USA > Minnesota > Stearns County > History of Stearns County, Minnesota, Volume I > Part 82
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
The following description of Fort Holes, built in what was then called Lower Town, St. Cloud, at the beginning of the Indian outbreak, appeared in the columns of the Democrat :
"The outer wall is a frame work put together and planked up and down on the outside from ten to twelve feet and shelving outward so that it cannot be scaled except with a ladder. This wall is three feet thick at the base and one and a half at the height of six or seven feet, filled with soil dug from the ground on which the fort stands. There are two entrances at which are hung heavy gates. The whole is so well protected by the arrangement of the numerous loopholes that it is impossible for a foe to approach it with safety. There is also an inner wall or room of the same circular form. This is also a frame work, similar to the outer and so constructed that it is a perfect fort in itself, independent of the outer one and having all of its ad- vantages, with the additional advantage of being covered with a heavy body of soil. This is intended for the protection of the families of the citizens in case of an attack by the redskins. The inner room is lined with berths (similar to those in a steamboat) next to the wall, the center to be used as a general kitchen. An observatory raised from the center and above the whole is reached by two flights of stairs and is supplied with loop-holes that com- mand a view of the whole surrounding country, and forms a material part of the defense of the fort for the distance of a rifle shot. There is also room to store provisions for 500 persons sufficient to sustain them for six months. A good well has also been dug in the fort. The whole work was designed and executed in the short space of one week."
This fort was named for Samuel Holes, whose advice had largely been followed in its construction and who had given valuable assistance while the work was in progress. It was not at any time occupied by the citizens of St. Cloud, the danger not being considered imminent enough to warrant them in leaving their homes, but it afforded accommodations for a number of refu- gees who came in from other parts of the county. It was permitted to re- main as it had been originally built until the summer of 1864, when it was torn down in order that the lumber might be used, but it was not until ten years later that the ground was leveled and the last vestige of this local relic of the campaign of 1862 had disappeared.
DEATH OF LIEUTENANT FREEMAN.
Lieutenant Ambrose Freeman was with General Sibley's expedition in 1863. The first battle of the campaign was fought July 24 at Big Mound. Just prior to the engagement Lieutenant Freeman and George Brackett of Minneapolis had gone hunting about three miles from Camp Sibley, when a party of fifteen Indians approaching were at first mistaken for cavalry. Af- terwards, they came up under a flag of truce until quite near, when they made a dart and began firing. One savage, riding up behind, shot Lieutenant Freeman through the body with an arrow. Some scouts coming up fired at the Indians, who retreated behind a knoll. Lieutenant Freeman in dismount- ing fell and died in a few minutes afterwards. Mr. Brackett remounting his
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
horse fled with the scouts, but all were overtaken by their Indian pursuers. Dismounting and hiding in the tall grass, Mr. Brackett escaped while the sav- ages were disputing over the horses, and wandered around for several days before finding the new camp. The body of Lieutenant Freeman was secured the next day and buried by his company-"D" of the Mounted Rangers, commanded by Captain Oscar Taylor of St. Cloud. There it remained in an unknown and unmarked grave until found nearly twenty years after- ward by his son, D. H. Freeman, after the third search, and brought to the old home for a final resting place.
HOLE-IN-THE-DAY MURDERED.
Hole-in-the-Day, the noted Chippewa Indian chief, who from time to time had been a visitor in St. Cloud, was waylaid and murdered June 27, 1868, near the Chippewa Agency. Having gone to Crow Wing in his one-horse buggy in the forenoon he was returning to his home which was about two miles from the agency, when a party of nine Pillager Indians, who had se- creted themselves in a dense thicket, sprung out. One of them fired both barrels of a shot-gun, at a very close range, the charge taking effect in Hole- in-the-Day's head and neck. He never spoke, but with a groan fell from the buggy dead. Another of the party stepped up and discharged a load of shot into the prostrate form, while another stabbed it in the left breast. The body was dragged to the side of the road, and after being robbed of hat, blanket and a gold watch worth $250, was left there. The Indians then took the horse and buggy and Ojibbenay, who had been with the murdered chief, and went to Hole-in-the-Day's house, where they helped themselves to guns, saddles, shawls, blankets, etc., first telling his wives (one a white woman) what they had done. After appropriating another horse, they went to Leech lake, where their band was located. The cause of the murder is not known; the party was composed of worthless members of the band, there being no chiefs in it. Hole-in-the-Day's body was buried in the Catholic cemetery at Crow Wing with the stars and stripes floating over his grave. He was only nineteen years of age when he became chief, and his son, a lad of but fifteen, may become his successor. One of his daughters attended for several years St. John's academy at St. Paul, and was said to be quite proficient in her studies. When his estate was finally probated it was found to amount to between $4,000 and $5,000, including some 1,200 acres, instead of the fabu- lous fortune he had been supposed to possess. He left three living wives (be- sides two dead) one of these, the white wife whom he had married at the Willard hotel, Washington, being in Minneapolis.
The foregoing is the substance of the reports published at the time of the tragedy, but subsequent and quite recent official investigations threw considerable light on this cold-blooded murder, making known the inside facts.
In a "brief," prepared by Edward C. O'Brien, a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States, and printed at the Government print- ing office, Washington, in 1912, the testimony of certain Indian witnesses is
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
given. In this brief the statement is made that "by the treaty of March 19, 1867, the White Earth Reservation was set apart for the Minnesota Chip- pewas," and that "the head chief of the Minnesota Chippewas, Hole-in-the- Day, was determined that none of the Lake Superior mixed bloods, who had exhausted their rights in Wisconsin, should be permitted to remove to White Earth. The Lake Superior mixed blends were equally determined to intrude themselves upon the White Earth Reservation. To accomplish their purpose it was necessary for them to procure the murder of Hole-in-the-Day. Their first effort in this direction seems to have commenced about 1866, when Clement H. Beaulieu, Sr., George Fairbanks, Bill McArthur, John George Morrison, Be-yun-eesh and Kah-do-kun endeavored to hire certain Indians to take Hole-in-the-Day's life." This attempt failed because of the refusal, as is alleged, of the Indians approached to carry out the plan unless a part of the money promised should be paid in advance, which was refused. The brief continues: "The second attempt of the mixed bloods to procure the assassination of Hole-in-the-Day, as disclosed by the record in this case, was in 1868. The actual details of the killing of Hole-in-the-Day were told by an eyewitness, Ahnah-me-ay-gah-bow. This witness states that a party of Indians started from Leech lake to go to Wahpeton, North Dakota, to visit, and were going by way of the Big Field, near Crow Wing." The witness testified that there were seven Indians in the party besides himself; that when they had reached the Big Field, one of the Indians, May-Dway-we-nind, loaded his gun and said, "This is the day that Hole-in-the-Day is to die." The witness testified that he asked of one of the Indians what the other was to get for killing Hole-in-the-Day, and received the reply, "He is to get a thousand dollars and a house built for him-a nice house." The witness further testified: "I asked him, 'Who is it that is hiring you to kill Hole- in-the-Day ?' and he answered, 'It is Kah-do-kun and Gay-mah-ke-wen-Zie (this is the Indian name of Clement H. Beaulien, Sr.) and Be-yun-eesh." The witness continuing his testimony said that after leaving the Big Field they saw two persons coming in a rig, one being Hole-in-the-Day, and as they came up May-dway-we-nind fired and Hole-in-the-Day dropped out of the buggy. O-dish-gway-ge-shig, he added, ran up and fired into the prostrate form "killing him right there." The witness being asked the question, "Did Kah-do-kun afterwards become Indian agent at White Earth, answered,"Yes." As the result of this, it was claimed, "the mixed bloods spilled into the White Earth Reservation."
Hole-in-the-Day was not succeeded as chief of the Chippewas, as had been expected at the time, by his young son, but Wah-baun-as-quod, or White Cloud. On White Cloud's death his son, William Wright, became hereditary chief, and he in turn was succeeded by his brother, Ne-zho-dain, or Charles T. Wright, as hereditary chief. Mr. Wright is an Episcopal missionary among his people, and now resides at Cass lake. During the life of Hole-in-the-Day another Indian May-zhuck-e-ge-shig, who had a reputation as a great warrior, was regarded as second chief. He led his people in ten battles with the Sioux, in which he took five scalps with his own hands. He lives at Beaulieu, twenty miles from the Chippewa Indian Agency, is an old man, and for many years
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
has been accepted by a number of the Chippewas as the head chief. Another chief, old Wah-de-nah, ninety-two years of age, is living at Tulaby lake. One of his nephews, John Bad-boy, lives at the agency.
EARLY INDIAN ENCOUNTERS.
In the early days, before white settlers arrived and took possession of the land, Stearns county was familiar ground to the Indians. This county and its vicinity was the home of the Winnebagoes. The Chippewas (the fa- miliar and better-known name of the Ojibways) occupied the country further up the Mississippi river, while the Sioux had lands on the Minnesota river. Bands from the latter two tribes were frequently on the war path, passing back and forward, and St. Cloud lay on the trail of their incursions.
Maine Prairie was a favorite hunting ground for both the Chippewas and Sioux, and it was here that from time to time bloody encounters between them took place. The first of these of which there is any record was in 1858, and was given in a published letter in 1888 by J. U. Kimball. Five Chippewas attacked a party of Sioux, sixty or seventy of whom with their families were on their annual hunt, and took from them a few scalps. The Sioux quickly rallied, killing one Chippewa and wounding another, the rest escaping. Mr. Kimball adds: "This was on the farm now owned by Peter Morey, while the other fight (that in 1860) was about eighty rods north, on W. H. Stanch- field's farm. The Sioux were encamped on Willow Creek, abont one mile south of my place. John Dolan and myself went down afterwards about dark to their camping ground and at the entrance which was palisaded with poplar stakes, stood a pole on top of which was a Chippewa scalp, face and all. It looked hideous. They had dug pits to the number of fifteen or twenty, for the safety of the squaws and young ones. The pits are there yet, where the town site is situated. They went up next morning and dragged the Chippe- wa's body out of the road and covered it with wood, which they set on fire. "Another little incident I will mention. The Indians stole some hay and corn from me and I filed a bill against them, amounting to $15, sworn to be- fore Squire Farwell in 1858. At the end of twenty-three years it came back with the request for another witness, which I did not then have, but I could almost see that the wheels of government moved slowly."
In 1859 a party of Sioux were camped on the prairie and at the same time two young Chippewas were trapping on the small streams some distance off. Their camp being discovered by the Sioux was rifled of its contents. Burning for revenge and reckless of the result, the two young warriors con- cealed themselves by a path which some of the Sioux hunters would take on their return from the day's chase, and when their enemies came within close range they fired, one Sioux falling dead. One of the two Chippewas was killed by the return fire and the other severely wounded. The latter sprang upon the prostrate form of his fallen foe, tore the bloody scalp from his head and with a wild war whoop dashed into the woods and brush and plunged into a lake. A large number of the Sioux quickly gathered and endeavored to cut off his escape, but he found so secure concealment on the other side that his whereabouts was not discovered until he was able to make his way
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to the home of James Simmons, whom he knew, and by whom he was after- wards taken to a place of safety with the scalp he had captured at so great risk dangling from his belt. The Sioux, disappointed in not being able to secure their prey, placed the body of the dead Chippewa on a pile of brush, emptied the contents of their guns into it, and then setting fire to the brush heap leaped and howled around the burning mass until all was consumed. This scene was witnessed by D. A. Roberts, one of the early settlers of Maine Prairie, who said it was something which could never be forgotten.
The following year witnessed another encounter at Maine Prairie be- tween two bands of these hostile tribes, the particulars of which were gath- ered by E. H. Atwood, of that town, after a careful investigation of the con- flicting stories. In May, 1860, ten young Sioux warriors with one Winnebago, on their way to Crow Wing for Chippewa scalps, crossed Maine Prairie and stopped at Orlon Farwell's for something to eat, informing him of their desti- nation and purpose. H. P. Bennett was engaged to repair some of their guns. Their trip to the Chippewa country was fruitless. They secured no scalps and a young squaw, whom they attempted to capture, escaped by diving into the Mississippi and swimming to the opposite shore. Before leaving, they found the grave of Hole-in-the-Day's father, opened it and burned the bones. Returning home soon afterwards and learning of the desecration of his fath- er's grave, Hole-in-the-Day, taking with him eight of his warriors, started in pursuit of the Sioux, who had crossed the river at St. Cloud, near the Beaupre ferry-Mr. Beaupre having refused to take them over-and gone to Maine Prairie. Here, where they arrived the next day, May 12, wholly unconscious of being pursued, they went to different houses to obtain food, and at O. Farwell's stole a quantity of eggs and a pair of shoes. In the meantime the Chippewas had taken a circuitous route and concealed themselves in a patch of hazel brush to the south of where the Farwell schoolhouse afterwards stood and near the trail by which the Sioux would pass. Soon the latter came, walking in single file. Each Chippewa selected his victim and all fired simul- taneously. Five Indians fell, either dead or mortally wounded, and the latter seeing that escape was impossible cut their own throats rather than suffer torture at the hands of their enemies. Hole-in-the-Day, while in Washington, had been presented with a Colt's revolving rifle, which on this occasion he used with deadly effect. Besides the five who fell at the first fire, two were badly wounded, but succeeded in getting into the brush and escaping capture. Four others got away, but three of them were wounded, only one being unhurt. Hole-in-the-Day was the only Chippewa injured, and he but slightly. The dead Sioux were scalped and the Winnebago's head was cut off. These trophies were exhibited with boisterous demonstrations of joy to a number of the settlers, and were brought to the house of Daniel Spaulding, where they were emptied on the floor by the Chippewas, to the great alarm of Mrs. Spaulding, who was alone at the time.
After several days the whites buried the badly mutilated bodies of the dead Indians. Seven days later seventy-five Sioux warriors with several squaws, came, dug up the dead, washed the bodies, wrapped them in new blankets and reburied them-it being the custom, so reported, to bury scalped
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
Indians where they fell, the loss of the sealp being considered a disgrace. One of the wounded Indians, who had escaped, was found dead in the brush, and the other still alive, after seven days without food, water or care of his wounds. The dead and the living one were taken baek. The stolen shoes were found on one of the dead Indians.
George W. Sweet, whose home was at Sauk Rapids, and who was the second register of the United States land office at that place, in a letter pub- lished in 1888, told of some of his early experiences with the Indians, who were at that time quite familiar objects. In 1850 Mr. Sweet was living temporarily at the old steamboat landing opposite Lieut. Governor Gilman's present resi- dence, engaged in the erection of a warehouse for the storage of freight brought up from St. Anthony by the steamer Governor Ramsey. The Winne- bagoes then had one of their main villages on the west bank of the Missis- sippi river, opposite Watab, and instead of remaining at home, were roaming around looking for a chance to play poker or some other gambling game, at which many of them were experts, or to obtain whiskey, for which they would give their last blanket. Sauk Rapids was then about two miles above the present village, where the fur company had their headquarters under the charge of Jeremiah Russell. Near the southwest corner of Stager's addition to Sauk Rapids was Calvin Potter's place, the principal attraction of which was a bar, and here were encounters between the Indians and white men, which resulted in the loss of life on both sides. One of these affairs in 1850 resulted in the sending of a party of government soldiers, with a howitzer, on the Governor Ramsey to Sauk Rapids, where a number of the Indians were arrested and taken to Watab, but afterwards released.
In speaking of the Maine Prairie encounter narrated by Mr. Atwood, Mr. Sweet said: "The victorious Chippewas, who had crossed the Mississippi from the east side near the month of the Sank river, returned the same day, and among their trophies was a head, denuded of its scalp, which in their generosity they presented to me in all its ghastliness. I at once recognized the countenance as that of one of the Winnebagoes, with whom I was well ac- quainted, and not desiring it as a keepsake, in the interest of science I donated it to my friend, Dr. Simonton. The Winnebagoes were supposed to be nen- tral between the Sionx and Chippewas, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sionx on a raid against the Chippewas."
While the Chippewas were in St. Cloud, in pursuit of the band of Sioux, they left with Philip Beanpre, who had refused to ferry them across the Mis- sissippi, an Indian boy of about thirteen years, until they should return, as he was unable to keep up in the chase, his legs being swollen and badly lacer- ated. Mr. Beaupre, in speaking of the return of the party, after their snc- cessful ambush of the Sioux, said: "One of the Chippewas, well known to me, brought back the head of one of the dead Sioux in a gunny-sack and gave it to the boy left in my care. The little fellow was perfectly delighted with the trophy. He cut the scalp into strips, which he used as garters, tying them around his legs, whooping and dancing in the most approved savage fashion."
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
CHAPTER XXXIV.
STEARNS COUNTY SOLDIERS.
Service Rendered the Nation in the Civil and Indian Wars-Early Debates- Call for Troops-List of Those Who Enlisted from the Various Townships -Regiments in Which They Served-Other Items-By J. I. Donohue.
The necessity of compressing the history of Stearns county troops engaged in the Civil War and the Indian War of 1862, into an article of limited size, reduces to the briefest outlines the history of Stearns county soldiers, who took part in every battle of the Civil and Indian Wars, and who achieved a reputation second to none in the United States service, and the history if fully written and interpreted, with interesting incidents of actual occurrences, would require a large volume.
Stearns county was on the northern frontier of the white settlement in 1860. The United States census of 1860 showed that the population of Stearns county was 4,505.
The votes cast at the presidential election in the fall of 1860 was as fol- lows: Lincoln, 439; Douglas, 482, Breckenridge, 12.
Becker, Democratic candidate for governor, received 600 votes; Ramsey, Republican candidate, received 375 votes; a total of 975 votes cast at the last election held preceding the outbreak of the Civil War. Stearns county fur- nished 647 soldiers in the Civil and Indian Wars.
During the presidency of Buchanan, all the federal offices, judicial, land offices and Indian agents, were held by Democrats. Nearly all were from the South, and outspoken pro-slavery in sentiment, and outspoken in support of slavery. This, together with the fact that the local population was largely from New England and Germany, all strongly anti-slavery in sentiment, caused much discussion and heated debate, and aroused public opinion, so that when Fort Sumter was fired upon, April 12, 1861, it was certain that the long- expected and much-to-be-dreaded internecine war had begun.
There were no faint hearts. All knew that all attempts to effect a peace- ful settlement of the slavery question had passed; that the appeal to force had come; that the southern states had dared the worst and the worst had come.
Stearns county had no organized militia in 1861, and therefore was not represented by any organization in the first regiment of Minnesota's Volunteer Infantry, which was tendered the President by Governor Ramsey, as Minne- sota's quota in the call of April 15, 1861, for 75,000 militia for three months' servicc.
The following Stearns connty soldiers served in the regiment: Henry P. Weleh, Maine Prairie, in Company D; E. W. Ball, St. Cloud, Company G; Lucins Ford, St. Cloud, Company E; Henry Fischer, St. Cloud, Company E; William Owen, St. Cloud, Company D; Murdock Pattison, St. Cloud, Company E; Peter Scherfenberg, St. Cloud, Company D; George B. Kelsey, St. Cloud,
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HISTORY OF STEARNS COUNTY
Company E; Thomas Doble, St. Cloud, Company E; John Abel, Fair Haven, Company C; Rufus W. Eastman, St. Cloud, Company C; Daniel A. Perkins, Fair Haven, Company -; Andrew F. Perkins, Fair Haven, Company -; P. C. Townsend, Fair Haven, Company D; H. C. Bradley, Maine Prairie, Company E; Carrol H. Clifford, Fair Haven, Company D; Louis B. Geer, Fair Haven, Company D.
Under calls of the President, issued May 3, 1861, for 500,000 men; call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 men; call of August 4, 1862, for 300,000 men; call of October 17, 1863, for 500,000 men ; call of March 14, 1864, for 200,000 men, and call of July 10, 1864, for 500,000 men, and under drafts in two districts of Minnesota, which included Stearns county, in May, June, July, September and November, 1864, and in March and April, 1865, and in drafts made in Stearns county, on May 30, June 27, July 26, September 21, November 1, No- vember 26, 1864, and on March 9, and April 5 and 6, 1865, known as supple- mental drafts to make up the deficiencies in prior drafts the following named citizens were mustered into the service of the United States and were credited to Stearns county, Minnesota :
Town of St. Cloud. Ayers, Lyman W., Second Battery ; Andrews, C. C., I, 3; Albert, John J., G, 4; Barrett, Theodore H., G, 9; Bowen, John, I, 7; Bloomfield, R. D., Second Battery ; Bloomfield, E. G., Second Battery ; Bow- hall, C. F., I, 7; Blood, S. A., I, 7; Becker, Christ, G, 9; Bates, Nathan, I, 7; Ball, E. W., G, 1; Brakefield, John, I, 3; Brand, John P., E, 5; Curtis, Ephraim, -, 7; Colthard, David W., Second Battery; Curtis, Oscar E., G, 9; Crummett, John O., I, 3; Coates, James, I, 3; Collins, Henry E., I, 3; Crawford, Ampulin, I, 3; DeCosta, Francisco V., D, 4; Boblea, J., G, 4; Ford, Lucius, E, 1; Fisher, Henry J., E, 1; Garger, Edward, I, 7; Glover, George, I, 7; Gowdy, Albert C., Second Battery; Gould, Christerman, D, 4; Greenleaf, Gamon, I, 3; Garling- ton, Edward A., I, 3; Gilpatrick, B., Second Battery; Garlington, Lawrence, I, 7; Harvey, D., I, 7; Hart, Eder, I, 7; Hursey, A. E., I, 7; Hower, John G., D, 4; Hanner, John H., D, 4; Hanson, George, G, 4; Hanner, George H., D, 1; Hooper, David, I, 3; Inman, Thomas E., D, 4; Jones, George, I, 7; Jarvis, David, Second Battery; Johnson, James W., Second Battery; Kinney George S., I, 7; Kinkead, William, Second Battery; Ketchum, Charles, G, 4; Kovitz, George, G, 4; Lovejoy, Justus, I, 7; Laughlin, Pomeroy, I, 7; Lueg, Charles, G, 4; Lombard, Charles W., I, 3, October 10, 1863; McCarty, Timothy, G, 9, March 3, 1864; Martin, Daniel, I, 7, April 4, 1864; Lombard, Charles W., I, 3; McCarthy, Timothy, G, 9; Martin, Daniel, I, 7; Miller, James K., I, 7; Mc- Kelay, James, I, 7; Miller, Stephen, D, 1; Miller, Wesley F., E, 1; McCarty, Bernard, D, 2; Moore, John, I, 3; Mauer, N., G, 4; McCarty, Michael, H, 8; Miller, Stephen C., B, 6; Millett, James C., First Secret Service ; Noel, B. F., D, 1; Nibler, Frank, D, 4; Neus, Severe B., C, 2; Oner, William, D, 1; Osmund- son, Osmund, A, 4; Parrant, Joseph, I, 7; Parks, Thomas M., E, 5; Patterson, Murdock, E, 1; Richert, Charles, I, 3; Roeser, Peter, G, 4; Rambean, Ralph, G, 4; Spear, Orrin E., I, 3; St. Cyr, Abner, G, 4; Steffer, John, G, 4; Schneider, Hermann, G, 4; Schafenberg, Freder, D, 1; Sutherland, James, I, 7; Seifert, Chris, G, 9; Summers, James E., I, 7; Schunot, Heinrich, D, 5; Thompson, John L., I, 3; Tanner, Elijah J., D, 4; Tenvoorde, Jacob E., D, 4; Tramp, Joseph
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