Unparalled attraction ! The Wild Beasts of the Forest, or the Dogans of '64. For one night only". In the bill of particulars which follows much liberty is taken with the initials of the Christian names of the twelve victims; O. F. Drury becomes "Our Fool Drury", W. B. Hendryx is rendered "Woe Begone Hendryx", and E. D. W. Kinne is translated " Endless Drawling Windy Kinne". After the speaking comes "Music", viz., a "Dirge " in these lines:
" Now view the young as off the stage they pass,
And ask how Nature made so vile a class ".
When '65 gave its public performance it was treated to a four- page programme, the outer cover of which read: "Public Degra-
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THE MICHIGAN BOOK
dation of the Class of '65. To take place at the Athens of the West, under the Direction of Mister ' Old Owl' and his Satanic Majesty. Tuesday Evening, March 29, 1864". Within is the "Order of Exercises, showing the different stages of degradation"; this begins with "Music-'Ain't you glad you come', By the Select Twelve". Toward the close we are told " the Sigs and Alpha Delts will appear in mourning because Bills and Williams were not appointed to spout ".
C An altogether outrageous eight-page pamphlet was re- ITY OF quired to illustrate the defects of the appointed juniors of '66. GA AN. This was entitled "Happy Moral Combination of Dirty Dilutions from a demoralized Squad of UNIVERS the Class of '66; McIntyre's COMMENCEMENT, Presbyterian Ranch, Ann Arbor, Mich., March 28, 1865". The wednesday, August 3, 10 08. class of '67 was gratified by an alleged account of its prospec- tive exercises the title of which By ARBOR covered half a page, and read: " Declamation and Composition by some of the Younger Mem- bers of Mr. Rast Haven's School for Boys at the Parthenon, DETROIT. PRINTED BY HARSHA & WILLCOX. 1845. Athens, March 27, 1866". An exceptionally vicious attack was made upon '68's Exhibition. COMMENCEMENT PROGRAMME, 1845. Tradition has it that the assault upon the Class of '69 by sopho- mores of '70 was so phenomenally atrocious that energetic efforts were made to discover the offenders, who, being found out, were expelled, thus more than decimating the class, and putting an end to the business of issuing mock programmes.
As the classes grew larger the difficulty, always great, of pleasing everybody with the annual list of speakers, increased. The problem became more intricate when public opinion com- pelled the cutting down the number of appointees. The marking system in vogue at all other important colleges had never been used by us, so that there was no actual written evidence of superiority in scholarship or literary merit. Consequently the
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THE CLASSES
reasons for a particular appointment were matters of opinion, and in a country where every one's opinion is as good as every other's, that test is apt to be unsatisfactory. For several years there was much quiet discontent; but '70, '71, ORDER OF EXERCISES. and '72 managed to hold their Ex- hibitions in peace. When the elec- tions for this important honor were made in '73, a class in which the Part L. delegations of the leading secret societies were at swords' points, it 1. Sacred Music. 2. Prayer. happened that the smallest delega- 3. Salutatory Address. EDMUND FISH, Bloomfield. tion had the most appointments, and 4. Romance. that certain worthy members of the EDWIN LAWRENCE, MORTOC. 5. The Power and Province of Rational Philosophy. JUDSON D. COLLINS, Lyndon. other delegations were passed by. Some also of the non-society men 6. Music. 7. The Ideal. felt slighted. No doubt there was THOMAS B. CUMING, Grand Rapids. ground for criticism, yet when,
8. Intellectual Sovereignty. MERCHANT H. GOODRICH, Ann Arbor.
9. Perfection of Philosophy. P. W. H. RAWLS, Kalamazoo. 10. Music,
11. Claims of Agriculture on Science.
GEO. W. PRAY, Superior.
months afterwards, the names of the appointing committee transpired, the charge of intentional unfairness became ridiculous. But the ap- pointees themselves cared so little about the matter that they offered their resignations, which were ac- cepted. In accordance with the policy, adopted some years before, of giving up any custom which developed friction, Junior Exhibition was then and there discontinued.
Another kind of class exhibition was given on the Commencement 23. Degrees conferred. stage from 1845 to 1878. The first 24. Address to the Class. 25. Prayer. Commencement of the University took place in the Presbyterian Church-not the present struc- ture-on the sixth day of August, 1845. Professor Williams presided, and eleven students were graduated Bachelors of
12. Lamech-A Fragment.
J. D. COLLINS, Lyndon. J. D. Collins.
Lambert, Jarab, C. A. Clark.
Characters,
Naphel, P. W. H. Rawls.
Sons of. Lamech, S T. B. Cuming, E. Lawrence.
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