USA > Minnesota > Hennepin County > Minneapolis > History of Hennepin county and the city of Minneapolis, including the Explorers and pioneers of Minnesota > Part 31
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The surface of the country is undulating. though in no part mountainous or hilly. The county belongs to the southern slope of the state. and to the Mississippi valley. The elevation above the level of the sea varies from 663 feet at the crossing of the C. M. & St. P. R. R. on the Minnesota River, to 940 feet at Long Lake sta- tion. The elevation of the Mississippi River at
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HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY.
Nicollet Island is 791 feet. and half a mile below the Falls of St. Anthony 7114 feet.
RIVERS AND LAKES.
This county is favored with abundance of water to supply all the functions that water ever fulfills.
First. for Navigation. The Mississippi has afforded navigation both above and below the Falls. The Minnesota permits navigation along the southern boundary of the county.
Second. Water Power. The immense power of the Falls of St. Anthony. alone, gives this county greater facilities for manufacture. than can be found elsewhere in the United States. There are minor water powers on the smaller streams and lakes.
The largest fouring establishments in the world. and other branches of manufacture, de- rive their power from these great falls. In early times travellers have expended their eloquence in descriptions of their beauty. It to- day. if we describe the features correctly, we must admit that the picturesque scenery has largely disappeared and given place to practical business. If we echo the sentiments of this am- bitious people. we must dwell on the wealth in machinery and manufactures that now environs the falls. and not lament over the beauty that has gone. The description of these vast estab- lishments is reserved for a subsequent chapter.
Third. Running loys to the numerous saw-mills. Fourth. Brandy of Securry. On the map we can count over two hundred lakes in lenne- pin county. As we ride through the country. they seem innumerable. They are mostly clear and deep. with gravelly margins, and discharge their waters into the large boundary rivers. through numerons beautiful creeks and rivulets. The largest is Lake Minnetonka. Many of the lakes, on account of their great beauty. are places of summer resort.
Fifth. Health. The healthfulness of the state is thought to be due, to some extent to its large amount of water surface. Doubtless this, taken with its great distance inland. is a very healthful feature for Hennepin county.
The Crow is not regarded as a navigable river. though. at one time. Capt. Rollins made a run. with the " Gov. Ramsey," twenty miles up the
stream. Its banks are low and wooded, present- ing no marked features. The fine river scenery is on the Mississippi from the falls to Fort Snelling. Throughout this distance, of nine miles, the river runs through a gorge about eighty rods wide, with high. bare, rocky Wuffs on each side. This is the grandest seenery of the Northwest. After the great tribu- tary. the Minnesota. forms its junction. at Fort Snelling. the gorge widens to about a mile. The same rock - ribbed walls are, however. continued. If we pass up the Minnesota. we find the banks changed in their character. The bluffs. instead of being bare and rocky. are turfed and grown up to small wood. At the early settlement of the county. these banks were described as simply grassy. but the absence of wood was. probably, due to tires sweeping over them.
Geologists interpret the clayey deposit, west of the river. and other debris moved by the icebergs of the glacial period. as indicating great surface changes in the county, as well as in the volume and course of its rivers. The Minnesota was once the largest river. and the Mississippi flowed into it.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.
The general contour of the county is nearly level. with an undulating drift surface. In a belt varying from six miles to less than one mile in width along the Mississippi. the narrowest point of which is in North Minneapolis, the drift has been modified by the river. and presents almost a level surface, with a soil lighter and more sandy than in parts more remote from the river. Co-existent with the line which marks the limit of this drift. is that of the supposed line be- tween the St. Peter sandstone and the Shakopee limestone of the Lower Magnesian formation. The belt included in this line has, a nearly uni- form dat surface. occasionally diversified by a knoll of hard-pan drift. Excavations made at different points included in this helt. never fail to reveal this hard-pan. Underlying this tract. is a Jaminated or flaky clay. which. when burned. yields an excellent quality of brick of that creamy color known as " Milwaukee brick."
The principal out-cropping rocks are the Tren- ton limestone and St. Peter sandstone. The Shakopee limestour crops out at Shakopee, on
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GEOLOGY, SOIL AND VEGETATION.
the opposite side of the Minnesota River, and is believed to exist, covered by the drift. through- out Hennepin county. It is known among build- ers as " Kasota Stone," named from the town where it is extensively quarried. It was called Shakopee limestone from its being first noticed and classified at the out-crop in Shakopee.
The Trenton Limestone is composed of three distinet layers-Upper Trenton, Green Shale and Lower Trenton. The Lower is the only out- cropping stratum in the county. The Green Shales are only found on excavating the drift. It is quite fossiliferons, and sometimes called, incorrectly, soap-stone. The Lower Trenton oc- eurs along the bluffs of the Mississippi. at and below the falls. It is plainly seen in the quarry below the University. The upper stratum. eight feet, is impure limestone. Under this is a more impure stratum, thongh of similar character. Third, four feet eight inches Green Shales. Fourth, a little more than two feet of stone used for the roughest building. Underlying, the fifth layer, is the building stone, fifteen feet in thick- ness, used so extensively in the construction of the best walts in this and adjoining counties. This stone is too argillaceous (clayey) to be a re- liable building material. Its weakness consists in the shales interlarded between layers of the limestone. This causes. also. a mottled appear- ance on the surface of the stone. The dark spots are shale. and the lighter colored. limestone. Sixth, two feet of blue shale is found. This last layer rests upon the St. Peter sandstone.
The fact that the harder limestone of the lower Trenton is super-imposed on the softer St. Peter sandstone gives rise to our water falls. The action of the water cuts away the underlying St. Peter, thus producing after many years' erosion. a great fall. The position of the layers also threatened at one time the destruction of the falls which they had previously produced. Little streams had so percolated the sandstone as to render it more than probable that the overlying limestone would soon be undermined. and the the magnificent fall be change into a simple rapid. Prompt and efficient measures on the part of capitalists, assisted by the general government. arrested the danger, and rescued the fall.
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SOIL AND VEGETATION.
The soil of the county may be distinguished as of two classes ; sandy soil, occupying the belt before described, near the river, and the grayish clay. The changes noticed in the vegetation, as one passes through, will indicate the change in the soil beneath. Copses of oak and aspen show the soil to be sandy, while the large sugar maples, American elms. bass and red oak point out the elayey soil. On the clay also grow the butternut. soft maple. bitternut. black ash. white ash, poplar. white birch and white oak.
The principal shrubs are hazel, smooth sumae. wolf-berry. thorn. ekder. honey-suckle, kinnikin- nick, wild rose, prickly ash. and speckled elder. Many water-loving plants abound along the numerous lakes.
Frost grapes, wild plums. American or native crab-apples. black and red cherries, june-berries. choke-cherries. prickly and smooth wild goose- berries, high bush cranberries, high blackberries, black and red raspberries, strawberries and eran- berries are the principal wild fruits.
From the middle of the county westward the soil is clay. rolling and heavily timbered. East of this is the belt containing the small, sparse tim- ber. covering the eastern part of Maple Grove and Plymouth, the western part of Minneapolis and the central portions of Richfield and Bloom- ington. with occasional tracts in Minnetonka and Eden Prairie.
The soil and climate favor the production of spring-wheat. This is grown to the exclusion of winter-wheat which winter-kills. The hardness of the kernel of Minnesota spring-wheat gives a superior quality to the flour of our mills. Other small grains, of ordinary farming, are readily produced. Sorghum has recently become an im- portant article of production. The cultivation of fruits has been proved practicable although it was long supposed impossible to mature choice varieties. Peter M. Gideon. of Excelsior, has done more than any other man for the improve- ment of varieties of fruits. It can almost be said that he has done all in this county. He struggled for a long time unaided, but now has charge of a " State Experimental Farm." Trees were set out on this farm in the spring of 1878. There. with the patronage of the state. Mr. Gid-
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HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY.
ron will continue his experiments. His purpose is to produce an apple that is a long keeper, and grown on a hardy stock. It is impossible in this article to deseribe his methods. For hardiness. necessarily the first requsite in this climate. he depends on the crab stock. Some valuable va- rieties have already been obtained.
%0010GY.
On the same grounds that Minnesota has been called the sportsman's state. this county might be called the sportsman's county. Its lakes, prairies and forests are the natural haunts of the many varieties of game with which the state abounds. Gray and prairie wolves, bears, wild cats, rac- roons. foxes. deer, rabbits, squirrels. gophers found in such abundance throughout the state. as to cause it to be called the " Gopher State ") and wood chucks, were all found in abundance. within a few years, and many of them abound now. Some water animals, sought for their furs. are trapped. The otter. mink, beaver and musk- rat furnish the most valuable pelts. Grouse (prairie-hens), partridges, and pigeons, are the principal feathered game. except in the season when ducks. brant and wild geese abound.
This county shares with the state in a multi- tude of small birds of brilliant plumage. Some varieties are peculiar to this vicinity. They de- light the eye and ear of the tourists, who frequent the charming lakes, woods and streams. The lakes abound in the usual varieties of fish. Some interest has been shown in adding new and im- proved kinds.
CLIMATE.
The climate of this county and those imme- diately adjoining, gave to Minnesota at an early day. its reputation for health and made it the asylum for invalids. No other county in the state is better situated or more favorably known for health. It is very beneficial to invalids suf- tering from pulmonary diseases. Instances where this climate does not effeet a cure for such in- valids. can usually be explained by the fact that the disease was allowed to progress too far before trying the remedy, or some other circumstance. peenliar to the patient and not chargeable to the climate, interfered.
EDUCATION.
The first settlers of this county brought with them from New England. not only the fear of God. which lead them to build churches, but, as the natural concomitant of the Bible is education, they brought in their hearts the desire for schools and at once set abont educational work.
Refinement and social culture were as essential to them as the vital air. It has been said. and truthfully, that the tendency of western life is verging toward barbarism. Here. however. eu]- ture and refinement followed closely on the heels of settlement. It is already abreast of the boasted East in public education.
It can be safely said. that the whole state, but pre-eminently Hennepin county has made greater progress in education during the last twenty-two years than any other state or county in the I'nited States. The first school taught was by Miss Electa Bachus, in the summer of 1849, in a small shanty on the east side. This was under territorial jurisdiction. In the fall of that year, the first school house was built in the county.
The next teacher, was Miss Nancy E. Miller. The first teacher on the west side, was Miss Mary A. Scofield. The first male teacher, was Renben Clark. Thirty years only have passed sinee one little school was all and sufficient for the wants of the community.
The following is extracted from the official re- port of 1879. for the sake of contrast. School districts. H0 ; school houses. 130 : graded schools outside of Minneapolis, 5; scholars enrolled. 10.215. A larger proportion of children of school age attend school in this than in any other state.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY-OFFICIAL RECORD -JUDICIAL RECORD LIST OF COUNTY OFFI- VERS.
The bill which fixed the boundaries of this county. passed the Territorial Legislature in 1852, and was approved March 6th, of the same year. It originally formed a part of Dakota county.
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ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY-OFFICIAL RECORD.
The bill provided that "So much of Dakota county as lies north'of the Minnesota River, west of the Mississippi, and east of a line commencing at a place known as the Little Rapids, on said Minnesota River ; thence in a direct line north by west, to the forks of Crow River; thence down said river to its junction with the Mississippi. " The bill further provided that Hennepin county be attached to Ramsey, for judicial purposes. "Until further provided for." For elective pur- poses it was to remain, as then, in conjunction with Dakota county. so far as related to the elec- tion of a councillor and two representatives, un- til the next apportionment.
Section 3 of the bill provided that, " When the treaty of Mendota, concluded with the Dakota Indians, should be ratified by the United States Senate, the county of Hennepin shall be entitled to elect, at the next general election, such county and other officials as the organized counties were entitled to." Section + provided that the county commissioners elected, should be authorized to establish the county seat temporarily. " Until the same is permanently established by the legisla- ture, or authorized votes of the qualified voters of said county."
The county was formally organized on the 21st day of October, 1852. Eleven days previous, an election was held at the house of Col. John II. Ste- vens, at which 73 votes were polled, representing about one-half of the voters residing in the conn- ty. Another voting place was fixed at Mendota, for the accommodation of those living along the Minnesota River. Previous to the election, a mass-meeting was held. at which the following ticket was nominated, irrespective of party:
Representative, Dr. A. E. Ames : County Com- missioners, Alex. Moore, John Jackins, Joseph Dean ; County Treasurer, John T. Mann : Reg- ister of Deeds, John II. Stevens; District Attor- ney, Warren Bristol ; Sheriff, Isaac Brown ; Cor- oner. David Gorham : Judge of Probate, Joel B. Bassett; County Surveyor, Charles W. Christ- mas; Assessors. Edwin Hedderly, Eli Pettijohn. S. A. Goodrich; Road Commissioner, George Parks. The entire ticket was elected without opposition, and the parties named became the first officers of Hennepin county. They were nominated and eleeted without effort on their part, and in many instances, against their ex-
pressed wish. The first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held on the 21st of October, 1852, Alexander Moore being chosen chairman. Dr. H. Fletcher was the first Justice of the Peace before the county organization, and Edwin Hedderly the first Justice after the county organization. Politieally, little need be said of Ilennepin county. In its earlier days, and until the organization of the Republican party, the contest for political preferment, was between the old Whig and Democratic parties, the latter usually being in the ascendency. Now, in con- sequence of the death of some of the giants in the land, the masses could no longer be held to the old lines. The Whig party died with Clay. Political chaos throughout the country followed. Down went Whig and Know-Nothing, and out of the ruins was built the Republican party It is not important to give the position of politicians in this state during the political chaos. Since. the Republican element has, with a few exceptions in local politics, been the ruling factor. In State and National politics the county is largely Re- publican.
OFFICIAL RECORD
of State, Judicial and Legislative officers of Hen- nepin county. The first Territorial Legislature convened September 3d, 1849, and adjourned the first of the following November. The county was represented in the Council by John Rollins and Martin MeLeod. and in the House, by Wm. R. Marshall. Wm. Dugas, Fifth District ; Alexis Bailey and Gideon Il. Pond, Seventh District.
Second Legislature, Jun. Ist to March 31st, 1851. John Rollins, Martin MeLeod, Council; John W. North. E. Patchen, Honse, Fifth District : Benjamin HI. Randall, Seventh District.
Third Legislature, Jan. 7th to March 6th, 1852 .- W'm. L. Larned, Martin McLeod, Council : Sum- ner W. Farnham, John Il. Murphy, and Benj. HI. Randall. House.
Fourth Legislature, Jan. 5th to March 5th, 1853. -Wm. L. Larned, Martin McLeod, Council ; R. I'. Bassett. G. B. Dution, A. E. Ames, B. H. Randall, House.
Fifth Legislature, Jan. 4th to March 4th, 1854 .- Chas. T. Stevens, Council ; Cephas Gardner, Henry S. Plummer, Hezekiah Fletcher, House.
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HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY.
Sixth Legislature. Jan. 3d to March 3d. 1855 .- Chas. T. Stevens, Council ; A. M. Fridley, Dan- iel Stanchfield. D. M. Hanson, House.
By the apportionment of 1855. the precinct of St. Anthony was designated as the Third District. and Hennepin. (west .: Carver and Davis, as the Eleventh. and remained so until the adoption of the state constitution.
Serenthe Legislature. Jan. 2d to March 1st, 1856. -J. Rollins. D. M. Hanson. Council. Third Dist., Sumner W. Farnham. C. W. Le Bontillier. James F. Bradley, Thomas W. Peirce, Arba Cleveland, Thomas B. Hunt. Francis Thorndike. House, Eleventh Dist.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
Pursuant to an act of the territorial legislature, approved March 3d. 1857. an election was held on the first Monday in June. to elect delegates to the convention. called for the purpose of framing a state constitution. The following are the names of Hennepin county delegates :
Republican wing. 3d Dist -D. A. Secombe, P. Winell. L. C. Walker, J. II. Murphy ; Hth Dist. Cyrus Aldrich. Wentworth Hayden, R. L. Bar- tholomew. W. F. Russell. Charles B. Sheldon, David Morgan. E. N. Bates, D. F. Smith.
Democratic wing, 3d Dist. B. B. Mecker, Wm. M. Lashells. Calvin A. Tuttle. C. L. Chase : 11th Dist .- Alfred E. Ames.
With the adoption of the state constitution, a new apportionment named as the Fourth District. . So much of Hennepin as Jies west of the Missis- sippi River "; that portion cast of the river, as the Twenty-third District. The result of the first fall election. under the new constitution. was, Sinatr 4th Dist., Erastus N. Bates. Delano T. Smith : 23d Dist., Jonathan Chase. House Ith Dist .. R. B. Gibson, George II. Keith, Wm. S. Chowen : 23d Dist., Wm. H. Townsend. L. (. Walker.
No session of the legislature was held during the winter of 1858 9, owing to the extra session just preceding. At the October election, how- ever. the following officers were elected from Hennepin county, though they never took their seats : House W. D. Washburn, A. C. Austin, R. B. MeGrath. and A. Could : Senat 23d Dist .. David Heaton.
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Freund Legislature. 1859-50 .- Senate. 4th Dist .. Jesse Bishop. R. L. Bartholomew : 23d Dist .. D. 1. Heaton ; House, 4th Dist., J. P. Abraham, Henry B. Mann, A. C. Austin. Irwin Shrewsbury ; 23d Dist., D. A. Secombe. G. P. Baldwin.
In 1860, another apportionment occurred, nam- ing Hennepin East as the Fourth District, and Hennepin West as the Fifth.
Third Legislature, 1861 .- Senate. 4th Dist .. Da- vid Heaton : 5th Dist .. R. J. Baldwin ; House, 4th Dist., Jared Benson. G. V. Mayhew : 5th Dist. F. R. E. Cornell, Wentworth Hayden.
Fourth Legislature. 1862 .- Senate. 4th Dist .. David Heaton : 5th Dist., R. J. Baldwin : House, 4th Dist., J. II. Allen, Jared Benson : 5th Dist .. F. R. E. Cornell, John C. Past.
Fifth Legislature, 1863 .- Senate. 4th Dist .. Da- vid Heaton : 5th Dist., R. J. Baldwin : House, 4th Dist., Dwight Woodbury. H. J. Croswell ; 5th Dist .. A. C. Austin, R. B. MeGrath.
Sixth Legislature, 1861. Senate. 4th Dist .. John S. Pillsbury : 5th Dist., Dorilus Morrison : House, 4th Dist .. Jared Benson. Jonathan Firren : 5th Dist .. John A. Coleman. Gilbert Graham.
Serenth Legislature, 1865. Senate, Ith Dist .. John S. Pillsbury. Dorilus Morrison ; House, 4th Dist .. F. M. Stowell, Stephen Hewson ; 5th Dist .. Cyrus Aldrich. F. R. E. Cornell.
Eighth Legislature . 1866 .- (The apportionment this year did not affect Hennepin. cast or west.) Senate. 4th Dist., John S. Pillsbury : 5th Dist .. (. 11. Pettit : House, Ith Dist .. E. W. Cutler. A. R. Hayden: 5th Dist .. Aaron Gould. Jonas II. Howe.
Ninth Legislature, 1867 .- Senate, 4th Dist .. . J. S. Pillsbury ; 5th Dist .. J. C. Whitney : House. 4th Dist .. 11. F. Blodgett ; 5th Dist .. A. E. Ames. Aaron Gould, John Seboski.
Tenth Legislature, 1868 -Senate. 1th Dist .. Jomm S. Pillsbury : 5th Dist .. C. H. Pettit : House. Ith Dist .. Samuel Ross: 5th Dist .. C. D. Davison. Chas. 11. Clark. John II. Hechtman.
Eleventh Legislatur. 1569. Senate, Ith Dist .. William Lochren ; 5th Dist .. C. H. Pettit : House, 1th Dist .. A. M. Fridley : 5th Dist .. C. D. Davi- son. A. R. Hall, Chas. Il. Clark.
Twelfth Legislature, 1550. Senate, Ath Dist., William Lochren; 5th Dist., C. H. Pettit ;
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OFFICIAL RECORD-JUDICIAL RECORD.
House, 4th Dist., A. M. Fridley, A. R. Hall, E. A. Rice, J. Il. Pond.
Thirteenth Legislature, 1871 .- Senate. 4th Dist .. John S. Pillsbury; 5th Dist .. C. H. Petlit : House, A. M. Fridley ; 5th Dist .. W. D. Wash- burn. A. R. Hall. A. J. Underwood.
Apportionment of 1871 .- Under this apportion- ment, Hennepin East became a part of the 25th District, and Hennepin West formed the 26th and 27th Districts. The 25th District was given one senator and two representatives, the 26th a senator and four representatives, and the 27th a senator and three representatives.
Fourteenth Legislature, 1872-Senate. 25th Dist .. A. C. Morrell : 26th Dist., Levi Biler: 27th Dist., Wm. P. Ankeny : House, 25th Dist .. Frank- lin Whitney, John II. Strong : 26th Dist .. A. J. Underwood. C. Il. Clark, C. F. Adams, Loren Fletcher ; 27th Dist., A. R. Hall. Z. Dementes, F. L. Morse.
Fifteenth Legislature, 1873 .- Senate, 25th Dist., John S. Pillsbury ; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 271h Dist., R. B. Langdon ; House, 25th Dist., James MeCann, Daniel Anderson ; 26th Dist., C. B. Tirrell, Loren Fletcher, Chas. II. Clark, C. F. Adams; 27th Dist., A. R. Ilall, Z. Demeules. M. C. Comerford.
Sixteenth Legislature, 1874. Senate, 25th Dist .. John S. Pillsbury ; 26th Dist., Levi Butler ; 27th Dist .. R. B. Langdon : House, 25th Dist .. C. F. Woodbury. Lyman Brown : 26th Dist .. C. B. Tir- rell, Loren Fletcher, C. F. Adams, C. Il. Pettit ; 27th Dist., A. R. Hall. F. L. Morse, John Hecht- man.
Seventeenth Legislature, 1875 .--- Senate, 25th Dist., John S. Pillsbury : 26th Dist., Levi Butler ; 27th Dist .. R. B. Langdon : House, 25th Dist., C. T. Woodbury, Daniel Anderson ; 26th Dist .. (. II. Pettit, C. II. Drake, Loren Fletcher, A. In- gerson ; 27th Dist .. Geo. A. Camp, Frank L. Morse, Daniel Bassett.
Eighteenth Legislature, 1876 .-- Senate, 251h Dist., J. B. Gilfillan : 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon ; House, 25th Dist., F. Whitney, Daniel Anderson ; 26th Dist., C. I. Pettit, Leander Gorton, John HI. Stevens, C. B. Tirrell; 27th Dist., A. M. Reid, Daniel Bassett, Frank L. Morse.
Nineteenth Legislature, 1877 .- Senate, 25th Dist.,
John B. Giltillan ; 26th Dist., Levi Butler ; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon ; Honse, 25th Dist., D. Anderson, G. W. Putnam ; 26th Dist .. Geo. HI. Johnson, L. Fletcher, W. II. Rouse, J. II. Clark; 27th Dist .. A. R. Hall. Andrew J. Smith, Peter Weinant.
Tirentieth Legislature, 1878 .- Senate, 25th Dis1., John B. Gilfillan ; 26th Dist., Charles A. Pills- bury : 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon : House, 25th Dist., Geo. W. Putnam. Baldwin Brown : 261h Dist., W. II. Johnson, H. G. Hicks. J. H. Clark, Ed. MeDermott : 27th Dist., Frank L. Morse, Peter Weinant, Harry Ghostly. This Legisla- ture adopted bi-ennial sessions.
Twenty-first Legislature, 1879 .-- ( No session. official Roster as follows: ) Senate. 25th Dist., J. B. Giltillan : 25th Dist .. C. A. Pillsbury : 27th Dist .. E. M. Wilson : Ilonse, 25th Dist., Jared Benson, Daniel Anderson : 26th Dist., H. G. Hicks, W. H. Johnson, A. Tharalson, J. Thomp- son, Jr. ; 27th Dist., John Baxter, Geo. Huhn, A. J. Smith.
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