History of Ray county, Mo., Part 38

Author: Missouri historical company, St. Louis, pub. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: St. Louis, Missouri historical company
Number of Pages: 864


USA > Missouri > Ray County > History of Ray county, Mo. > Part 38


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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The committee presented the following report:


The committed to whom was referred the subject of the action of the general conference of the M. E. Church as to separate organization, growing out of the subject of slavery, agitated at the late general con- ference in the case of Bishop Andrews, beg leave to report that they have had that matter under consideration, and in view of the great import- ance the question of slavery has recently assumed, and the effects it has upon the morals of men, and desiring the permanent peace and prosperity of the church, having a due deference and respect for the opinions of all the members thereof, and believing that that peace can only be secured by the proposed arrangement of holding a northern and a southern gen- eral conference; therefore,


Resolved, That the quarterly meeting conference for the Richmond circuit, Missouri annual conference, do advise the adoption of the resolu- tions of the general conference.


(Signed)


A. REES, Chairman.


The church united with the southern general conference, and has stood in connection therewith ever since, under the name of the "Richmond M. E. Church South."


328


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


MARION CHURCH-REGULAR BAPTIST.


This was organized on the fourth Saturday in June, A. D., 1832, with the following first members, to-wit: John Vanderpool, Winant Vander- pool, James Campbell, Levi Vanderpool, John Brown, Henry Miles, Elisha Butcher, Thomas English and Hiram Clark.


The original church building was erected of logs, about 1846. It was burned some time in the pastorate of Reverend James Duval.


In the autumn of 1880 the erection of a new frame church was begun. It was completed early in the succeeding year, having been on Christmas day, 1880, dedicated by Rev. William Brown and Rev. James Duvall.


Rev. John Stone was the first pastor of this church, and was a good man, whose memory is fondly cherished. Rev. James Duvall was pastor upwards of thirty-three years (see biography).


In the fall of 1880 the roll book of Marion Church showed a member- ship of twenty-eight.


At the beginning of the war a division arose in the church from the same grounds that caused the schism in the New Garden Church, already mentioned. Part of the congregation joined fellowship with the Crooked River Church, and took no part in the erection of the present, church building.


M. E. CHURCH SOUTH, AT KNOXVILLE


was organized in 1837. The Rainwaters, Kincaids, Milsteads and Bur- gesses were among the original members.


The building formerly owned by this church was erected about thirty years ago, and has grown so unstable that it is no longer used as a place of worship. It was sold March 26, 1881, for one hundred dollars. A new frame building is in process of erection, which, when completed, will have cost about two thousand dollars.


We were able to obtain only meager information as to this church.


CHRISTIAN CHURCHI, AT SOUTH POINT.


This church was organized at a school house, then situated two miles east of South Point, in Camden township, in April, 1840, with the follow- ing original members, viz: Jacob Warinner, Thomas Blair, John Riffe, Willis Warriner, George Blair, William Brockman, Joseph E. Brockman, Polly Warriner, Eliza J. New, and Mary Brockman.


In 1854 the congregation erected a very handsome frame building for divine worship, at South Point. The building cost one thousand dollars, and was dedicated to the service of Almighty God in September of the same year of its erection, by Elder Moses E. Lard, a graduate of Beth- any College, Virginia-an institution then under the supervision of Alex -. ander Campbell, the founder of the Christian Reformed Church, and one of the greatest theologians of any age. Elder Lard was one of the most


329


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


eminent divines of his day. He was a brilliant, forcible, and impressive speaker, as well as a cogent and elegant writer. He married a lady who lived in Richmond, Ray county; subsequently moved to Kentucky, and died a few years ago, at his home in Lexington, that state, mourned by the church throughout the United States.


On the dedication of the church house at South Point, the church was reorganized. The following is a list of those who were members at that time: John Riffe, E. T. Withro, Nancy Withro, Foster D. Tribble, Mary Tribble, Z. D. Ralph, Martha A. Ralph, A. Brockman, Sarah Brockman, James Winsor, Lucinda Winsor, Thomas Blair, John Tarkey, Lydia Tarkay, Jackson Riffe, A. B. Ralph, Mary Ralph, John W. Chas- tine, William Artman, Jesse B. Simpson, Elizabeth Simpson, James Riffe, Willis Warriner, Mahala Vaughn, J. B. Elliott, Sarah H. Elliott, Emily Young, and three others, whose names, as written on the manuscript con- taining the above list, were illegible.


The following persons have been pastors of this church:


Richard Morton, S. P. Johnson, N. B. Peeler, W. B. Fisk and James E. Dunn. William Trader is the present, 1881, pastor.


The roll book shows the names of one hundred and fifty persons as members.


CHRISTIAN CHURCH, AT RICHMOND.


The Christian Church at Richmond, was organized April 26, 1840, by Reverend Thomas N. Gaines, with a membership of forty-five, among whom were the following persons, viz: William B. Martin, Malinda Martin, Perneta E. Hendley, Mary A. McGee, Charles R. Morehead, John B. Warder, Joseph S. Shoop, William H. Warder, Elizabeth War- der, Clayton Jacobs, Mary A. G. Jacobs, Celenary Burch, Susan Warder, Roan Richardson, William Love, and others.


Of the forty-five original members, there are now living only five, who hold membership in the congregation, to-wit: Clayton Jacobs and wife, Joseph S. Hoops, Celenary (Burch) Jacobs and Susan (Warder) Jacobs.


For several years after the organization of the church, it was without a house of its own, in which to hold divine service, and the congregation worshiped in the court house at Richmond, and in school houses, until it was able to build a church edifice. In 1846 a frame building was erected, which, in 1869, was removed, and in its room now stands an imposing brick, of stable and beautiful architecture, built in the year last mentioned, at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. In an eloquent and appropriate ser- mon, delivered in April, 1870, by Elder Alexander Proctor, this structure was set apart as a sacred shrine for the worship of the Supreme Being.


The following is a partial list of the ministers who have been pastors of this church: Thomas N. Gaines, Alexander Proctor, Thomas P. Haley,


21


330


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


(at this time pastor of a charge in St. Louis, and one of the brightest luminaries in the Christian church), A. H. F. Payne, Allen Wright, G. R. Hand, George Plattenberg, Josiah Waller, and James E. Dunn.


Belonging to, and worshiping at this church at present (1881), are upwards of one hundred and fifty members in good standing.


Divine services have been regularly held every Lord's day and every Thursday evening (in prayer meetings) almost uninterruptedly since the organization of the church, more than forty years ago. A Sunday-school has also been conducted regularly, for the past thirty years.


Few religious societies have more faithfully labored, or more success- fully accomplished the end of their formation, than has the Christian Church, at Richmond, Missouri.


FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST, AT RICHMOND.


This church was organized in March, 1842, by Rev. A. P. Williams, (afterwards D. D.)


Following is a complete list of the original members, to-wit:


Jabez Shotwell, Elizabeth Shotwell, Sarah Ballew, Anne E. Warder, Luther F. Warder, Sciotha Mckinney, Marjory Thornton, Sarah James, Levina Mckinney, M. J. Holman, James W. Sacry, Susan Sacry, Sarah A. Sacry, George M. Sacry, Elizabeth Tisdale, America Hunt, Mrs. Witcher, Daniel Parker, Polly Parker, Rebecca Smith, Lucinda Duncan, William P. Lanieear, and Rebecca, a woman of color.


The church house was built and occupied, but not finished, in 1854; finished in 1855. It was a very good frame structure, and cost about fifteen hundred dollars. It was never formally dedicated.


The following list includes all the pastors of this church from its organ- ganization to date (April, 1881,) with the length of service of each, viz:


Rev. A. P. Williams, six years and nine months; Rev. Japtha L. Smith, (M. D.) three years and one month; Rev. William C. Bachelor, one year and five months; Rev. R. C. Hill, two years and nine months; Rev. Josiah Leake, four years and ten months; Rev. Jeremiah Farmer, one year and seven months; Rev. Thomas W. Barrett, eight months; Rev. J. W. Luke, one year and two months; Rev. A. Matchett, only a few months; Rev. S. E. DeRacken, one year; Rev. James Roan, six months; Rev. Thomas H. Graves, one year; Rev. William C. Barrett, two years and ten months; Rev. F. M. Wadley, not quite one year; Rev. Robert Livingston, the present pastor, entered on his work in May, 1880.


The number of present membership is seventy-two, with a prospect of large increase, when a contemplated new building is erected.


For two years prior to its organization as an independent body, in 1842, the church had been what is called an Arm of the Baptist Church at Lexington, Missouri.


331


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


Between several of the pastorates mentioned above, there were lengthy interims.


A brick house, to cost about four thousand dollars, will be built the ensuing summer. The brick are made, and the whole matter is in the hands of a building committee, composed of the following gentlemen: J. W. Shotwell, J. C. Brown, Reuben E. Brown, L. D. Priest, A. K Reyburn, James Hughes, and Robert Livingston. Services are held, for the time being, in the M. E. Church.


Robert Livingston, now pastor of the Baptist Church in Richmond, Missouri, is an Irishman, born and educated at Enniskillen, in the north of Ireland. He was a Pedo-Baptist minister many years, but embraced the principles of the Baptist Church, and became a minister thereof, in Clin- ton county, Missouri, in the year 1869. Robert Livingston came to America in 1855; was naturalized in 1876, and is now fifty years of age. He is deeply interested in the work in which he is engaged; is devoted to the members of his charge, and is a genial, obliging companion, as well as a pious, pure-minded man.


PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH (OLD SCHOOL) AT RICHMOND.


Organized, under an order from the Presbytery of Missouri, (O. S.) on the first Saturday in February, A. D., 1843, by J. L. Yantis, D. D., and Lewis Green, ruling elder.


Following is a complete list of the original members, to-wit: Dr. Thomas Allen, James T. McCoun, Joseph M. Lapsley, Isaac White, A. M. Harrison, William Rives, Thomas Slaughter, Baldwin King, Mary McCoun, Margaret L. McCoun, Judith White, Susan M. Dunn, Judith Williams, Ann Sevier, Elizabeth Leeper, Sally J. Harrison, Susan E. Bullock, Nancy Hudgins, Ann Rives, Elizabeth Hooper, Ann Allen, Henrietta Watkins, Margaret Sibley, Harriet Tinney, Maria A. Davis and Margaret Turner, making a total of twenty-six.


During the first eight years of its existence, the church was able to secure only occasional preaching, by Dr. Yantis and by Revs. Coulter, Fulton and others, who were engaged in missionary work.


In 1851, the church was visited by Nathan H. Hall, D. D., and during his stay much interest was taken, and a number of persons were added to the church.


From 1852 to 1858, the friends of Presbyterianism in this section exhausted their means and energies in a vain effort to establish and endow Richmond College.


The failure of this enterprise, after so prolonged an endeavor, so par- alyzed the church that it had little more than a nominal existence till 1867, when it was visited by Rev. J. A. Quarles, of Lexington, Missouri. During a series of meetings then held, the session of the church was reorganized by election of officers; and a deep interest was awakened,


332


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY


which largely pervaded the entire community. For the purpose of hold- ing these meetings, the members of this church availed themselves of the generous courtesy of other denominations in furnishing them places of worship.


In the course of the two succeeding years, under the labors of the Revs. Quarles, Carson and Nall, there were large accessions to the mem- bership of the church, and it had thoroughly recovered its wonted life and prosperity.


In November, 1869, a large, substantial brick church edifice was erected in Richmond, at a cost of ten thousand dollars, and dedicated by Nathan L. Rice, D. D.


From 1867 to 1872 Rev. R. Carson was part of the time supply, and part of the time pastor.


From 1872 to 1878 the church was partly supplied by the appointments of Presbytery and partly by Revs. Quarles and Chèney-each, for a time, holding preaching twice a month.


June 1, 1878, the church was entirely destroyed by a terrific cyclone which swept through the town of Richmond, leaving a pathway strewn with debris, devastation and death.


In consequence of this disaster there were no regular Presbyterian ser- vices in Richmond until the fall of 1880. At that time Revs. Quarles and Leyburn visited the church and for a few months past Rev. Quarles has been supplying the church, holding services twice a month in the hall of the opera house.


STATISTICS.


The church roll shows that in 1846, by removals and death the mem- bership was reduced to eighteen.


The largest enrolled membership, at any one time, was in 1872, when it reached ninety-eight. That number has been reduced by the causes above stated, till the present membership is only forty-four.


The whole number of persons enrolled as members of this church from its organization to the present, is one hundred and seventy-one.


Of the twenty-six original members only five are remaining.


Following is the list of those who have been elected ruling elders: 1843-Dr. Thomas Allen, James T. McCoun, J. M. Lapsley; 1851-I. N. White, James L. McCoun; 1856-R. W. Finley, G. W. Buchanan; 1867-Josiah Turner, George W. Dunn, Robert Sevier; 1871-D. B. Palmer, Isaac Ruftner; 1881-John Laforgee.


M. E. CHURCH SOUTH, AT HARDIN.


The M. E. Church South, at Hardin, was organized in 1845, by Rev- erend B. H. Spencer. It worships in a new frame building, erected in 1880, at a cost of $1,600. The building is owned by several denomina-


333


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


tions, in common, but we have been unable to obtain a report from any of them, save the Methodist, and what we have received of that is extremely meager.


The following persons have been pastors of this church: Reverends Callaway, Ellington, Dunlap, Penny, Mattox, Bell, Penn, Cooper, · McEwen, Johnson, Proctor, Alexander, Bone, Holliday, James, Meffert, Tanquary, and Babcock.


Number of present membership, seventy-four.


NEW SALEM CHURCH, (O. S. PRESBYTERIAN.)


On petition of certain members of the Bethel, Liberty, and Richmond churches, and of other Presbyterians, residing on and near Crooked river, in Ray county, Missouri, the Presbytery of Upper Missouri appointed Reverends Richard H. Allen and Robert Scott, ministers, and Caleb Wilson, ruling elder, a committee "to organize said petitioners into a church, to be called New Salem Presbyterian Church.


The committee assembled at the place appointed, on the 18th day of June, A. D. 1849, and organized the church with the following original members: Josiah Morrow, Dicy Morrow, Vincent Morrow, Mary Emily Cummins, James Cummins, Jedediah Smith, Jane Smith, Calvin H. Cummins, Benjamin Snoddy, Susannah Snoddy, Sarah Snoddy, Ann K. Burton, William Murray, Eliza O. K. Murray, Thomas Cummins, Ann Cummins, Ann Rives, Ann L. Allen, Eupha Cummins, Madison B. Cummins, Robert Rives, William Henry Rives,and Elizabeth J. Parton.


The congregation met on the same day, and chose William Murray and Jedediah Smith, ruling elders; and as such, they were ordained and installed.


September 16, 1849, session met and was opened with prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen, moderator. After satisfactory examination, Susan A. and Emily J. Smith were received into the church. Session closed with prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen.


September 17, session met and was opened with prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen, moderator, and by William Murray and Jedediah Smith, elders. Columbus P. Rivers, William Monroe Woods and Sarah Jane Parton, after satisfactory examination upon experimental religion, were received as members of the church. Closed with prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen.


September 22, session met and opened with prayer by Rev. Allen, moderator. Mrs. Sarah Morrow, upon certificate, and Charlotte Jane Cummins, upon profession of her faith in Christ, were received into the church as members therof. Closed with prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen.


September 23, session met and was opened with prayer by Rev. Allen, moderator. The following persons, after satisfactory examination, were received as members of the church: Mary Jane and John Joiner,


334


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


William R. Burton and John G. D. Burton. Closed with prayer by Rev. Allen.


September 25, session met and opened with prayer, as usual, by Rev. R. H. Allen. Joseph Cook, after professing his faith in Christ, was re- ceived into the church. After prayer by Rev. R. H. Allen, the session adjourned.


At a meeting of the members of New Salem Church, October 30, 1869,. J. A. Smith was elected ruling elder, and the following day, Sunday, was ordained to that office, Rev. D. Coulter, presiding.


In 1872 the congregation erected a substantial frame church at Lawson. It is well furnished, stands on a commanding eminence, and is an attract- ive building. The number of present (1881) membership is thirty-nine.


September 22, 1872, the session met, before public service, in their new house of worship, at Lawson, and was opened with prayer. Present, Reverend J. M. Scott, moderator, and Elder J. A. Smith. Mrs. Hen- rietta Rhaum and Miss Victoria Ann Smith appeared and desired mem- bership in the church; whereupon, after the usual examination, they were received into full fellowship, they having previously been baptized. Closed with prayer by Elder J. A. Smith.


PISGAH CHURCH-MISSIONARY BAPTIST.


Organized August 12, 1849, by Reverend Robert James. Original members: B. W. Howlin and wife, of Clay county, O. C. Brook, Mrs. A. A. McCoskrie, Jno. Cox, James Cox, Wm. Morris, Hiram Morris,. Isaac Massingale, Belinda Garner, Mary Estes, Mary Nowlin, Adelia P. Wyman, Samuel Cleavenger, and Mary Cleavenger.


The church house is a frame, and was erected in October, 1854. Not dedicated.


Pastors: Robert James, Jeptha S. Smith, James W. Sacray, William McClellan, T. N. O'Bryant, G. W. Smith, J. W. Luke, John Harmon, S. H. Carter, J. N. Wheeler, and J. W. D. Hunt.


Present membership, sixty-three. Pisgah Church is located in town- ship 52, range 29.


NEW HOPE CHURCH-M. E. SOUTH.


New Hope Church was organized in the year A. D. 1851. The build- ing, a substantial frame, commodious within, and comfortably furnished, was erected in 1869, at a cost of $3,000, and is situated near Millville, in Grape Grove township. The original members of this church are as fol- lows: Thomas H. Noble, Nancy Noble, James Elliott, Elizabeth Elliott, Thomas Kincaid, Louisa Kinkaid, Cecil B. McCuistion, Sarah McCuis- tion, D. Williams, Catherine McBee, David McBee and Catherine Craig.


The church edifice was dedicated by Rev. W. M. Newlan, March 5, A. D., 1879.


335


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


The following is a list of the pastors since 1851, viz: Joseph Devlin, Joseph S. Todd, A. E. Sears, -Blackwell, W. E. Dockery, Wm. Penn (assistant), J. W. Mattox, William Sutton, Daniel Penny, Samuel Alex- ander, G. Tanquary, William Jordan, James A. Spencer, R. N. T. Holliday, C. Babcock and J. L. Meffert.


New Hope Methodist Church has at present one hundred and four members, and is in a healthy condition, morally and materially.


GROVE CHAPEL, M. E. CHURCH SOUTH,


was organized May 2, 1859. The building is a frame, cost six hundred dollars, and is located in Grape Grove township.


Original members :- John Brown, Matilda Brown, Caleb Brown, Mar- tha Brown, W. D. Fortune, Mary Fortune, Sally Brown, Perry Brown, Turner Elder, Polly Elder, Elizabeth Elder, D. C. Noffsinger, Mary C. Noffsinger, Fanny Noffsinger, John Noffsinger, Warren Hayes, Virginia Hayes, Allen Charlton, Narcissa Charlton, Eppa Holder, Mrs. -- Holder, William Holder, Austin Harlow, Susan Harlow, Martin Elder, Mrs. Water, Allen Rathburn, Mrs. -- Rathburn, Enoch Rathburn, Elizabeth Rathburn, Conrad Oester, Reverend Samuel Grove, Paulina Grove, Mar- garet Grove, J. A. Divelbiss, Julia Divelbiss, Samuel Davis, Dennis, and Lucinda Davis.


WAKANDA CHURCH, GERMAN BAPTIST.


Organized about 1866.


Names of original members :- John Vantromp and wife, and Joel Spit- zer and wife.


The church house-a frame-was erected in 1871, cost one thousand dollars, and is situated near Crooked river, in Crooked River township- extreme northern part.


Reverend John Hayes was the pastor.


S. B. Shirkey, Eli Metts, and Addison Harper are the present ministers.


PLEASANT VIEW CHURCH, CHRISTIAN.


Prior to 1866 there was no organization of the Christian Church in Polk township, although a number of persons in that township held fel- lowship with Christian congregations at Richmond and elsewhere, in adjoining counties.


About the 1st of August, 1866, Elder John C. Lawson, a carpenter, as well as preacher, and at that time plying the former vocation in the neighborhood of the present site of Pleasant View, commenced a basket meeting in a beautiful grove in William Crowley's pasture, and continued the same nearly a fortnight. The result was several confessions and immersions. Great interest was awakened; and, at the close of the meet- ing, partial organization was effected, by electing David J. Bisbee and Thomas J. Crowley elders. Elder Lawson was engaged to labor for the


336


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


church occasionally, and the place of worship was moved from Benton to Butler school-house. Here the church was reorganized, and Andrew J. Greenawalt elected elder, and William F. Potter and Samuel D. Osborn deacons.


Services were held at Butler school-house till the following August, when at a protracted meeting, conducted by Elders G. R. Hand, Joseph T. Rice, and J. C. Lawson, a resolution was passed to build a house of worship at Pleasant View. Martin T. Real, James A. Potter, and A. Bis- bee, Sr., were appointed a building committee, and vested with the power of trustees to receive and hold in trust property that the church might acquire. C. B. Bacon was chosen secretary and treasurer of the com- mittee. A subscription-book was opened, and therein appear the follow- ing names of subscribers and the amount contributed by each, viz:


Martin T. Real


$ 96.30


Milton Piercy $ 25.00


Peter Clark.


40.00


David J. Bisbee


161.70


S. D. Osborn.


220.00


M. Buchanan ..


20.00


Wm. Windsor


5.00


Peter Roney


10.00


John Pallett.


15,00


A. Douglass .. 10.00


Wm. B. Chapman.


15.00


Milton Becket .. 10.00


Jas. M. Stockwell


330.00


A. K. Piercy. 10.00


E. V. Fowler


201.50


Cornelius Ebersol.


5.00


J. K. Luther ..


60.00


Fowler & Buchanan


6.50


A. J. Greenawalt.


105.00


Reuben Hawk.


50.00


J. Whitsett ..


15.00


Robert Finch.


10.00


W. F. Potter. .


30.00


John A. Goodmar


5.00


John A. Buchanan


25.00


Jesse T. Roberts


70.00


Wm. Osborn.


25.00


J. H. McDonald.


2.00


J. A. Potter .


363.00


R. W. Babcock.


10.00


W. C. Halstead ..


11.00


Jas. Bronaugh.


40.00


H. H. McClelland.


25.00


James Melon


10.00


Chas. McClelland.


25.00


James Green.


2.50


Wm. H. Bales.


5.00


G. W. Stockwell, Jr.


5.00


J. H. Raum.


15.00


C. B. Bacon.


389.37


Frank Elston .


10.00


Wmi.Crowley


185.00


$2,743.87


John Hightower.


5.00


Gideon Albright.


5.00


In due course of time the building was erected, and the same year, 1867, duly dedicated by Elder G. R. Hand, to divine service. It is a well-built, neat, and attractive frame structure, and cost three thousand six hundred dollars.


Pleasant View has (1881) seventy members. The edifice is situated in section twenty-seven, of congressional township fifty-four, of range twenty-nine.


ELK HORN CHURCH -CHRISTIAN.


The building is owned by the Christian and three other denominations, but we were unable to obtain information regarding any of the organ-


337


HISTORY OF RAY COUNTY.


izations, other than the Christian. We regret the omission, which on the part of the writer, is unavoidable.


The names of the original members of the organization of Disciples, worshipping at Elk Horn Church, are as follows: T. M. Stevenson, Joseph Craven and wife, G. A. Sanford and wife, T. S. Vaughan and wife, J. T. Ogg, Mary McCallum, Elizabeth McAfee, Moab Berry and wife, M. McGaugh, and several others.


The church is a frame building, erected 1857, and when completed, cost $1,100. It was dedicated, as to the Disciples, or Christians, by Elder G. R. Hand and A. A. Pickeral. Reverend N. B. Peeler is the present pastor. T. J. Ogg and J. N. Smith are elders. William Ogg and T. S. Vaughan are deacons. Present membership, twenty-five.


BETHLEHEM CHURCH -CHRISTIAN.


Organized in September, 1868. Among the first members were: J. D. Gordon, Arch. Moss, R. Moss, J. Messmer, J. N. Davis and others.




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