USA > Missouri > Johnson County > History of Johnson County, Missouri > Part 26
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"Mother Hubbard, Trimmed with Hamburg Insertion and Edging, and Clusters of Fine Tucks. 95 cents. Well worth $1.25. J. A. Christopher & Co." ("Co." was Charles A. Shepard, who came here with Mr. Christopher in 1875, and is still in business.)
"Crissey and Stevenson, Abstracts of Title."
"Fred F. Miller, Druggist and Apothecary."
"Buckwheat flour and rye flour at Magnolia Mills."
"W. L. Hickman and Co., Groceries.
"Griggs and Cress, Resident Dentists."
"Jacob Heberling. Special Attention Paid to the Manufacture of Boots and Shoes."
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CHAPTER XXXIV .- AGRICULTURE.
CLIMATE-WEATHER-METHODS OF SOIL CULTIVATION DETERMINED BY EARLY CONDITIONS-ADAPTATION TO NEW CONDITIONS-RELATION OF STOCK RAISING TO GRAIN PRODUCTION-CORN-WHEAT-OATS-RYE-HAY-AL- FALFA-SWEET CLOVER-SORGHUM-TOBACCO-FRUIT-NUTS-IRISH PO- TATOES, STRAWBERRIES, ONIONS, TOMATOES-LIVE STOCK-CREAMERIES -HORSES AND MULES-HOGS-SHEEP-POULTRY-PREVAILING SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE-DAMS AND TILE DRAINS-AVERAGE SIZE AND VALUE OF FARMS-FARM LABOR-GENERAL PROSPERITY-CO-OPERATION-DATA ON AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN 1910-EXPORTS-HORTICULTURE.
Climate .- Johnson county has the typical "continental" climate of the central part of the country, normal moderate temperatures at the different seasons, broken by excessive periods of heat, cold. drouth and rainfall lasting from a day to a whole season. The following are authori- tative accounts from the Agricultural Department's Survey of 1914 and by George Collins, in charge of the United States weather station :
"Climate. (Department of Agriculture Survey.) The winters are mild and short,. and periods of extremely cold weather usually are of only a few days' duration. The falls are characterized by long periods of warm open weather, which often continues to the middle of December.
"The mean annual rainfall. although less than the rainfall in the eastern part of the state, is sufficient for the successful production of corn and other crops if the soil moisture is properly conserved. The average rainfall within the growing season is about twice as heavy as in the other months of the year. Droughts of four to six weeks' dura- tion sometimes occur in summer.
"Fruit is sometimes injured by late spring frosts. Such frosts are especially injurious to peaches . Frequently there are periods of wet weather in the spring which delay the planting and cultivation of crops, particularly on the soils where drainage is deficient. The climate as a whole, however, is well suited to general farming."
Weather. (By George Collins.).
(Note .- Mr. Collins has been for many years in charge of the
344
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
United States Weather Station at Warrensburg and has all the records.)
Weather. Johnson county is located in that section of the state classified by the weather bureau as the southwest plain, and has an average elevation of 880 feet above sea level. The first recorded weather records were made in 1868, fifty years ago, and this is one of the oldest established stations in Missouri. There were some breaks in the rec- ords however, until 1878, when the station was regularly established and continuous records have been kept from that date to the present time.
This forty year period serves to give a reliable general average of the conditions in the county as to mean temperature, maximum and minimum readings, average monthly rainfall, dates of earliest killing frost in fall and latest in spring, with average dates for both, number of days in each month with .01 or more precipitation with the yearly average.
The dryest summer on record was that of 1901, which was also one of the warmest. The highest temperature recorded that year was 110 on July 26. Other years in which there was a marked deficiency of rainfall were 1886-87, 1897 and 1917. The average yearly rainfall covering the entire period of observation is 36.50, while in 1886 but 20.66 inches fell and in 1887 only 26.68. In 1901 there was 24.20, and in 1917, 28.42. On the other hand 1904 was the wettest on record, the annual rainfall being 61.12 inches, while in 1915, 56.43 fell and in 1908, 53.09. The greatest continuous rainfall recorded was on May 26. 1915. when 7 inches fell from 1:00 P. M. to 2 A. M. of the 27th.
The monthly average rainfall for the period of fifty years follows:
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
1.79
2.03
2.51
3.01
4.75
5.14
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
4.23
3.64
3.17
2.47
1.93 1.85
The average number of days in each month having .01 or more precipitation for the same period :
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
6
7
8
10
8
July
Oct.
6 Nov.
Dec.
8
6 August 7
Sept. 7
6
6
1
i
Annual average 8.2.
1
345
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
The annual mean temperature is 54.7 and the highest maximum 110 on July 26, 1901 while the minimum is -26 degrees recorded on1 February 14, 1889, and again on February 20, 1905. The coldest win- ters were those of 1899 and 1905. In 1899 the thermometer recorded zero or below for a period of 26 days, and in 1905 for 19 days. The warmest summer was that of 1901 when a maximum of 100 or higher was recorded for 32 days.
The monthly average follows :
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
28.0
30.3
42.7
55.9
65.2
73.9
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
78.5
76.6
69.6
57.9
43.9
33.9
The highest temperatures recorded by month are as follow :
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
77
76
91
92
92
103
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
110
104
100
94
79
68
While the lowest by months are:
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
-20
-26
2
17
28
45
July
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
51
August 43
Sept. 30
26
9
-14
The coldest summer on record is that of 1915, when low records were made for June, July and August.
The earliest killing frost in the fall was on September 29, 1898, and the latest spring May 4, 1909. The average date of killing frost in fall is October 17, and in spring April 18, giving an average growing season of 182 days.
For many years the agriculture of Johnson County was directly determined by pioneer conditions, even long after these conditions had disappeared. Soil waste and continued cropping without rotation or rest were common. Originally land was the cheapest and easiest thing to get, of all the needs for a crop. Machinery, labor, fences were all relatively scarce and land abundant. And when these conditions ceased to exist and land became dear, the methods of cultivation that had been established when land was cheap, continued, naturally, to prevail for some time.
346
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Since about 1895, however, there has been a general and systematic development and adaptation to new conditions until today, Johnson County is agriculturally one of the distinctly progressive counties.
An authoritative and accurate account of our agriculture is given by the Department of Agriculture in its Soil Survey of 1914. This has been summarized and brought down to date by the editor and is now given.
"The extensive range lands of the county made the raising of live stock profitable from the beginning. In later years the feeding of hogs and cattle for market was undertaken and developed rapidly into a profitable industry. This combination of the live-stock industry and grain production is the prevailing type of agriculture in the county at the present time, differing from the earlier form only in that it includes the production of a greater variety of grain and hay crops and more systematic methods of handling the stock. With the excep- tion of wheat, practically all the crops grown in the county are fed to stock.
Corn is the most important crop. The 1910 census reports a total of 133,995 acres in corn in 1909, with a production of 3,957,990 bushels. In 1912, according to the Missouri Crop Review, published by the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, the total area in corn was 136,861 acres, with a total production of 5,200,718 bushels. The acreage in corn has increased in recent years, owing partly to the extensive re- clamation of bottom lands along Blackwater River and other streams. Of the white varieties of corn the Boone County White and Johnson County White have been found by the State experiment station to do best in this locality, while of the yellow varieties Reids Yellow Dent and Leaming are preferred. The Boone County White and Leaming are large-growing varieties and seem to be best adapted to the bottom lands.
Next to corn, wheat is the most important crop. In 1909, accord- ing to the census, a total of 27,808 acres was sowed to wheat, produc- ing 365,063 bushels. In 1912 the Missouri Crop Review reports 27,245 acres, with a production of 463,165 bushels. In 1913 a total of 508,351 bushels was reported from 29,943 acres. The wheat is of good milling quality.
Oats were grown on 20,397 acres, with a production of 466.699
------
347
1HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
bushels, in 1909, according to the census. The area in oats in 1912 is reported by the Missouri Crop Review as 15,298 acres, with a pro- duction of 566,026 bushels. The profits from this crop vary widely. In some years it is an almost complete failure, largely on account of injury from rust. Smut is also injurious at times. Through the intro- duction of hardier varieties, better yields are now obtained. The crop is used largely for home feed. It is important as a nurse crop. The Texas Red Rustproof and Kherson varieties do best.
Rye was grown in 1909 on 241 acres, with a production of 2,422 bushels. Kafir and milo were grown on 551 acres, producing 12,206 bushels. Little barley is grown in the county.
The production of hay is an important industry. According to the census, 63,592 tons were produced on 56,657 acres in 1909. Of this quantity 24.018 tons were timothy and 32,214 tons timothy and clover mixed. Timothy is extensively grown on all the soils of the county. It does especially well on the Summit silt loam. According to the census, red clover was grown on 4.652 acres in 1909. with a pro- duction of 5,320 tons of hay. In addition there were 28,910 acres of mixed clover and timothy. In the last few years the production of cowpeas has received considerable attention. This crop is grown to a greater or less extent in all parts of the county and produces good yields. Many farmers drill the seed with the corn and use the vines either for ensilage with the corn or for pasturage or hay. On Blackwater bottom cowpeas planted in hills with the corn have been harvested for hay after the corn was cut up and yielded 1 3-4 tons of hay per acre.
The 1910 census reports 352 acres in alfalfa, with a production of 970 tons of hay. The acreage has increased considerably since that time. This crop can be grown successfully on a wide range of soils. provided they are well drained, well supplied with plant food, and in good tilth. Liming is frequently necessary. The alfalfa is grown mainly on the alluvial soils, where it does particularly well.
Increasing attention is being given to the production of sweet clover. This crop supplies a cheap and efficient means of increasing the organic-matter and nitrogen content of the soils. It is also valuable in preventing washing and gullying on hillsides, as it has a very deep root system, which penetrates the heavy subsoils.
According to the census, sorghum was grown on 802 acres, with
348
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
a production of 3,627 tons, in 1909. Tobacco was grown on 10 acres. producing 5,340 pounds.
Little fruit is grown on a commercial scale, although there are some successful commercial orchards. The local demand for fruit is largely supplied within the county. There are good markets for fruit, but the climatic conditions are not particularly favorable to its success- ful production on a large scale, the frequent occurrence of late spring frosts following warm periods being very damaging, particularly to peaches. Formerly little systematic care was given to the small orchards, and insect pests and fungous diseases are quite prevalent. According to the census, 100,223 bushels of apples and 10,198 bushels of peaches and nectarines were produced in 1909. The value of all fruits and nuts produced in that year is given as $80,969. In 1917 a number of orchards were systematically sprayed, with highly profitable results.
Irish potatoes were grown on 1,150 acres, producing 109,000 bush- els, and sweet potatoes and yams on 35 acres, producing 4,073 bushels, in 1909. Strawberries, onions, tomatoes, and other truck crops are grown in small patches and do well.
The annual value of live stock sold or slaughtered and live-stock products sold is reported in the 1910 census as $3,418,250. The census reports a total of 21,437 cattle, 5,902 horses and mules, 89,852 hogs, and 12,552 sheep and goats sold or slaughtered. Besides the large number of cattle raised each year, many feeders are shipped in and fattened for market. The quality of the cattle is generally good. There are many herds of purebred beef cattle, Herefords and Shorthorns predominating.
Creameries have been established at Holden and Warrensburg and the marketing of dairy products receives considerable attention. There are some dairy herds in the county in which the Jersey breed predomi- nates, as well as several purebred Jersey herds. The greater part of the milk, however, is produced from grade beef cows. The excellent bluegrass pastures, the abundance of fresh water, the absence of danger from disease, the low cost of providing buildings and feed, and good markets favor the development of the dairy industry. To-day dairying is increasing rapidly. Since 1915, 25 to 30 dairymen have begun to ship "A" grade milk to Kansas City from Warrensburg.
Practically all the farmers have a few horses and mules for sale each year. The mules are of good size and command high prices. The
----- 1 : ---- 6
349
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
horses are not so good as the mules, although purebred stallions are being introduced and the grade is being materially improved.
Hog raising is a very important branch of the live-stock industry. Large numbers of hogs are kept in conjunction with beef cattle. Many purebred hogs are kept and the stock as a whole is of good quality. Poland China, Duroc Jersey, and Chester White are the most important breeds. The development of hog raising has been seriously retarded by the prevalance of cholera and much attention is now given to inocu- lation and other measures for combating this disease.
There are several flocks of sheep in the county and they are in- creasing rapidly. Recent price increases (1918) have been remarkable. At a public sale March 1, 1918. 25 ewes averaged over $31.00 each.
Poultry is kept on all the farms and constitutes an important source of income. Large flocks of turkeys and some ducks and geese are kept. There is a good local demand for poultry products, and much attention is given to the improvement of poultry breeds.
According to the census of 1910, only 65 per cent. of the farms in the county are operated by owners. Recent studies by the Department of Farm Management of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station in four townships in the western part of the county show that owners of farms grow less grain and devote more land to pasture and hay pro- duction than part owner and tenants. The tenant devotes 50 per cent. more land to corn than the owner and nearly twice as much land to wheat and oats. The yield of corn is about 15 per cent. lower on the tenant farms than on farms operated by the owners, with a smaller difference in the wheat yield, and the yield of oats is about one-third lower. In general the farm owner derives one-fourth of his income from the sale of crops and three-fourths from live stock, while the re- turns to the tenant from the two are about equal. The owners buy back in the form of feed about one-half the quantity of the crops sold, while the tenants buy back about one-sixth. The prevailing system of land tenure is not such as tends to bring about a general improvement in the productiveness of the soils. Rents range from $3 to $8 an acre, depending on the location and productiveness of the land. When land is worked on shares the owner usually receives one-third to one-half of the crops.
With the formation of gullies the prevention of erosion becomes more difficult. A method employed with considerable success in this
350
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
county consists of building a dam of earth or stone across the gully in the lower part of the field to hold the surface run-off. A pipe passes through the dam and connects with an upright pipe on the upper side to conduct the water away after it reaches the height of the vertical pipe. The sediment is checked by the dam and soon fills the depression. Sometimes several dams are constructed along the course of a single gully. A tile drain is usually so placed as to dispose of the water left standing below the upright pipe.
The average size of the farms is reported by the census of 1910 as 132.6 acres and 87 per cent. of the land in farms is reported as improved. Land values range from $10 to $150 an acre, depending mainly on loca- tion. Over a large part of the county land sells for $60 to $70 an acre.
Farm labor is difficult to obtain. Monthly wages range from $25 to $40, with board and lodging. Day laborers receive from $1.50 to $2 a day. Labor-saving machinery is in general use.
A condition of general prosperity prevails throughout the county. The organization of rural districts for the purposes of cooperative buy- ing and selling and the promotion of agricultural enterprises, such as cooperative live-stock breeding and the prevention of live-stock diseases, is receiving attention in different parts of the county. One of the first rural high school in the state was established in Johnson county. A county farm adviser is employed to study the agricultural conditions of the county with a view to their improvement. The general tendency is toward a more permanent and scientific system of agriculture."
The United States Government collected a great deal of interesting and valuable data on agricultural conditions in 1910. This information for Johnson county has been compiled in the following tables :
Johnson County Agriculture, U. S. Census, 1910.
Population
26.297
Number of Farms Classified by
Size.
Under 3 acres 1
3 to
9 acres
90
10 to
19 acres
109
20 to 49 acres
551
50 to 99 acres
995
Foreign born white
128
100 to 174 acres 1,093
Negro
87
175 to 259 acres 473
Population, 1900
27,843
Number of all farms
3,685
Number of all farms in 1900 3,869
Color and Nativity of Farmers.
Native white 3,470
35I
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
260 to 499 acres 312
500 to 999 acres 52
1.000 acres and over 9
Land and Farm Area.
Acres
Approximate land area 531,840
Land in farms 488,623
Land in farms in 1900 488,131
Improved land in farms 425,151 Improved land in farms in 1900 411,544
Woodland in farms
52,899
Other unimproved land in
farms
10,573
Per cent. of land area in
farms
91.9
Per cent. of land area im-
proved
87.0
Average acres per farmi
132.6
Average improved acres per
farm
115.4
Value of Farm Property.
All farm property
$32,624.413
All farm property in 1910 15,372,688
Per cent. increase 1900-1910 112.2 Land $22,801,934
Land in 1900
10.431,130
Buildings
4.101,345
Buildings in 1900
2,158,150
Implements and
ma-
chinery 757,818
Implements and ma-
chinery in 1900 415.610
Domestic animals, poul-
try and bees
4,963,316
Domestic animals, poul- try and bees in 1900 __ 2,367,798
Per Cent. of Value of All Farm Property.
Land
69.9
Buildings
12.6
Implements and machinery
2.3
Domestic animals, poultry and
bees
15.2
Average Values.
All property per farm
$8,853
Land and buildings per farm_ 7,301
Land per acre
46.67
Land per acre in 1900
21.37
Farms Operated by Owners.
Number of farms
2.395
Number of farms in 1900
2,443
Per cent. of all farms
65.0
Per cent. of all farms in 1910-63.1
Land in farms
325,784
Improved land in farms
284,031
Value of land and build-
ings
$18.265.457
Degree of Ownership.
Farms consisting of owned land only 1,650
Farms consisting of owned
and hired land
745
Color and Nativity of Owners.
Native white
2.247
Foreign born white
109
Negro
39
Farms Operated by Tenants. Number of farms 1,250
Number of farms in 1900
1,409
352
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Per cent. of all farms 33.9
Per cent. of all farms in 1900 __ 36.4
Land in farms
152,315
Improved land in farms
-
132,479
Value of land and build-
ings
$8,049,946
Form of Tenancy.
Share tenants
590
Share cash tenants
415
Cash tenants
233
Tenure not specified
12
Color and Nativity of Tenants.
Native white
1,190
Foreign born white
19
Negro
41
Farms Operated by Managers.
Number of farms 40
Number of farms in 1900 17
Land in farms
10.524
Improved land in farms
8641
Value of land and build-
ings
$587,876
Mortgage Debt Reports.
For all farms operated by owners. Number free from mortgage debt 1,178
Number with mortgage debt_1,201
Number with no mortgage report 16
For farms consisting of owned land only.
Number reporting debt and
amount
764
Value of their land and
buildings
$5,271,113
Amount
of
mortgage
debt
1,480,641
Per cent. of value of land and buildings 28.1
[No mortgage reports for farms operated by tenants and man- agers. ]
Selected Farm Expenses.
Labor:
Farms reporting
1,746
Cash expended
$180,128
Rent and board furnished_ 48,626
Fertilizer :
Farms reporting
23
Amount expended
$643
Feed :
Farms reporting
1,698
Amount expended
$328,320
Receipts from sale of feed- able crops $367,037
Value of All Crops.
Total
$3,376.512
Cereals
2,559,778
Other grains and seeds 18,882
Hay and forage 469,737
Vegetables 154,923
Fruit and nuts
80,969
All other crops
92,223
Selected Crops.
Cereals
Acres
Bushels
Totals
183,097
4,805,573
Corn
133,995
3,957.990
1 i
1 1
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
353
Oats
20,397
466,669
Wheat
27,808
365,063
Emmer and spelt
85
1,023
Barley
10
100
Rye
241
2,422
Kaffir corn and milo maize
551
12,206
Other Grains and Seeds.
Dry Peas
5
35
Flaxseed
223
1,486
Hay and Forage.
Acres
Tons
Total
59,367
68,974
All tame or cultivated grasses
56,657
63,592
Timothy alone
22,022
24.018
Timothy and clover mixed
28,910
32,214
Clover alone
4,652
5,320
Alfalfa
352
970
Millet or Hungarian grass
611
933
Other tame or cultivated grasses
110
137
Wild, salt or prairie grasses
681
1,074
Grains cut green
298
374
Coarse forage
1,731
3,934
Special Crops.
Acres
Bushels
Potatoes
1,150
109,000
Sweet potatoes and yams
35
4,073
All other vegetables
1,404
Tobacco
10
5,340 lbs.
Cane, sorghum
802
3,627 tons
Syrup (made)
29,370 gals.
Fruits and Nuts.
Orchard Fruits
Trees
Bushels
Total
184,206
112,888
Apples
120,603
100,223
(12)
354
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Peaches and nectarines
44,184
10,198
Pears
5,720
1,009
Plums and Prunes
7,855
798
Cherries
5,542
637
Vines
Pounds
Grapes
25,623
277,298
Small Fruits.
Acres
Quarts
Total
106
132,096
Strawberries
34
51,017
Blackberries and dewberries
58
71,854
Nuts
118 trees
3,375 pounds
Domestic Animals.
Value
$804.043
Farms reporting domestic ani-
mals 3,637
Value of domestic ani-
Value
$80,443
Swine:
Total number 82,215
Mature hogs
48,384
Spring pigs
33,831
Value $605,871
Sheep :
Total number 29,202
Ram, ewes and wethers. 17,281
Spring lambs 11,921
Value $130,260
Goats :
Number
889
Value
$3.093
Mature horses 15,492
Yearling colts 1,685
Spring colts 706
Value $1,904,120
Mules :
Total number 6,506
Mature mules 4,625
Yearling colts 1,463
Spring colts 418
Asses and burros :
Number
297
mals $4.726,393
Cattle :
Total number 40,629
Dairy cows 11,817
Other cows 5,382 1
Yearling heifers 4,629
Calves 4,709
Yearling steers and bulls 5,017
Other steels and bulls 9.075
Value $1,199,964
Horses :
Total number 17,883
Poultry and Bees :
Number of poultry of all kinds 369,917
Value
$226,261
Number of colonies of bees 3,994
Value
$ 10.662
Number and Value of Do- mestic Animals Not on Farms :
355
HISTORY OF JOHNSON COUNTY
Inclosures reporting do-
mestic animals 931
Value of domestic animals_$166,584
Cattle :
Total number 778
Value
$ 16,053
Number of dairy cows
578
Horses :
Total number
1,087
Value
$111,609
Number of mature horses_
1,040
Mules, Asses and Burros :
Total number
90
Value
$ 15,410
Number of mature mules.
53
Swine :
Total number
881
Value
$7.815
Sheep and Goats :
Total number
6
Value $18
Dairy Products :
Dairy cows on farms re- porting dairy products_ 10,908
Dairy cows on farms re- porting milk produced_
Milk produced, gallons 2,554.535
Milk sold, gallons
22,109
Cream sold, gallons
18,837
Butter fat sold, pounds. 162,849 Butter produced, pounds_ 543,489 Butter sold, pounds 188.481
Cheese produced, pounds. 330
Value of dairy products including home use of milk and cream $179,586
Receipts from sale of dairy
products
$102,584
Poultry Products :
Poultry raised, number. 505,658
Poultry sold, number 170,412 Eggs produced, dozens 1,606,120
Eggs sold, dozens
1,153,700
Value of poultry and eggs produced $535,783 Receipts from sale of
poultry and eggs. $315,684
Honey and Wax: Honey produced, pounds_ 21,076
Wax produced, pounds_
883
Value of honey and wax_ $4,133
Wool. Mohair and Goat Hair :
Wool, fleeces shorn, num- ber 14,592
Mohair and goat hair.
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