USA > Minnesota > Otter Tail County > History of Otter Tail County, Minnesota: Its People, Industries and Institutions, Volume I > Part 7
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Topography-Besides the foregoing reference to the contour of the county, the reader will find in a later portion of this chapter details of its belts of morainic hills, including the Leaf hills, which are the most prominent accumulations of morainic drift in Minnesota, having a height of one hun- dred to three hundred and fifty feet above the adjoining country.
ALTITUDES.
Northern Pacific Railroad-Main Line.
Feet Above
Sea.
Wadena Junction. two miles west of Wadena
1,352
Oak Ridge creek, bed, 1,310: grade
1 1.326
Leaf river, bed, 1.303; grade
1.315
Bluffton
1.323
Bluff creek. bed. 1.308; grade
1,329
1
1
1
1
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Feet Above
Sea.
1,341
1.410
1.41I
1.433
1,396
1.343
1.370
1.383
1.361
1.372
1,386
-1.404
1.352
1.347
1.353
1.380
1.394
1.419
1,400
1,424
1,420
1.437
1,450
1,380
1.346
1.340
1.332
1.354
1,3,39
1.323-1.328 1.360
1.335
1.246
1.204
1.187
1.192
OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
Little run, bed, 1328; grade New York Mills
Summit, natural ground, highest on this railroad in Minnesota Summit, 200 to 400 feet farther west
Richland Perham
Summit. natural surface
At Thompson's lake, grade
Summit, natural ground
Wadena Junction
Oak Ridge creek, bed, 1.334: grade
Deer creek, bed, 1,378; grade
Deer Creek station
Summit, cutting. 5 feet ; grade Rock creek. bed. 1,393; grade
Willow creek, bed, 1,406; grade
Pease prairie, general surface
East Battle creek, bed. 1.369; grade
Summit, grade
Lake Clitherall
Battle Lake station
Turtle lake
Maplewood
Outlet of Bass lake, bed, 1.327; grade
Bass lake
Red river, bed. 1,228; grade Red river, bed. 1.191; grade
Pelican Junction
Crossing St. P., M. & M. railway
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Summit. grade
Henning
('litherall
Outlet of Lake Clitherall, bed. 1,331 : grade
Outlet of Turtle lake. bed. 1.327: grade
Otter Tail river. bed, 1324; grade
Otter Tail river, bed, 1,3440: grade
Hobart
W'adena-Breckenridge Division.
South Bhuff creek, bed. 1.323: grade
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1.368
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1,325-1.328
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
Feet Above
Sea.
Fergus Falls
1,182
Red river, bed, 1,145; water, 1,151; grade
1,175
Pelican river, bed, 1,120; water, 1,124; grade
1,132
Summit, grade 1,175
Upper or Herman beach of lake Agassiz, forty rods wide, crest, 1,080, ten feet above the depressions both east and west; grade 1,075
Ames
1,063
Great Northern Railroad-Fergus Falls Line.
Pelican creek, near the south line of Otter Tail county, water, 1,236; grade 1,249
Dalton (a summit) 1,357
Pomme de Terre river, water, 1,224; grade 1,259
Parkdale
1,274
Sand lake, water, 1,185; grade 1,186
Crossing Northern Pacific railroad, Wadena division 1 1, 192
Fergus Falls, freight depot 1,187
Red river, water, 1,178; grade 1,188
Fergus Falls, passenger depot
1,208
Pelican river, water, 1,149; grade
1,171
Carlisle
1
1,224
Junction of branch to Pelican Rapids 1,216
Lake. water, 1,218; grade 1,223
Rothsay
1,188
Most :of the following elevations of rivers and lakes are determined by exact surveys; others are estimated very approximately.
Otter Tail River and Lakes.
On the line between Becker and Otter Tail counties 1,360
On the line between Hobart and Gorman 1,342
Pine lakes 1,330
I Two miles southeast from Perham 1,326
Rush and Otter Tail lakes, estimated.
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1,315
Leaf lakes, at the head of Leaf river, estimated 1,340
East and West Battle lakes, about. 1.328
Blanche lake. one mile south of Balmoral. about 1.325
Red River of the North.
Mouth of Otter Tail lake, about 1,315
At the railroad bridge in section 33, Aurdal. 1,232
At the railroad bridge near the east line of the corporation of Fergus Falls 1,195
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Virginia and White-tailed Deer.
American Bison (Buffalo). ..... ....
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
Feet Above
Sea.
In Fergus Falls, at the bridge of the Great Northern railway -1,178 In Fergus Falls, at the bridge of the Wadena division, Northern Pacific railroad 1,151
Mouth of Pelican river, about 1,120
At Dayton bridge, in the southwest quarter of section 20, Buse. 1,064
On the west line of section 30, Buse. 1,041
Near the northeast corner of section 33, township 132, range 44. 1,014
On the line between Otter Tail and Wilkin counties. 1,000
Pelican River and Lakes.
One mile east of Detroit, in Becker county, mill-pond 1,345
Detroit lake 1,335
Lake Melissa. in Lake View, Becker county, about 1,330
Pelican lake, about 1,320
Lakes Lizzie and Lida, about 1,315
Top of dam at Pelican Rapids. (The fall here is twelve feet) 1,30I At the railroad bridge near the south line of Pelican 1,280
At the railroad bridge, two and one-half miles farther south, in Erhards Grove 1,268
'One and one-half miles north of Elizabeth, near the north line of sec- tion 29 1,230
On the line between Elizabeth and Fergus Falls, estimated 1.200 At the bridge of the Great Northern railway, in the east edge of section 13, Carlisle 1,149
Junction with the Red river, about. 1,120
The extremes of elevation in Otter Tail county are as follow : The highest point is in the Leaf hills, in or near section 32, Folden township. about one thousand seven hundred and fifty feet above the sea; the lowest point is where the Red river crosses the west line of the county, one thou- sand feet above the sea. Estimates of the average heights of the townships are as follow : Paddock, 1,400 feet ; Blowers, 1,410; Bluffton, 1,375: Comp- ton, 1,360; Oak Valley, 1,400; Woodside, 1.390; Eastern, 1,400; Butler, 1.425 ; Homestead, 1,425; Newton, 1,390; Deer Creek, 1,400; Inman, 1,440; Elmo, 1,420; Parkers Prairie, 1,440; township 137, range 38, 1,300; Pine Lake, 1.390; Otto, 1.390: Leaf Lake. 1,380; East Battle Lake, 1,440; Folden, 1,500; Effington, 1,500; Gorman, 1,380; Perham, 1,380; Rush Lake, 1.375; Ottertail, 1,340; Girard, 1.365; Nidaros, 1.430; Leaf Mountain, 1.500; Hobart, 1.390; Edna, 1.400: township 135, range 40, 1,375; Amor. 1.360; Everts, 1,360: Clitherall. 1,390: Fagle Lake. 1,440; Candor, 1.390; Dora. (5)
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
1,390; Star Lake, 1,375; Maine, 1,360; Swerdrup. 1,340; Tordenskjold, 1,350; Saint Olaf, 1,340; Dunn. 1.350: Lida, 1.340; Maplewood, 1,380 ;- Friberg, 1,350; Aurdal, 1,320; Dane Prairie. 1.300; Tumuli, 1,280; Scambler, 1,350; Pelican, 1.340; Erhards Grove, 1,340; Elizabeth, 1,325; Fergus Falls, 1,250; Buse, 1,200; Aastad, 1,190; Norwegian Grove, 1,260; Trondhjem, 1,250; Oscar, 1,225; Carlisle, 1,175 ; township 132. range 44. 1,100; and Western, 1,090.
According to these figures, the mean elevation of the eastern third of Otter Tail county is approximately 1,415 feet; of the central third, 1,380 fect; and of the western third. 1,270 feet above the sea; giving 1,355 feet, approximately, as the mean elevation of the whole county.
SOIL AND TIMBER.
The soil of the greater part of this county is the unmodified glacial drift, called till or boulder-clay. This forms the surface of most of the smoothly undulating and moderately rolling areas and of the more rolling, knolly and hilly morainic belts. Next to the surface it has become black- ened by the decay of vegetation to a depth of one or two feet, which con- stitutes the soil proper. Below this it has a yellowish color to a depth vary- ing from five to twenty-five or sometimes fifty feet, due to the exposure to air and percolating water, which have changed the iron contained in this deposit from protoxide combinations to the hydrous sesqui-oxide or limo- nite. At greater depths the glacial drift has a much darker and bluish color. This formation is made up from the eroded rock-materials of large areas on the north, and shows intermingled boulders and fine detritus from Archaean granites, syenites and crystalline schists, the magnesian limestone of the Winnipeg region and the Cretaceous shales of Dakota. Its variety of ingredients, and notably its large proportion of limestone, not only as boulders and pebbles, but in a finely pulverized condition, gives a very high degree of fertility. This is developed by the ample rainfall, which is dis- tributed somewhat equally throughout the year, seldom to excess, and still more rarely so deficiently as to allow crops to be damaged by drought. Wheat, oats, and other cereals, potatoes, sorghum, garden vegetables and small fruits, live stock and butter, are the agricultural exports.
Considerable tracts of stratified gravel and sand, belonging to the modi- fied drift, having a flat surface or, more often, moderately undulating or rolling, occur on the west side of the Pelican river in Dunn, Scambler and Pelican: in Hobart, Gorman and Perham, and in the east edge of Rush Lake; about Otter Tail lake, in the townships of Maine, Amor, Otter Tail, Leaf Lake, Everts and Girard: in the western two-thirds of Nidaros and the north edge of Leaf Mountain: in the northeastern townships; south of the Leaf river in Deer Creek and Compton, and in Elmo. Woodside and .
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
Parkers Prairie. The gravel and sand of these tracts consists largely of limestone, varying from one-fourth to two-thirds, and for the most part their productiveness is scarcely inferior to that of the areas of till.
Timber formerly covered fully two-thirds of the county, but with increas- ing population it is rapidly disappearing. From the west, the prairie region extends in general to the Pelican river, to Fergus Falls, and to Swan and Ten-Mile lakes: but a considerable body of timber was originally found in the northeast part of Norwegian Grove, and an extensive belt of woodland and oak openings reaches on the west side of the Pelican river from Erhards Grove to Carlisle. Within the area that is mainly timbered, a belt of prairies extends quite across the center of the county from north to south, including the plains and undulating tracts of modified drift in Gorman, Perham, Rush Lake. Otter Tail and Leaf Lake, and portions of Amor, Everts, Girard and Nidaros, and tracts of till in Clitherall. Eagle Lake and Saint Olaf, partly undulating in low swells, and partly forming the western third of the Leaf hills. Still farther east, patches of prairie several miles in extent are found in Deer Creek. Compton, Elmo and Parkers Prairie.
The southwestern limit of the pines, spruce and balsam fir is in the vicinity of the Pine lakes, New York Mills and Wadena. Farther south- west, the principal forest trees are oak, elm. ash, basswood, maple, box- elder, ironwood and poplar, with tamarack in the swamps; and these also occur, interspersed with groves of pines, spruce and fir, in the northeast part of the county.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
No outcrop of the rocks underlying the drift is found in this county. The mass of limestone seen by Owen in his boat journey down the Red river, occurring in the river bank at a point a little above Fergus Falls, was only a large slab, embedded in nearly horizontal position in the bank, instead of being in place as a solid bed. Yet the great abundance of large mag- nesian limestone boulders found at many places in the west half of Becker and Otter Tail counties, the section through nearly three hundred feet of magnesian limestone, probably the equivalent of the lower magnesian lime- stone of the Mississippi valley, suggests the probability that the first ascent of high land east of the Red River valley is due, through Otter Tail, Becker, Clay. Norman and Polk counties, to a prominent escarpment of this Cam- brain limestone, with its associated strata of sandstone, now deeply covered and concealed by the drift. In the eastern part of the county, however, it seems most probable that the rocks immediately underlying the drift are Archaean granite, syenite and schists. Above these, patches of cretaceous bers doubtless exist in this region: but definite knowledge of these matters can only be gained by deep wells, none of which have yet reached the bottom
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
of the drift in this county. The depth of the drift probably varies from one hundred to two hundred or two hundred and fifty feet, excepting the Leaf hills, which add an equal amount, making its total thickness there two hundred to four hundred or perhaps five hundred feet.
The greater part of the drift is till, both in its moderately undulating or rolling and its hilly or morainic areas. The latter have a much larger proportion of boulders than the former. Deposits of modified drift, how- ever, cover probably a fourth part of the county, in flat or moderately undu- lating or rolling areas, which have been already enumerated in the remarks concerning the soil. Such stratified gravel and sand also form thin beds enclosed in the till, from which wells commonly obtain their supply of water, often under hydrostratic pressure, so that it rises considerably above the water-bearing stratum. Lenticular beds and kame-like knolls and hills of gravel and sand are also associated with the till in the morainic hills.
Terminal Moraines .- A rather inconspicuous belt of morainic drift extends from the northwest corner of Hobart, on the north line of this county, south-southwest to Spirit lake and Lake Lida, twelve miles. It here varies from one to three miles in width. Its knolls along most of this dis- tance rise only twenty-five to fifty feet, but they are much more abundant and have steeper and more broken slopes than upon adjoining areas to the east and west. At the southeast side of Lake Lida it forms a range of hills one hundred feet or more above the lake. These are conspicuously seen from the township of Maine. ten miles southeast. From Lake Lida. this moraine widens and covers the first six or seven miles east from the Peli- can river, above which it rises one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet or more; being well exhibited for eighteen miles in the east portions of Erhards Grove, Elizabeth and Fergus Falls. On the road from Maine to Elizabeth its hills are very numerous and irregular in outlines, short, trending from north to south more frequently than in other directions, and separated by hollows twenty-five to fifty feet deep. Here and for six miles southward the contour along the Red river and about Wall lake, though within this morainic belt, is sinoother than its other portions. At Lake Lida these hills have their tops about one thousand four hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea; thence to the vicinity of Fergus Falls this altitude gradually dimin- ishes to one thousand three hundred, not because the hills are smaller, but because the land on which they lie slopes in this direction.
The portion of the county west of this moraine. excepting the tract on the southwest included in the basin of Lake Agassiz, is mainly hilly, with the highest elevations fifty to one hundred feet above the hollows. the con- tour being in massive and broadly rounded swells, with long, gently-curving slopes. In part of Dunn, Scambler and Pelican, this area is stratified gravel
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
and sand on the surface and as deep as wells reach, while for ten or twelve miles southwestward from this tract large deposits of modified drift, con- sisting of similar gravel and sand. are frequently found under a compara- tively thin surface of till, as shown by records of wells in Trondhjem and Oscar. Probably the remarkable sloughs along the border of Lake Agassiz in Tanberg and Akron, in Wilkin county, are caused by springs issuing from the low western edge of this modified drift. These beds of gravel and sand, underlying till, and others farther south and north in the west portions of this county and Becker county, and also beds of stratified clay found in like situation in Aurdal and Tumuli, are perhaps subglacial depos- its. formed during the time of the glacial recession from the Dovre moraine to the Fergus Falls moraine. The rolling and even hilly modified drift in Scambler and Pelican seems referable to nearly the same time, being depos- ited slightly later than the beds covered by till, after the melting of the ice- sheet had progressed so far that the rivers, which had become subglacial along the last part of their course, were there uncovered, causing them to descend from the melting ice-fields, directly upon the open land. Indian hill, in section 9, of Oscar township, affords a fine view of part of this area and of the moraine seven miles eastward, while at the west it over- looks the plain of Wilkin county, which stretches with slight descent twenty miles to the Red river. On the east side of this moraine the only prominent outlying hills are at the southeast corner of Hobart, where a gravelly ridge of irregular contour reaches two or three miles from north to south, its highest portion being about one hundred and fifty feet above the surrounding country. These are the hills which one sees from Perham, looking north- west.
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The greatest development of the terminal moraines within the limits of Minnesota is in southern Otter Tail county, where these drift-hills sweep in a semicircle from Fergus Falls southeast to the south line of the county and thence east and northeast to Fast Leaf lake, a distance of fifty miles. In the first twenty miles, or from Fergus Falls to the north side of Lake Christina, at the northwest corner of Douglas county, the moraines are divided into two or three belts or roughly hilly land. with intervening areas of smoother contour. One to two miles east of Fergus Falls is a narrow belt of irregular hills and hollows, with the crests about one hundred feet above the river. This series continues, one to three miles wide, for fifteen miles south-southeast. through Dane Prairie and Tumuli, into the northeast corner of Pomme de Terre township, in Grant county. There it partly bends east to the high hills north of Pelican lake and Lake Christina, and is partly represented by the less irregular, but yet prominently hilly land which lies between Pelican and Pomme de Terre lakes and continues thence a few
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
miles farther south. In Dane Prairie and Tumuli this moraine lies at the east side of a series of lakes, of which Swan and Ten-Vfile lakes are the largest. Beside the latter, in sections 27 and 34, Tumuli, the contour for a width of one-eighth to one-fourth of a mile is in very irregular short hills. twenty-five to forty feet above the lake, whose trend, northwest to south- east, is parallel with the lake and with the course of the moraine. These small hills are exceedingly rocky, with granitic and gneissic boulders of all sizes, up to five or six feet in diameter, which frequently cover half of the ground for several rods distance. Northeast from this typically morainic line the land for a few miles is in massive hills and swells, which rise fifty to seventy-five feet above intervening hollows and lakes. Its least hilly por- tion is St. Olaf township, which has mostly a rolling surface, in extensive swells thirty to fifty feet high. The east part of Tordenskjold is occupied by a second belt of very irregular hills, which is connected through sections 19 and 20 and the north part of sections 7 and 8 with the series that lies at the east side of Wall lake and the Red river, reaching northwest to the broad area of this moraine in Friberg and Elizabeth. The Tordenskjold hills are also joined from the north by another line of drift deposits. having a very rough contour in knolls, ridges and hillocks, twenty-five to seventy- five feet high, which extends ten miles, with an average width of one mile. from section 15, Maine, south-southeast by the east side of Turtle lake, in Everts township. The wide moraine resulting from the union of these sub- ordinate series continues southeast to Lake Christina, in Douglas county. Where it is crossed by the road from Clitherall to St. Olaf, its first and highest hill is called "Dutch bluff." At the south side of this, about one hundred and twenty-five feet lower, is a pretty lake, half a mile long. bor- dered all around by morainic hills. This belt of short ridges, knolls and hollows has a width of three miles thence to the southwest.
The Leaf Hills .- In Eagle Lake township, at the north side of Lake Christina, the last described series and that which comes from the south- west by the north side of Pelican lake, are united; and thence for the next twenty miles to the east and northeast the moraine forms a range five to three miles wide, composed of very irregular. roughly outlined hills, one hundred to three hundred feet high. This portion of the moraine is widely known by the name of Leaf mountains. Occasionally this name is applied to its similar but less prominent portions in the west part of this county and these hills in Becker county are sometimes called a branch of the Leaf mountains. Northeast of East Leaf lake, where the moraine is crossed by the road from Wadena to Otter Tail lake. its elevations rise only about one hundred feet and are named Leaf hills. which seems a very appropriate
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
title. The common name has currency because they are the only hills in this part of Minnesota which are conspicuously seen at any great distance.
Approximate heights of the Leaf hills are as follow: Dutch bluff, about one thousand four hundred and fifty feet above the sea; Leaf hills, in Eagle Lake township, one thousand four hundred to one thousand five hundred; in the northeast corner of Lund township and the northwest edge of Millerville township, Douglas county, one thousand five hundred to one thousand six hundred; in Leaf Mountain township, one thousand five hun- dred and fifty to one thousand six hundred and fifty; in the northwest part of Effington, one thousand six hundred to one thousand seven hundred; highest summit of the Leaf hills, thought to be in section 32, Folden, about one thousand seven hundred and fifty, being three hundred and fifty feet above the average elevation of the surrounding country; thence for seven miles northeastward, one thousand six hundred and fifty to one thousand six hundred; depression where the range is crossed by Willow creek, the head-stream of Leaf river, about one thousand four hundred and twenty- five: hills in the next six miles north, to where the series is crossed by the Leaf river below East Leaf lake, one thousand six hundred and forty to one thousand four hundred and fifty.
The Leaf hills are the most massive morainic accumulations in Minne- sota. In their highest portions they rise two hundred to three hundred and fifty feet above the adjoining country, which is itself covered deeply with drift. The top of the bed-rock beneath the Leaf hills is probably not higher than the bottom of Lake Clitherall. a few miles distant to the north, which is one thousand two hundred and eighty-eight to one thousand three hun- dred feet above the sea. Fifteen miles south from the highest part of the Leaf hills. the bottom of Lake Carlos is about one thousand one hundred and eighty feet above sea-level. A gradient connecting these lake-beds would pass beneath the Leaf hills at an elevation of one thousand two hun- dred and fifty feet, or five hundred feet lower than the highest points of this moraine: and this thickness is very likely all drift, the top of the bed- rock being estimated to coincide approximately with gradient mentioned. The general elevation of this entire region is thus doubtless due to prom- inence of the bed-rock above its height in the valleys of the Red and. Missis- sippi rivers on the west and east, in the same way that the preglacial contour remains to determine all the great river-basins and large areas of highland in the state; but the contour of the Leaf hills, rising in steep slopes to sum- mits one hundred to two hundred and three hundred and fifty feet above their bases and the intervening hollows, a quarter or a half of a mile or one mile distant, with no exposures of bed-rocks in them or in their vicinity.
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OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
shows that these hills are wholly drift deposits, the underlying rock most probably not rising higher there than in other parts of this region.
The road from Alexandria to Clitherall crosses this range in the town- ship of Leaf Mountain. The summit of the road is near the south line of this township, about one thousand five hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea. The top of a hill a quarter of a mile east of this and about one hundred and twenty-five feet higher, affords a fine view of these "moun- tains," which westward and northeastward rise in most tumultous confus- ion one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty feet or more above the intervening depressions. They are massive, though very irregular in con- tour, with steep slopes. No prevailing trend is noticeable. Between them are enclosed frequent lakes, which vary from a few rods to a mile in length, and one of the largest lies at the northeast foot of this hill. The material is unmodified drift, nearly like that which forms very extensive gently undu- lating tracts elsewhere. The principal difference is that rock-fragments, large and small, are generally more numerous upon these hills, and occasionally they occur in great abundance. ·
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