USA > Missouri > Johnson County > History of Johnson County, Missouri > Part 16
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Bates silt loam, upland, about 2034 square miles : lies chiefly in the southeast half of the township, adjoining the Oswego and Boone silt loams.
Boone silt loam, upland, about 171/4 square miles; lies chiefly in the northwest one-third and east one-fourth of the township, in irregu-
225
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
lar strips from one-quarter to one mile wide, adjoining the bottom land along the creeks.
Oswego silt loam, upland, about 81/2 square miles. It lies chiefly in three areas; one of three to four square miles around and extending about three miles northeast of Post Oak town, another of about one square mile lying three-quarters mile northeast of Leeton and the other of about one square mile lying about two miles north and a little west of Leeton.
Summit silt loam, upland, about 7 square miles ; lies in patches all over the township.
Crawford silt loam, upland, about 514 square miles, upland; lies in patches all over the township.
Boone fine sandy loam, upland, about 31/2 square miles. This lies chiefly in patches beginning about one mile northwest of Post Oak town and extending about six miles north, or about half way to Warrensburg.
Osage silt loam, the ordinary bottom soil, about 4 square miles. It lies along Clear Fork and the tributaries of Post Oak.
Miscellaneous, upland and bottom, about 23/4 square miles, or + per cent. of township. These are small patches of Pettis silt loam, Chariton silt loam, Robertsville silt loam, Summit silty clay loam, Crawford stony loam and Boone gravelly loam.
Of the foregoing, Summit silt loam, Crawford silt loam and Pettis silt loam are ranked as the best three common upland soils in the county, with the Bates silt loam next.
For further soil details, see chapters on Agriculture and Soils.
Early Settlements .- The earliest settlement in this township was probably in 1830. James Harris and his son. John M. Harris, came here that year from Tennessee. Reverends Samuel King and R. D. King also settled here in 1830. Maj. James Warnick, one of the sturdy, substan- tial pioneers of the county, came here from Tennessee in 1833. ( Refer to his family history for a full sketch. ) Robert Thompson settled here in 1832. Abner Stewart, John Marr and Daniel Marr settled here in 1834. Samuel Evans, a Kentuckian, came in 1837. B. F. Wall came from North Carolina in 1839 and became a well-to-do farmer. Other old settlers who located in this township prior to 1840, or during that year, were, Thomas Irwin, Thomas J. Young, S. Stone, Samuel Houston, Edward Nichols, Philip Stone, John Stone, William Strong, Joseph (8)
226
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Stewart. B. F. Thomas, J. L. Glazebrook, John Marr, Alman Marr, Owen Cooper, James Hackler, Thomas Iams. James Boone, Col. William Johnson, Addison McSpadden and Frank Dwyer.
Mills .- When Post Oak township was first settled, the nearest mill was at Lexington, forty miles to the north. A trip there frequently required a week to complete, as the patrons of those pioneer mills were sometimes required to wait one to three days to get their grinding done. Booneville, about sixty-five miles distant on the Missouri river, was the nearest general trading point.
Early Churches .- The early day circuit riders visited the pioneers in this section about the time the settlement became permanent and services were usually held in their homes.
In the fall of 1833, the first camp meeting was held by Rev. Samuel King and R. D. King, of the Cumberland Presbyterian church, in the grove near the residence of Rev. Samuel King.
The first Sunday school was organized in 1849 by Rev. Samuel King, who was superintendent. Maj. James Warnick assisted in the school. It was taught in a little log school house near the site of Shiloh church.
The Shiloh Cumberland Presbyterian church was the first church in the township. It was organized by Rev. R. D. King in 1836. Their first building was erected in 1875, and dedicated by the Rev. J. H. Houx. Some of the pioneer pastors of this denomination here were, Reverends W. Compton, B. F. Thomas, H. R. Smith, J. R. Whitsett, G. V. Ridley, S. Finis King and the first elders were James Harris, John Foster, Robert Thompson, Abner Stewart and R. M. King.
Providence Baptist church was organized in April. 1846, by Elder William P. C. Caldwell. Pioneer pastors of this denomination here were Reverends W. P. C. Caldwell, David W. Johnson, Amos Horn, C. F. Floyd, William Lauder, L. M. Horn, Israel Thompson, A. M. Cockrell and John S. Denton. Some of the early members were Samuel and Anna Evans, Benjamin and Melinda Childers, William B. and Sina Compton, Louis and Sarah McComb and Andrew J. Bell. The first building used by this organization was a union church building known as Shiloh, which was located eleven miles south and one and one-half miles west of Warrensburg.
The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was organized about 1853 at Cornelia, by Rev. Warren Pettis. Among the early members were
227
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Daniel and Charity Coal, James, Elizabeth and Mebina Hackler, Lucy Taylor. Doctor Love, Cornelia Love, Mark and Charlotte Shumate.
Mount Zion Cumberland Presbyterian church was organized and erected a house of worship after the close of the Civil War. Rev. J. H. Houx preached here for a time. Among the early members were Rob- ert N. Warnick. David Marr. Dr. Lee D. Ewing. John P. Warnick and Julius Woodford.
The German Baptist or Dunkard church of Post Oak township was organized January 25, 1869. Their first church building was completed in 1871. The first members were John J. Harshey, Catherine Harshey. S. S. Mohler, Mary A. Mohler. D. M. Mohler, May Mohler, E. Mohler. Anna Mohler, Samuel Fulker and May Fulker. Elder John J. Harshey was the first minister.
The Christian church was organized in April, 1872, by M. D. Todd. an evangelist, and a substantial frame building was erected the same year about one-half mile east of Cornelia. Dr. J. M. Ward contributed . about half of the funds necessary for this building. The following named ministers preached here in the early history of this organization: Elder Hurley. George W. Logan, Benjamin F. Stephens and F. F. Meigs. Some of the original members were A. Louney and family. Allen Jones and wife, John Burnett and wife. Dr. J. M. Ward. Woodson Reavis and wife, William Wiley. William Blakey and wife and John Daugherty and wife.
Harmony Baptist church of Post Oak was organized in 1881 by Rev. A. M. Cockrell. A suitable church building was erected the same year. There were thirty-five original members of this church. This congregation was an offspring of old High Point church in Jefferson township.
Early Cemeteries .- Among the old cemeteries of the township, Shi- loh cemetery, was laid out in 1840 and an infant child of James Stewart was buried there the same year. Here also rest the remains of Rev. Samuel King. one of the founders of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. Cornelia cemetery was an old one. The Dunkard cemetery, in section 21, township 44. range 25, was started in 1869. The first burial was that of a child of an emigrant family who were passing through here. Snelling cemetery was established about 1841. Greer cemetery was an early-day burying ground, as was also Mount Zion. Wall cemetery and Greenlee cemetery were family burial grounds and
228
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
there were a number of other private burial places throughout the township. The first burial occurred in the township in 1837.
Early Schools .- A man named Baker taught the first school in this township in 1835. He was followed by Alexander Marr. Other pioneer teachers of that period were Salathiel Stone, Mr. Macklin, Mr. Townsley, J. M. Ward, Ben Thomas and Miss Mary Cull.
Among the early district schools were Bryson, Cornelia, Culley, Divers, Grinstead, Holmes, Marr, Thomas, Warnick and Washington. The following are some of the early teachers after the Civil War: John Farney, Mrs. M. J. Brownlee, William Warnick, Benjamin Woodford, Lula Caldwell, B. F. Pettis, J. W. McGiven, Parma Wash, Cora Wash, Nannie Holmes, Kate Lawler, Jerome Mohler, Silas P. Cully, A. J. Sparks, Miss Jones, Cora Wall.
Early Postoffices .- Cornelia was the first village and postoffice in the township. James K. Farr and James Morrow built the first houses here in 1853. The town was located in section 36, about eight miles south of Warrensburg. It was named by Dr. Love in honor of his wife who bore the name Cornelia. In the Civil War it was practically burned to the ground by Bill Stewart and his gang. This village was also known by the early settlers as Shanghai and is said to have been so called from the fact that Dr. Love, who lived here, was a chicken fancier and quite extensively engaged in raising a breed of chickens known as Shanghais. Cornelia was a postoffice long before the Civil War and remained one until establishment of rural routes. There have usually been there also a grocery store, blacksmith shop, a public school and two. churches.
Post Oak postoffice was established in 1855, about five miles south of Cornelia on what was known as the Warrensburg and Clinton mail route. N. M. Irwin was first postmaster. This town is on the lines of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads, which were afterwards built through here, and now has store, blacksmith shop, school house and several residences.
Aubrey postoffice was established in the northeast part of the town- ship in 1875 and J. N. Herring was the postmaster. Stone postoffice, named for that prominent family, also gave service for a while.
Justices .- The following are the justices of the peace of the town- ship as far back as the county records show. with dates of their election : 1852. John Oliphant, Thomas McSpadden, Thomas Iams, Richard M.
229
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
King: 1856, John Oliphant. Thomas Iams, Robert Thompson, Salathiel Stone : 1860, John Oliphant, Thomas Iams, Robert Thompson, P. C. Thornton: 1862, Thomas Iams; 1870, John G. Gray, George M. Rob- erts : 1878, R. W. Warnick, Owen Cooper ; 1882. R. W. Warnick. George Hipple : 1886, John E. Williams, Walter L. Stone; 1890, Adam Tusti- son, Walter Stone: 1894, Thomas C. Marlatt 1898. James C. Burks, Robert Smaltz; 1900, J. R. Grinstead; 1902, J. R. Grinstead; 1904, J. W. Marshall: 1906, J. M. Lowery, F. W. Sweeney: 1908, Alonzo Hunt, John Sheller; 1910, S. B. Sturgis, C. F. Gilchrist: 1914, S. B. Sturgis, J. W. Shoemaker.
County Officers .- The following are the county officers who have been elected from the township since 1882, with the dates of their election :
1890-Robert N. Warnick ( Democrat), probate judge. 1896-1898-Robert M. Lear (Democrat), sheriff ..
1896-1898-William H. Burford (Democrat), county judge.
1902-1906-William A. Stephens ( Democrat), presiding county judge.
1906-1910-J. R. Grinstead ( Democrat), county clerk.
1908-1912-David Mohler (Democrat), surveyor.
Population .- Population of Post Oak township. by United States Census, was:
-1850-
-1860- -1870-
White. Col. Total.
White. Col. Total.
White. Col. Total.
874 34 908
1,534 88 1,622
2.516 114 2.630
1880
1890
1900
1910
1,858
1,775
1,980
1.889
Personal Property and Products .- Agriculture and personal property statistics for Post Oak township, as given by Missouri State Report for 1877, and Johnson county assessors' lists for 1896 and 1916, are:
1877
1877
1896
1916
Wheat, bushels
28,370
Horses
882
1.034
1,307
Corn. bushels
411,200
Mules
348
437
366
Oats, bushels
10,575
Cattle
2.314
2,101
2,745
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HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Rye, bushels
47
Sheep
1,124
220
459
Barley
none
Hogs
3,412
3,499
3,392
Tobacco, pounds
24,365
Asses
none
9
10
Wool, pounds
2,570
Hay, tons
2,124
Molasses, gallons
4,355
Wine, gallons
5
Money and notes
$ 57.190
$161,305
Bank Stock
36,125
Other personalty
32,292
49,395
All personalty
175,690
380,800
County Road Improvements .- County road improvements made by Post Oak township since this system was established in 1911 were, up to January 1. 1918, twenty-four in number, and aggregated $1,320.70 furnished by citizens of the township, and $1,319.70 furnished by the county. In amount of this work, Post Oak township ranks second among the townships of the county.
Organizations .- The following is a complete list of all organiza- tions of every kind in Post Oak township. Full details of each organi- zation are in separate chapters on the different organizations.
Churches-Baptist, Harmony; Baptist, Leeton: Baptist, Provi- dence; Brethren, Mineral Creek; Brethren, Union Mound; Christian, Leeton: Christian, Prairie View: Cumberland Presbyterian, Mt. Zion: Cumberland Presbyterian, Shiloh: Latter Day Saints, Post Oak: Metho- dist, Leeton; Methodist South, Cornelia; Primitive Baptist, Leeton.
Fraternal Organizations-Masons, Blue Lodge. Cold Springs: Mod- ern Woodmen. Cornelia; Modern Woodmen, Leeton; Modern Wood- men, Post Oak; Royal Neighbors, Cornelia; Royal Neighbors. Leeton. 1917 War Organizations-Red Cross Leeton Branch.
Business Organizations-Bank of Leeton, Farmers Bank, West Lawn Telephone Company.
Homemakers Clubs-Hickory Grove. Shiloh.
Total number of organizations in township is twenty-five.
LEETON.
Leeton. (By Mrs. Mary B. Hamachier. ) Leeton. one of the import- ant trading points in the southern part of the county, located on the Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas and the Rock Island railroad, which parallel each other through this township, came into existence with the advent of the
231
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad. The landowners here gave $715 for a depot and four miles of right of way and finally prevailed.
As soon as the location of the station was decided upon, J. J. Lee. H. E. Fewel and R. L. Grinstead purchased about forty-five acres of land and laid out two hundred fifty-eight lots. The plat was recorded October 21, 1895.
The town his wide streets with concrete walks, trees, and parking on either side, unusually well kept lawns, and attractive homes.
There are five churches: The Missionary Baptist, Primitive Baptist, Methodist, Christian and Brethren: two banks, newspaper, electric light plant and all lines of business.
The population in 1910 was 420. A consolidated district high school was established by a vote of four to one.
The town was incorporated May 14. 1906. The following is a complete list of town officials: 1906-08, A. C. Todd: 1909-10, H. E. Fewel: 1911, A. C. Todd: 1912-13, Henly Stacy.
Mayors .- 1914-15, C. A. Baker: 1916-17. S. R. Ward.
Trustees .- 1906. W. T. Baker, H. E. Fewel, L. W. Fowler. C. A. Leutz; 1907, W. T. Baker, H. E. Fewel, Henly Stacy, David Mohler; 1908, C. A. Baker, W. T. Baker. Henly Stacy, S. R. Ward: 1909, C. A. Baker; J. M. Lowry, Henly Stacy: 1910, C. A. Baker, J. M. Lowry, Henly Stacy, A. C. Todd : 1911. C. A. Baker, H. E. Fewel. Henly Stacy. G. L. Hall: 1912-13, C. A. Baker. H. E. Fewel, S. R. Ward. G. L. Hall : 1914-15, Henly Stacy, H. E. Fewel. S. R. Ward. G. L. Hall : 1916, Henly Stacy, H. E. Fewel, W. H. Walker, G. L. Hall: 1917, Henly Stacy. H. E. Fewel, W. H. Walker, P. N. Douglass.
Clerks .- 1906. S. J. Major: 1908-11, S. B. Sturgis: 1912-13, S. J. Major: 1914-17. Jay T. Kennedy.
Collectors .- 1906-08. C. F. Gilchrist : 1909, J. M. Ward: 1910. Frank Callison : 1912-14, S. J. Major: 1915. Jay T. Kennedy.
Marshals .- 1906. J. C. McMillan: 1907. N. C. Jerome: 1908, J. M. Lowry: 1909, G. F. Callison : 1910. Frank Callison : 1911. G. F. Callison : 1913. J. J. Stacy: 1914-15. R. P. King.
Treasurer .- 1912-14. S. J. Major: 1915-17, Jay T. Kennedy.
Attorney .- 1913-15. S. B. Sturgis.
Street Commissioners .- 1906, J. C. McMillan : 1907. David Mohler : 1908, Jacob Laughman: 1910-15, W. W. Lamar.
Health Officer .- 1907. Dr. L. W. Fowler: 1909. G. D. Musick ; 1910-12. Dr. E. Y. Pare: 1913-16. Dr. E. Y. Pare.
CHAPTER XX .- HAZEL HILL TOWNSHIP.
DESCRIPTION, ORGANIZATION, NAMING -GEOGRAPHY AND SOILS-EARLY SET- TLEMENTS - EARLY CHURCHES - EARLY CEMETERIES - EARLY SCHOOLS - TEACHERS-EARLY POSTOFFICE-JUSTICES OF THE PEACE-COUNTY OFFI- CERS - PERSONAL PROPERTY AND PRODUCTS-COUNTY ROAD IMPROVE- MENTS-POPULATION-ORGANIZATIONS.
The territory composing Hazel Hill township, one of the northern tier of townships of the county, was originally a part of Washington township. Hazel Hill township was organized June 10. 1856, and its boundaries practically remain the same as they were at that time, except that a strip off of the eastern side was added to Simpson township upon the organization of that township in 1875.
The early school at Fayetteville was built near a hill of hazel brush. A Sons of Temperance lodge was organized in 1884, met at the school house and named the lodge Hazel Hill, from this hill. The name was then applied in succession to the school house and the village. Today the village is commonly called Hazel Hill more than it is Fayetteville.
Geography and Soils .- Geographically, Hazel Hill township is an upland at the headwaters of five streams and their tributaries, all enter- ing into Blackwater creek. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Survey of 1914 Osage silt loam (bottom soil) lies next to the streams and next to it comes the silt of Boone silt loam ("sandy" soil), and next to it and constituting the main bodies of upland soil in the township come the Summit silt loam ("black limestone" soil) in the north two-fifths of the township and Pettis silt loam ("mulatto" soil) in the south three-fifths.
The sandstone ridge mentioned in the chapter on Geology extends through the township north and south.
The township has been noted for its numerous good springs. A sulphur spring east of Walker school house and west of Colbern branch in section 36, township 47, range 26, was regarded as possessing im- portant medicinal qualities by the early settlers. It is said to have been never failing and a favorite camping ground for the Indians.
The soils in detail are as follow:
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HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Summit silt loam, upland, about 27 per cent. of township. This lies in the north two-fifths, and the southwest corner of the township.
Pettis silt loam, upland, about 23 per cent. This lies in the south three-fifths of the township.
Boone silt loam, upland, 40 per cent. This lies next to the bottom land at the head waters of the five streams, Honey creek. Little Wal- nut, Black Jack, Flagstaff and creek.
Osage silt loam, bottom. 8 per cent. This is the ordinary bottom soil along the creek.
Miscellaneous, upland. 2 per cent. This consists of an irregular patch of Crawford silt loam ("red limestone") soil, around Mt. Moriah church and small patches over the township of Boone fine sandy loam (with more sand than the Boone silt loam).
Of the foregoing Summit silt loam and Pettis silt loam are ranked as two of the best soils of the ordinary upland type in the county. The Boone silt loam is the common soil of sandstone origin.
For further soil details see chapter on Agriculture and Soils.
Early Settlements .- The section now composing Hazel Hill town- ship was one of the earliest settled parts of what is now Johnson county. This was due to the fact that it was one of the most northern sections of the county and early immigration came from the direction of the Missouri river on the north. Richard and John Huntsman settled in this locality in 1829. Samuel Cornett located here in 1831 and William McMahan came the same year. Elijah Young came in 1836. He per- haps was one of the first to introduce fruit raising in the new country. He was an enterprising citizen and lived to a ripe old age. Joseph Har- rison, a native of Alabama, came here in 1832 and Joseph Hobson came from Tennessee then, also. George McMahan, from Alabama: William Adams, from North Carolina: Jesse Harrison, from Alabama: Judge William Trapp, from Tennessee, came here in 1832. In 1834, Judge Robert Graham, from Virginia, Henry Brooks from Indiana, and Jacob Parman from Tennessee established their homes here. LeRoy Barton, a Kentuckian, joined the settlement the same year. John Markham and John Shackleford, both Kentuckians, cast their lots here in 1835.
Joel Walker came here in 1830. He was known as an industrious and frugal pioneer who contributed his part toward building up the new country. It is said that he improved three farms. Judge Harvey Harri- son settled near the headwaters of the Walnut in 1831. He served as
234
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
justice of the peace for twelve years. The lives of the pioneers of this section were not unlike the average frontiersmen's of those days. They cleared away and broke land and it was not long until many had built comfortable although not elaborate homes.
Early Churches .- Religious organizations were effected at an early day in Hazel Hill township. Liberty Baptist church was the first in the township. It was organized in May, 1836, with ten members and about that time a log church building was erected on section 24 on the Warrensburg and Lexington road near Liberty cemetery. The old church was built of hewn logs and puncheon floor with slab seats and was heated by two stoves. Amos Horn, Martin and Jonathan Gott were among the first to preach the gospel here. This old church build- ing did service for about forty years, when the organization was changed to Fayetteville, where a frame building was erected in 1877. Some of the early pastors here were David M. Johnson, M. Pelly, R. H. Harris, A. Barton and James H. Carmichael. The early members of the organi- zation were: J. W. White, J. Warner, William Simpson, V. Schilling. Sarah Walker, Richard Huntsman, Mary, Nancy and H. Huntsman, William M. Walker and Cynthia Walker.
The Christian church of Fayetteville was organized about 1842 and four years later a frame building was erected which was dedicated by Elder Hiram Bledsoe. The early pastors of this church were Hiram Bledsoe, James Randall, D. M. Grandfield, George W. Logan, William Jarrott, G. R. Hand, William Roe, C. A. Hedrick and Samuel MI. McDan- iel. This church was reorganized in 1876 by Elder William Jarrott with the following members: William Trapp, John Trapp. Jesse Trapp. MI. Trapp. Thomas Collins, Elijah Young, Joe Seigfield. Hiram Kelso, William Jones, William Lemon, Samuel Guinslead and Noah Dyer.
The Mt. Moriah church, Cumberland Presbyterian, was organized here shortly after the close of the Civil War and about that time a frame church building was erected. This was located on section 21. Among the original members of this congregation we find William Stockton, William McMahan, William Brandon and their families. The first pas- tors here were S. H. McElvaine and J. C. Littrell.
Early Cemeteries .- Regular cemeteries were established very early within the present borders of Hazel Hill township. Liberty cemetery was established on section 24, on the road between Warrensburg and Fayetteville, at an early day. Harrison cemetery was established in
235
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
1844 and Thomas B. Harrison was the first to rest here. Hobson ceme- tery, another early burial place, is located on the northeast corner of section 15 and the remains of Mrs. Elizabeth Brooks were the first to be interred here. Mt. Moriah cemetery. located on section 28, was another pioneer cemetery and Mrs. P. V. Spring was the first to be buried here. Morgan Cockrell was the first to be interred in the Old Bethel cemetery, which was located on the western part of section 7.
Early Schools .- Up to 1838 schools were held in private residences generally but about that time the log school house was established in the northern part of the township which became known as the Benton school and another one in the southern part which later became known as the Pettis school. These were of the crude type of buildings usually constructed for school purposes in those days and here subscription schools were conducted until the present state educational system was established, or rather the beginning of it.
Among the later school buildings, which were constructed before the war was the old McMahan log school house, built in 1853. This was replaced by a frame structure six years later, which was burned during the Civil War and was not rebuilt until after the close of that conflict. Prior to the war. the old log school house previously mentioned. to which the name Hazel Hill was early given. stood near the present site of Fayetteville.
Teachers .- Among the early school teachers of the pioneer times in this part of the county, we find the names of Judge Robert Graham, James Borthick, Judge William L. Hornbuckle. Henry Tarpley. William W. Sparks, John G. Gibbons, Jesse Trapp and A. Marr.
Some of the teachers, who were among the later educators of this township. were Mr. Tomblin, Mr. Edwards, A. J. Trapp. Jesse Trapp. Samuel H. McElvaine. A. B. Logan, John Randall. C. F. Greenlee. F. F. Meigs, Mr. Babbitt, Mrs. Bedichek, Miss Maggie Lamar, Miss Sallie Young. G. H. Sack. A. C. Jones, William Rowe. Henry Gott, Miss Mattie Brinkerhoff, Miss Jennie Lamar, Miss Jennie Gott. Mattie Meigs, Joseph Conner. J. Harrison, Lizzie McCluney. Mr. Day. Miss Kate Lamar. I. M. Harrison, J. Johnson, Miss Jennie Adams, Dora Foster, Miss Josie Hart. William Talbott. Miss Jennie Gott. Miss Bertha M. Brandon, George Brinkerhoff. Miss Maggie Nelson, Mr. Wimer. J. Crawford, Ed Gilbert. Thomas McDougal. G. M. Shanton, W. H. James. Mr. Coe, Miss Annie Rhodes, Lot Coffman, Miss Nannie S. Dalton, Miss Melissa
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