USA > Missouri > A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the state into the union, Volume III > Part 12
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He returned from the upper Missouri, perhaps after settling with Ashley, and spent the remainder of his days in Washington county. It is a matter of family tradition that he was very successful in the fur trade with Ashley, yet at the time of his death he was a poor man. He labored in the shallow mines between Potosi and Caledonia. In about 1818 he married a daughter of Patrick Fleming, one of the original owners of the Mine a Joe." He died in February, 1833, near Webster, now Palmer, in Washington county. It is said that he was intemperate and which may account for some of his ill- fortune on his expeditions.
12 He married after his return from his first trip to the Rocky mountains. His children were respectively named: Jane, Patrick, Mary, and George.
CHAPTER XXVI.
The War of 1812 - Hostility of Indians to American Settlers Incited by British Agents - Indians Supplied with Arms and Ammunition by British Agents - Indian Depredations Prior to the War - Indian Raid on Loutre Island, 1810 - Pursuing Party almost Annihilated by Indians - Friendly and Hostile Tribes - Declaration of War, and Renewed Activity of British Agents - Black Hawk Attacks Ft. Madison - Joins British Expedition - Preparations for War - Enrollment of Militia - Roster of Officers of Militia, 1812-14 - First U. S. Recruiting Office West of the Mississippi - Indian Atrocities, 1812 - Fort-building - Narrative of Col. John Shaw - Indians more Hostile, 1813 - Citizens Resolve to Fortify St. Louis - Volunteer Companies, Expeditions and Engagements - General Howard's Expedition in Illinois - Missouri Troops Swim the Mississippi - Indian Hostilities on the Missouri River - Capture of French Trading Boat - Conflicts with Predatory Indian Bands - Captain Cooper Killed in 1814 by Indians - Troops of General Dodge Swim the Missouri River - Capture of the Miamis - General Dodge Quells a Mutiny and Prevents Massacre of Indian Captives - Death of James Callaway - Indian Attack on Roy's Fort - Explosion of the Block-house Magazine - Black Hawk's Relentless Indian War Along the Mississippi, 1814 - Disaster to Lieutenant Campbell's Expedition - Timely Arrival of a Gunboat -- Black Hawk Repulses Major Zachary Taylor-Indians Greatly Em- boldened - Black Hawk's Account of a Bloody Episode - Butchery of the Ramsay Family in St. Charles County - Five White Men Ambushed and Tomahawked - Black Hawk and Band Surrounded in the "Sink- hole"- Account of the Battle of the Sink-hole - Death of Captain Craig, and Lieutenant Spears - Black Hawk and Band Escape by Strategy - Indians on Warpath after Conclusion of Peace - Volunteer Regiment from Cape Girardeau, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis Counties - Expe- dition up the Mississippi and Through Illinois - List of Forts Erected During the War of 1812 in Missouri Territory - Scarcity of Horses after the War.
Several years before the war of 1812 the British agents along the lakes and in the Northwest industriously fomented dissatisfaction among the Indians; consequently they were restless even before the declaration of war, dissatisfied and openly hostile. Frequently these Indians, between 1809 and 1812, visited the British agents on the lakes, and by them were generally supplied with rifles and fusils, powder and lead, and liberally with almost everything else they needed.1 In 1810 a roving band of about eight Pottowatomies led by
1 As early as 1808 the subagent on the Missouri wrote General Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs at St. Louis, that the Indians had fired upon one John Rufty about six miles above Fort Osage and killed him. Nicolas Jarrot, in 1809 made an affidavit that the British agents were stirring up the Indians at that place and on the frontiers of Canada, but this statement was denied by two of these British agents. The Osages and Iowas too were on the warpath in 1810 and some of the Osages were killed not far from the present city of Liberty in that year.
98
3
COLE
a war-chief named Nessotinaineg.' stole a number of horses from the settlers of Loutre island on the Missouri, and a volunteer com- pany was raised, consisting of Stephen Cole, William Tempke Coke. Sarshall Brown. Nicholas Gooch. Abram Patton and James More- dock, of which Stephen Cole, then captain of the militia of Loutre island, was leader, to follow them and recapture the property. Following the Indians up the main Loutre creek about twenty miles they came to a place where the Indians had peeled bark, evidently to make halters, and stopped for the night on the Indian trail. Next morning they followed this trail about thirty miles across Grand Prairie when suddenly they discovered the Indians with the horses just as they emerged from a small patch of timber. W. T. Cole and Sarshall Brown, on the fastest horses, started in pursuit, the others following them; and so hot did they crowd the Indians, who did not know the num- ber of whites pursuing them, that apprehensive they might be cap- tured they threw their packs into a plum thicket near a pond of water, and scattered in the woods. These packs, consisting of buffalo robes, deer skins and partly tanned leather, they had stolen from Sarshall Brown. Night overtaking the pursuing party they went into camp at a place known as Bonelick, on the waters of Salt river, 65 miles from the Loutre settlement, about a mile or two northwest of the present city of Mexico in what is now Audrian county, and here con- trary to the advice of their leader Stephen Cole, without posting any sentinels they tied their horses in the thicket, and after broiling some meat at a little fire for supper, went to sleep, with the excep- tion of Stephen Cole, who was apprehensive of an attack. They had not been asleep long when Cole thought he heard the cracking of a bush and told his brother Temple to get up, that he believed the "Indians are about," but everything remaining still, and Stephen Cole just having pulled his saddle against his back and shoulders, the Indians who had crawled up so close that by the light of the little camp fire they could see their unsuspecting victims, opened a volley upon the party, instantly killing Gooch and Brown, wounding Patton and Temple Cole. A hand to hand struggle then took place between the Indians and Stephen Cole, in which he killed four of the Indians, when the remaining members of the band disappeared. Stephen Cole went into the near-by pond and squatted in the water to cool off and to quench the flow of blood from the many wounds
2 11 Wisconsin Historical Collection, p. 320.
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HISTORY OF MISSOURI
he had received. After a little while the Indians returned, found Temple Cole who had crawled away from the scene of carnage, and killed him; and Patton who had managed to get off some distance also was afterward found dead near a little sapling. Stephen Cole, after stanching the flow of blood from his wounds, left the scene of the bloody encounter, and next morning after he had gone about two or three miles sat down on a small gopher hill to rest when he dis- covered two mounted Indians some distance away, who eyed him for a few minutes, then wheeled their horses and disappeared. He reached the settlement on the third day nearly famished, not having had a morsel to eat during all this time. Moredock escaped unhurt, and it was afterward charged that if he had acted with one half the bravery of Stephen Cole the Indians would have been defeated. Samuel Cole, a son of William Temple Cole, says that the Indians did not scalp the whites, peace then being supposed to prevail between the Indians and settlers.3 This skirmish proved the begin- ning of the Indian troubles on the Missouri river. It is possible that this band of Pottowatomies had been on the warpath against the Osages, and since the war trail from the Pottowatomie country led to the mouth of the Gasconade, near which Loutre island is situated in the Missouri river, the temptation as they returned home to steal some of the horses of the new white settlers, who had just located on the island must have been too great for the Indians. At any rate, it is not said that they did any personal injury to any of the settlers, and which if they had really been bent on mischief, they undoubtedly would have perpetrated.'
' Stephen and William Temple Cole, born on New River, Wythe county, Virginia; married there sisters named Allison; emigrated to the south fork of the Cumberland, Wayne county, Kentucky; in 1807 came to upper Louisiana; settled on Loutre Island; about the time the Coopers settled on this island, and afterward when they went to the Boonslick country also moved there .- Draper's Notes, vol. 23, pp. 65 to 81, inclusive. Stephen was with Dodge's expedition up the Missouri. James Cole, a son of Stephen, says that in this fight on Bonelick Stephen Cole received 26 wounds, and that on his way home he chewed up some elm bark and placed it on his wounds. He was killed by Indians about 1822 on the banks of the Rio Grande, opposite El Paso. Cole was a large, strong, uneducated frontiersman and Indian fighter. Cole served subsequently as a member of the legislature, and on one occasion, when two members of the legislature after adjournment - who had been engaged in a heated debate during the session - engaged in a fight and clinched, Gov- ernor McNair, who happened to be present, tried to separate them, but Cole seized the governor and pulled him away, saying, "In such a scrimmage a governor is no more than any other man."- Draper's Notes, vol. 8, pp. 312, 313. Peck says that he became a pioneer in the Santa Fe trade and "was killed by the redskins on the plains." Annals of The West, p. 753.
"Life of John Mason Peck, p. 136.
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QUASHQUAMA
Brackenridge says that on his trip up the Missouri, in ISI1, he met a man who was captain of the militia, who told him that in the previous summer the Indians had committed robberies in the settle- ments, and that he pursued them and narrowly escaped; that the Indians attacked his party in the night time and killed one of his men after a desperate resistance." This may be another version of the same skirmish in which William Temple Cole was killed. Bracken- ridge does not give the name of this captain of the militia, but says that "he seemed to possess no small measure of pride and self-im- portance, which, as I afterwards discovered, arose from his being captain of the militia." It is more than probable that this captain was Stephen Cole. He claimed then that he had two hundred and fifty men on his muster roll."
During this year a delegation of the Saukees and Renards (Foxes) had a meeting with General Clark, in St. Louis, and assured him that they were peaceably inclined. Quashquama in his speech to . Clark, said "My father, I left my home to see my great-grandfather (the President of the United States) but as I can not proceed to see him, I give you my hand as to himself. I have no father to whom I have paid any attention, but yourself. If you hear anything I hope you will let me know, and I will do the same. I have been advised several times to raise the tomahawk. Since the last war we have looked upon the Americans as friends, and I shall hold you fast by the hand. The Great Spirit has not put us on the earth to war with the whites; we have never struck a white man; if we go to war it is with red flesh. Other nations send belts among us and urge us to war; they say if we do not, in less than eight years the Americans will encroach on us and drive us off of our lands." 7 In 1812, however, the Great and Little Osages and representatives of the Saukees and Renards residing on the west side of the Mississippi, led by Quash- quama and others, Shawnees and Delawares, met in St. Louis to accompany Governor Clark to Washington. This may be here observed, that the Saukees and Renards of Quashquama's band at no time during the war of 1812 participated in hostilities; on the other hand the Saukees and Renards residing on the east side near the mouth of Rock river, were conspicuous by their hostile activity.
Toward the close of 1811 the Indians killed the Neal (or O'Neill)
' Brackenridge's Journal of a Voyage up the Missouri river in 1818, p. 21.
' Brackenridge's Journal, p. 21.
" Beck's Gazeteer of Missouri, p. 217.
IO2
HISTORY OF MISSOURI
family, living on the Mississippi near the mouth of Salt river. Hos- tile Indian parties, presumably Pottowatomies, Winnebagos and Rock river Saukees and Renards, lurked around Fort Mason, which had been erected early in 1812 for the protection of the settlers, by Governor Howard, on the Mississippi river fifteen miles above the mouth of Salt river not far from the present site of Hannibal, and named so in honor of Lieutenant Mason, of Colonel Kibby's Rangers of St. Charles. Lieutenant John Campbell was in command there in 1812. In a skirmish of a scouting party near this fort, it is stated that one Kerr alone held a band of pursuing Indians at bay, and thus saved two wounded men, and was much praised for the brave act. He subsequently went to Texas.8 And now, too, the Indians north of the Missouri river began greatly to harass the pioneer settlers. Gov- ernor Howard accordingly sent orders to Capt. Kibby of St. Charles to call out the militia, and personally visited that settlement to organ- ize a company of rangers. This company, consisted of hardy woodsmen and covered the country between Salt river and the . Missouri river near Loutre island. Nathan Boone belonged to the troop scouting in that region.
As soon as war was declared the British agents then residing on the upper Mississippi became very active in inciting the Indians to war. Robert Dickson,' one of these agents, who had his headquarters at Prairie du Chien, sent one La Gouthrie,10 a trader, to the village of Black Hawk of the Saukees and Renards on Rock river, with presents of money and ammunition, and on September 5, 1812, these Indians together with the Winnebagos under Black Hawk made an effort to capture Ft. Madison, also known as "Ft. Bellevue," by surprise, but the attempt failed. After this Black Hawk with two hundred
· Draper's Notes, vol. 6, pp. 313, et seq.
" This Robert Dickson was a Scotchman and long engaged in the western fur trade as a partner in the English Northwest Company. He was a man of great ability and Pike says "a gentleman of commercial knowledge and possessing much geographical knowledge of the western country and of open, frank manners." He was fearless and often would traverse alone the country from St. Louis to the headwaters of the Missouri. He married a sister of Red Thunder, one of the bravest chiefs of the Dacotahs. He was for a time British Indian Superintendent in the Northwest. During the entire war he was active in organizing the Indians. After the close of the war he continued to trade in the Northwest a few years longer, then returned to Canada and it is said after- ward returned to Scotland, where he ended his days.
10 Edward La Guthrie, probably a son of the La Guthrie sent as an inter- preter from Canada with Lieut. Frazier when the English took possession of Fort de Chartres in 1765. This Edward La Gouthrie or La Guthrie was a trader in 1812 at Prairie du Chien.
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MILITIA ENROLLED
warriors went to Green Bay to join a British expedition which was being fitted out there.
Governor Howard was energetic in his efforts to protect the settlements and settlers. So also his successor, Governor Clark, who perhaps better than any man in the western country under- stood every phase of Indian warfare and diplomacy. The militia of the territory was enrolled for active service.11 Forts and stations
11 Regiments were organized in the several counties of the territory, and the following is a roll of the officers of the several regiments in 1812-13, Alex- ander McNair being Adjutant-General and Inspector-General of this militia with the rank of Colonel: First Regiment, county of St. Louis, David Musick, Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding: Thos. F. Riddick, Major of 1st Battalion; Richard Chitwood, Major 2d Battalion; Jonathan Kendal, Major 3d Bat- talion; Pierre Chouteau, Major 4th Battalion. Companies of First Battalion : Ist, William Smith, Captain; Hubert Guyon, Lieutenant; Paul L. Chouteau, Ensign. 2d, Gregoire Sarpy, Captain; Joseph Bouju, Lieutenant; Fred- erick Geiger, Ensign. 3d, Louis - , Captain; Louis Courtois, Lieuten- ant; Francis Roy, Ensign. 4th, Zephaniah Sappington, Captain; Thomas Sappington, Lieutenant; William L. Long, Ensign. Companies of Second Battalion : Ist, James Musick, Captain; Levi Lanzey, Lieutenant; John McDonald, Ensign. 2d, Hyacinthe Dehetre, Captain; J. M. Courtois, Lieu- tenant; Joseph Aubuchon, Ensign. 3d, Jonathan , Captain; John Kinkead, Lieutenant; Gabriel Long, Ensign. 4th, John E. Allen, Captain; Joseph Lard, Lieutenant; William McDowns, Ensign. Companies of Third Battalion : Ist, James McCullock, Captain; Jacob Collins, Lieutenant; John Horine, Ensign. 2d, Abner Vansant, Captain; David Briant, Lieutenant; Ben. Johnson, Ensign. 3d, Thomas Williams, Captain; William Ink, Lieu- tenant; , Ensign. Companies of the Fourth Battalion: Ist, Benj. Hatherly, Captain; Samuel Cantley, Lieutenant; Lewis Hall, Ensign. 2d, Stephen Lanham, Captain; John S. Farrar, Lieutenant; John Sappington, Ensign. 3d, Auguste P. Chouteau, Captain; , Lieutenant; - , Ensign.
Second Regiment, county of Ste. Genevieve, Nathaniel Cook, Lieutenant- Colonel, commanding: John Donohue, Major Ist Battalion; Martin Ruggles, Major 2d Battalion; Joseph Hertick, Paymaster. Companies of First Bat- talion : Ist, Thomas Oliver, Captain; John McArthur, Lieutenant; Joseph Hertick, Ensign. 2d, John B. Bossieur, Captain; James Rigdon, Lieutenant; Joseph Amouroux, Ensign. 3d, Rich. Moore, Captain; Thomas Kiney, Lieutenant; Thomas Patterson, Ensign. 4th, Francis B. Bissell, Captain; Mark Brooks, Lieutenant; Samuel McCall, Ensign. Companies of Second Battalion: Ist, Joseph Garrett, Captain; John Sinclair, Lieutenant; Benj. LaChance, Ensign. 2d, Andrew Miller, Captain; Wm. Harrison, Lieutenant; Stephen F. Austin, Ensign. 3d, Henry Poston, Captain; Robert Andrews, Lieutenant; Joseph Windt, Ensign. 4th, Thomas Sloan, Captain; Lieutenant; , Ensign. 5th, William Holmes, Captain; Laken Walker, Lieutenant; Isaac Murphy, Ensign.
Third Regiment, county of St. Charles, Daniel M. Boone, Lieutenant- Colonel, commanding: Peter Tourney, Major of Ist Battalion; James Mor- rison, Major of 2d Battalion; Henry Hight, Judge Advocate; James Beatty, Adjutant; Stephen Hempstead, Quartermaster. Companies of the First Battalion : Ist, John McConnell, Captain; Peter Teague, Lieutenant; Jos. Yardley, Ensign. 2d, Isaac Van Bibber, Captain; Anthony Head, Lieutenant; William Cassio, Ensign. 3d, Samuel Gibson, Captain; Isaac Hostetter, Lieutenant; Samuel Lewis, Ensign. 4th, Nathl. Simonds, Captain; Roswell Durky, Lieutenant; Wm. Ewing, Ensign. 5th, Elijah Collard, Captain; James Lewis, Lieutenant; Jacob Groshong, Ensign. Companies of Second
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HISTORY OF MISSOURI
were established, and garrisoned. The Mississippi and Missouri rivers and more exposed districts were patrolled. By such measures the hostile Indians were somewhat held in check. The fact that the western and northern Indians during the war were not united, and that it was apparently not possible for the British agents to unite Battalion : Ist, William Hart, Captain; Stephen Hempstead, Lieutenant; Osborn Knott, Ensign. 2d, Robert Spencer, Captain; John Wetteau, Lieu- tenant; Joshua Fisher, Ensign. 3d, Samuel Griffith, Captain; Charles Sau- cier, Lieutenant; Ebenezer Ayres, Ensign.
Fourth Regiment, county of Cape Girardeau, Stephen Byrd, Lieutenant- Colonel, commanding: George F. Bollinger, Major Ist Battalion; James Brady, Major 2d Battalion. Companies of First Battalion : Ist, Joseph Young, Captain; Austin Young, Lieutenant; Joseph Looney, Ensign. 2d, George C. Miller, Captain; Henry Bollinger, (son Dan) Lieutenant; Daniel Krytz, Ensign. 3d, Henry Widner, Captain; Abraham Krytz, Lieutenant;
, Ensign. 4th, David Whetstone, Captain; John Bollinger, Lieutenant; Frederick Keep, Ensign. Companies of Second Battalion: Ist, Abraham Krytz, Captain; Jacob Sheperd, Lieutenant; Elijah Dougherty, Ensign. 2d, Jesse Jeffry, Captain; Jacob Friend, Lieutenant; John Friend, Ensign. 3d, James Ravenscraft, Captain; Medad Randall, Lieutenant; Elijah Randall, Ensign.
Fifth Regiment, county of New Madrid, John E. Hartt, Lieutenant- Colonel, commanding: Stephen Ross, Major Ist Battalion; Joseph Hunter, Major 2d Battalion; Frs. Vaughne, Major 3d Battalion; Richard J. Waters, Judge Advocate; John Walker, Adjutant. Companies of the Two Battalions of New Madrid Regiment: Ist, Elisha Winsor, Captain; Thos. Winsor, Lieu- tenant; Joseph Shields, Ensign. 2d, Edw. Matthews, Captain; Joseph Smith, Lieutenant; James Lucas, Ensign. 3d, Samuel Cooper, Captain; Robert Boyd, Lieutenant; Alex. LaForge, Ensign. 4th, Benj. Myers, Captain; John Walker, Lieutenant; Joseph Westbrook, Ensign. Companies of the Arkansas Battalion : Ist, Daniel Mooney, Captain; Harrold Stillwell, Lieutenant; T. Racine, Ensign. 2d, James Scull, Captain; Peter Lefevre, Lieutenant; Charles Bougy, Ensign. 3d, Blassingham H. McFarland, Captain; John Lemmon, Lieutenant; William Doyle, Ensign.
Volunteer Companies: Cavalry: Ist, Henry Dodge, Captain; John Scott, Ist Lieutenant; E. A. Elliott, 2d Lieutenant; James C. Young, Cornet; Wm. James, Purser. 2d, Alex. McNair, Captain; Josh. H. Buckhart, Ist Lieutenant; Hiram Cordell, 2d Lieutenant; Absolom Link, Ensign; Alex. Lucas, Cornet; A. E. Rheile, Purser. 3d, Jos. Callaway, Captain; P. K. Robbins, Ist Lieu- tenant; Joshua Dodson, 2d Lieutenant; John B. Stone, Cornet; Jonah Riggs, Purser.
Mounted Riflemen : Ist, James Rankin, Captain; John Geiger, Lieutenant; Joseph Andrews, Ensign; Joseph Hanks, Purser. 2d, William H. Ashley, Captain; Strother Covington, Lieutenant; William Harrison, Ensign. 3d, Morris Young, Captain; Thomas Wyley, Lieutenant; James Patterson, En- sign; Robert McWilliams, Purser. 4th, John Hughes, Captain; William Strother, Lieutenant; Thos. Reid, Ensign; Timothy Phelps, Purser. 5th, Andrew Ramsey, Jr., Captain; Jas. Morrison, Lieutenant; William Ramsey, Ensign; Peter Craig, Purser. 6th, Samuel Philips, Captain; Philip Ross, Lieutenant; Robert Trotter, Ensign. 7th, Joseph Conway, Captain; Richard Caulk, Lieutenant; Thomas Caulk, Ensign.
Infantry: Ist, Joseph Millard, Captain; Stephen Martin, Lieutenant; Anthony Bridger, Ensign.
Artillery : Robert Lucas, Captain; John McKnight, Ist Lieutenant; Joseph Henderson, 2d Lieutenant.
Militia appointments, by the Governor of the Territory of Missouri, from April Ist till September 30th, 1813:
105
CLARK APPOINTED GOVERNOR
them, also was a great advantage to the settlers. The Saukees and Renards, notably, were divided into two camps, the band living on the west side of the Mississippi favoring the Americans. After the war was declared in 1812 Quashquama's band renewed the offer of services to fight the British, but was urged to remain neutral, which advice it is claimed most of these Indians followed,1ª a fact, however, which may be well doubted.
Soon after the outbreak of the war Governor Howard resigned his position as Governor of the Missouri Territory, having been ap- pointed Brigadier-General, of the U. S. army, and Clark was ap- pointed his successor. At this time it was generally thought that the frontier settlements of Missouri were greatly exposed. . Many of the American residents of Missouri having emigrated to the ter- ritory from Kentucky and having family connections in that state several companies of Kentucky volunteered their services to the territorial government to protect the settlements from Indian rav- ages, but so confident were the people and the territorial govern- ment of their ability to hold the Indians in check that these offers were declined.13
May 24, Burwell J. Thompson, Captain; James F. Murty, Lieutenant; E. D. Davenport, Ensign, 6th company, 2d battalion, 2d regiment.
September 2, Martin Ruggles, Captain; Phil McGuire, Lieutenant; James McCullock, Ensign, of a company of mounted infantry on a service of sixty days.
September 3, Thomas Williams, Ist Lieutenant; Robert Wash, 2d Lieu- tenant; George Henderson, Ensign, of a company of mounted infantry on a service of sixty days.
12 Stevens' Life of Black Hawk, p. 41, note.
18 After William Clark was appointed Governor in 1814 Henry Dodge was appointed Brigadier-General and Alex. McNair Adjutant-General and In- spector of the militia of the Territory, and the force increased to seven regiments with the following officers:
First Regiment, county of St. Louis, Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding: John Washington Thompson, Adjutant; Wm. Christy, Quar- termaster; Thos. F. Riddick, Major Ist Battalion; Richard Chitwood, Major 2d Battalion; Jonathan Kendall, Major 3d Battalion; Peter Chouteau, Major 4th Battalion.
Companies of the First Battalion : Ist, Robert A. Smith, Captain; Hubert Guyon, Lieutenant; Frederick Geiger, Ensign. 2d, Paul L. Chouteau, Cap- tain; Henry Battu, Lieutenant; George Tompkins, Ensign. 3d, Louis Cour- tois, Captain; Louis Courtois, Jr., Lieutenant; Francis Roy, Ensign. 4th, Zeph Sappington, Captain; Thos. Sappington, Lieutenant; William L. Long, Ensign.
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