USA > Missouri > History of southeast Missouri : a narrative account of its historical progress, its people and its principal interests, Volume I > Part 2
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SCENE AT THE SHUT-IN NEAR ARCADIA
the remaining parts of its stream bed so that it is hemmed into close quarters at these places. They are locally called "shut-ins." One of them is to be seen on Stout's creek in the vicinity of Areadia and there are many others in the same region.
The Ozark region of Missouri has its high- est elevation along the line extending from Jefferson county to the southwest through Iron and into Barry and White counties: east and west of this line the elevation grad- ually becomes less. The highest points in
the area deserves to take first place among mineral sections. The precious metals are not found in paying quantities, but a large number of other minerals are so found. The mineral which exists in this region in great- est abundance is lead which has attracted the attention of miners from the very earliest times; perhaps the greatest deposits of lead ore to be found in the entire world are in this section. Lead, however, is not the only mineral which is produced in paying quanti- ties, iron is found in a number of these coun-
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INTRODUCTION
ties, notably Iron, St. Francois and Wayne. Copper and zine are also taken in connection with lead and other minerals are mined on a smaller seale.
There exist great quantities of fine clays and some of the largest deposits of sand fit for glass making in the United States. Be- sides these there are immense quantities of valuable building stone both lime stone and granite and also considerable quantities of a good quality of sand stone.
The north part of this district is drained largely by the Maramec river which has its source in Maramee springs in Dent county and flows north and east emptying into the Mississippi on the line dividing Jefferson county from St. Louis county. It is a pie- turesque and beautiful stream and with it are connected some of the earliest events in the history of the state. It receives a number of small tributaries from both north and south. The principal tributary of the Maramec on the south is Big river which rises in Wash- ington county, flows north through Washing- ton and Jefferson counties and empties into the Maramec in Jefferson county. It is not navigable but is a very beautiful stream and has considerable water-power yet undevel- oped. All the eastern part of the distriet is drained by streams which flow to the east and empty into the Mississippi. South of the Maramec are Saline creek, Aux Vases, Cin- quehomme. Apple Creek and Cape LaCroix creek; these streams with other smaller ones have their source within the Ozark upland and flow down its eastern border into the Mississippi.
The rest of this district is drained princi- pally by streams flowing to the south. the easternmost of these are Castor and White- water both of which have their origin in St.
Francois county flowing toward the south and uniting to form Little river in New Madrid county. The St. Francois river also rises in St. Francois county and flows in a general southerly direction receiving the waters of Little river in Arkansas and finally flowing into the Mississippi. West of the St. Fran- cois river are Black river and Little Black ; these streams rise in Reynolds and Iron conn- ties, flowing to the south into Arkansas and finally uniting with White river. The most westerly of the streams of the distriet is Cur- rent river, perhaps the most beautiful stream in the entire state, its general direction is south and east, it is a tributary of Black river.
South and east of the line which we have indicated, from Cape Girardeau to the Ar- kansas line, is found the alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi, Little River, the St. Francois, and Black River. With the exception of two areas, this section is practically level and all alluvial soil. These two areas are the Scott county hills and Crowley's ridge. The Scott county hills lie just south of what is called the Big swamp south of Cape Girardeau and extend a distance of about 15 miles from the neighborhood of Gray's Point to near Morley in Scott county. These hills are a part of the Paleozoic uplift and were doubtless connected with the ridge in Illinois at the time when the Mississippi river flowed to the southwest from Cape Girardeau. They are essentially the same in structure and geologie origin with the Ozark plateau.
The other elevated land in this part of Southeast Missouri is Crowley's ridge, ex- tending from a point in Scott county not far from Bell City in a southwesterly direction, crossing the state line near Campbell, and ending at the Mississippi river near the mouth
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of the St. Francois. This ridge varies in width, being about ten miles wide in the cen- tral part of Stoddard county and becoming very narrow between Dexter and Malden. It is broken in two places, in the north by Castor and further south by the St. Francois river which crosses it just west of Campbell in Dunklin connty. This ridge is geologically unlike the Ozark upland and most certainly had a different origin. It is composed prin- cipally of clay and seems the remains of allu- vial soil which had been thrust up from below and sculptured down again by the action of the rivers, leaving this ridge. The ridge it- self slopes from east to west having its great- est height on the eastern edge, where it is about one hundred feet in elevation.
The remainder of the land in Southeast Missouri is practically level but falls into a number of divisions. The first of these from east to west is the low country bordering along the Mississippi river. There is extend- ing south from below the Scott county hills a sand ridge called the Sikeston ridge which reaches the river at New Madrid and extends almost to the south line of New Madrid county. This ridge is elevated some 10 or 15 feet above the level of the bottom lands and its soil is principally sandy loam. East of it in the neighborhood of Charleston, there are two other similar ridges of sandy loam.
West of the Sikeston ridge extending to Crowley's ridge in the north part and to the sandy ridge of Stoddard and Dunklin coun- ties in the southern part, is the low bottom of Little River, which lies from 15 to twenty feet below the level of the sand ridges and is a heavily timbered section with a great deal of humus and exceedingly productive.
West of this bottom of Little River is an- other sand ridge which extends from just south of Dexter to the state line near Ilor-
nersville in Dunklin county. On this ridge are situated the towns of Bernie, Malden. Clarkton, and Kennett. The ridge is from 5 to 10 miles in width, is from 10 to 15 feet higher than the bottoms of Little river, and has a very rich and productive sandy loam soil.
West of this ridge lying between it and Crowley's ridge in the north part is what is known as West swamp, while in the south in Dunklin county the St. Francois river is between the sand ridge and Crowley's ridge. The bottom of St. Francois river is not un- like that of Little river.
West of Crowley's ridge in Stoddard county is the valley of the St. Francois river and Black river. These are heavily timbered regions with a soil considerably heavier than the sand ridges above mentioned.
The drainage in this alluvial section of Southeast Missouri is principally from north to south. Of course on its eastern edge it is drained by the Mississippi which forms its eastern boundary. The Scott county hills are the source of two creeks, Ramsey creek which flows north emptying into the Mississippi, and Caney creek which flows to the north and then west and is a tributary of Little river. Mississippi county and the eastern part of New Madrid county are drained in part by St. James and St. John's bayous. The other streams of the alluvial section are prin- cipally those which have their origin in the Ozark upland and enter the alluvial district at its northern limit. In the neighborhood of Allenville, Crooked creek and Whitewater river combine and the stream thus formed is called Whitewater until it receives the waters of Caney creek and the East Fork after which it takes the name of Little river. This stream flows to the southeast and then to the south-
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west and crosses the state line into Arkansas finally pouring its waters into the St. Fran- cois.
West of Crooked creek a number of other smaller streams flow into the alluvial district. The first of these of importance is Castor river which enters the alluvial district near Zalma in Bollinger county. Castor flows south and southeast through parts of Stoddard and New Madrid counties and finally empties into Lit- tle river.
Two other streams of importance having their source in the Ozarks make their way through the alluvial district. The eastern- most of these, the St. Francois river, leaves the hills in the edge of Wayne county and flows directly through Stoddard and forms the state line between Dunklin county and Arkansas. West of St. Francois river, Black river enters the alluvial district at Poplar Bluff. It, together with a number of smaller tributary streams, most of them rising in the hills, cross the state line into Arkansas from Bollinger county.
Besides these more important streams there are several other smaller ones such as Varner river, Buffalo creek, Taylor slough, and Chil- letecaux in Dunklin county, Pemiscot bayou in Pemiscot county and Portage bay and Open bay in New Madrid and Pemiscot counties.
With the exception of part of the sand ridges in Scott, New Madrid, and Dunklin counties this entire alluvial section was for- merly heavily timbered, the entire country being covered with a heavy growth of oak, gum, cottonwood, hickory, ash and other varieties of trees in the higher portions, and with cypress in those parts of the bottoms where water stood. There are still vast quan- tities of timber in this section, but it is fast being denuded of its timber.
This alluvial region presents an interesting geological problem. Those who have studied the region are not in agreement as to how the vast Mississippi embayment was formed. It has been suggested by some students that this great plain stretching from the mouth of the Mississippi to Cape Girardeau and varying in width from five to forty miles, is a coastal plain formed by the action of the waves against the land surface. No doubt a plain so formed would bear some resemblance to the alluvial plain of the Mississippi valley, but it is difficult to believe that such a plain as this could have been formed by wave action; the resulting debris from the destruction of the land surface must have retarded the action of the waves long before they sculptured a plain extending so far into the land.
Without attempting to go into minute de- tails the probabilities are that the alluvial sec- tion as it now exists is a river valley. Early in geologic times the head of the Gulf of Mexico was near the site of Cape Girardeau and there was thus thrust into the heart of the North American continent a great trian- gular gulf. This gulf has been filled with al- luvial soil from Cape Girardeau to the pres- ent southern limit of the delta. It is not pos- sible to determine how deep the alluvial de- posits are since there have been made no bor- ings deep enougli to find the bed of rock. Certain borings made for artesian wells and at New Madrid for the purpose of finding support for a bridge, indicate that the allu- vial soil is more than two hundred feet in depth though there is very good reason to be- lieve that it is very much deeper than this. A boring made at Cairo, Illinois, extended to a depth of 1,200 feet without striking bed rock.
It is plainly evident that the amount of al- luvial material deposited in this gulf is en-
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INTRODUCTION
ormons. It was brought down doubtless in large part by the great rivers which occupied the present position of the Mississippi and Ohio, perhaps at one time much larger than the present streams.
The soil now found in the alluvial section is not, however, the original deposits. There seems good reason for believing that the clay ridge known as Crowley's ridge is a remnant of the original deposit in the valley. This first deposit was raised up by the action of . St. Francois which pass from the uplift to the the forces beneath the surface and was then alluvial plains undergo a complete change of character. They are no longer deep, narrow, and swift of current, with well marked banks, but they become wide and shallow and spread out over many miles. sculptured down by the action of the stream. This action has been going on for many thou- sands of years doubtless and the original de- posits have been removed in large part except Crowley's ridge. Not only has the river sculptured the original deposits, it seems to have meandered back and forth across this great valley now washing the bluffs along the eastern side and now those along the western side, alternately sculpturing away deposits of alluvium and reforming them in other places.
The alluvial plains as they now exist then represent two separate cycles of stream ac- tion. The first consisted in filling in the arm of the Gulf of Mexico with alluvial deposits. This was separated from the second cycle of the stream action by the uplift of the deposited material above their former level ; in the second cycle they are wearing down and redistributing this uplifted material into its present position. There seems no reason to doubt that within a comparatively short geologie time Crowley's ridge will en- tirely disappear under the action of the forces now at work upon it.
It is evident that there exists a complete contrast in physical characteristics between these two sections of Southeast Missouri. The
most obvious of these differences is the fact that there are no hills in the alluvial section, while the whole Ozark uplift is dotted with them. There is also a marked difference in the streams; those of the plateau having their origin in springs of clear limpid water, flow between banks which are sometimes steep and even rugged in appearance. They have a swift current, are narrow and deep, but such of them like Castor, Whitewater, and the
The soils, too, are different. In the upland are the clays. They follow the outline of the hills on which they were deposited. The characteristic soil of the plains is a sandy loam, while gravels, clays and marl are to be found in places. The distinct characteristic soil is that which makes the great ridges on which are situated the flourishing towns of the district.
. In minerals, also, the contrast between the sections is striking. No other section of equal size in the world contains a greater variety and wealth of minerals than the Ozark plateau. Here are to be found the great deposits of copper, zinc, lead, iron, and others. The alluvial plains on the other hand have no minerals except bog ore. The materials of which the plains are formed are the loose elasties. While the plains are lacking in min- eral' wealth, they possess great supplies of timber. The hills are covered in many places with timber, but the valuable trees in great- est numbers are to be found in the rich soil of the low lands. Here flourish the cotton wood, oak, gum. cypress, and hickory in great
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abundance. No other part of the United States possesses more valuable timbers than the low lands in Southeast Missouri.
This contrast between sections is also to be seen in their climate. Spring visits the low- lands at least two weeks earlier than it does the uplands. The winters, too, are not so cold on the plains. and the rain-fall is considerably greater. In fact the line marking forty inches of annual precipitation coincides quite closely
with the escarpment which separates the pla- teau from the plain. These differences of cli- mate and soil have resulted in certain differ- ences in the crops cultivated in the two sec- tions. The great staple crops, wheat and corn, are extensively grown in both sections, but in addition to these the alluvial soil produces large crops of cotton and melons which cannot be grown successfully in the hills.
CONTENTS
SECTION I
CHAPTER I ARCHAEOLOGY
MOUNDS IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI-GREAT NUMBERS KNOWN TO EXIST - DISTRIBUTION OF MOUNDS-SIZE OF MOUNDS-SHAPE-ARRANGEMENT - VARIOUS MOUNDS DESCRIBED - AN ANCIENT WHARF-CONTENTS OF MOUNDS- WHO BUILT THE MOUNDS-THE MOUND BUILDER THEORY-THE WORK OF THE INDIANS-PROBABLE ORIGIN-COLLECTIONS OF RELICS-BECK- WITH'S GREAT COLLECTION-PLATES FOUND NEAR MALDEN-OTHER REMARKABLE PIECES. 3
CHAPTER II ADVENTURES OF DE SOTO
Is MADE GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA-LANDS IN FLORIDA-DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI - PLACE OF CROSSING-DIRECTION OF MARCH-THE CASQUINS-RELIGIOUS SERVICE-ATTACK ON CAP- AHAS-SEARCH FOR SALT-PROBABLE SITUATION OF CAPAHA CAMP-RETURN TO THE SOUTH -QUIGATE-LOCATION OF CALIGOA-FURTHER TRAVELS AND DEATH-INTEREST CONCERNING EXACT ROUTE. 13
CHAPTER I11 FRENCH EXPLORERS
WHY SPANIARDS DID NOT TAKE AND HOLD THE COUNTRY-VAGUE IDEAS OF THE WEST-NEWS OF THE MISSISSIPPI-RADISSON AND GROSEILLIERS-JOLIET AND MARQUETTE-DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI-EXTENT OF THEIR VOYAGE-THE RETURN-ILLNESS OF MARQUETTE - WHY JOLIET WAS NOT GIVEN CREDIT FOR EXPEDITION - EARLY VOYAGE OF LA SALLE - FRENCH IDEAS OF THE NEW WORLD-VIEWS OF THE ENGLISH - LA SALLE'S PURPOSE - FRIENDSHIP WITH FRONTENAC-VISIT TO FRANCE-START OF THE EXPEDITION - LOSS OF THE GRIFFON-CREVE COEUR-HE REACHES THE MISSISSIPPI-PASSES TO ITS MOUTH-THE COLONY AT STARVED ROCK-GOES TO FRANCE-COLONY ON THE GULF-DEATH OF LASALLE -ESTIMATE OF HIS CHARACTER.
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CHAPTER IV
INDIAN HISTORY
IMPORTANCE OF INDIANS IN OUR HISTORY-INDIAN TRADE-INDIANS IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI WHEN DESOTO CAME-THE CAPAHAS-THE SIOUAN FAMILY AND ITS BRANCHES - THE OSAGES-THEIR HOMES-THEIR FARMS-OSAGE HOUSES - FURNITURE AND CLOTHING - POLYGAMY-WEAPONS-PECULIAR CUSTOMS OF THE OSAGES - PAINTING OF THE BODY - THEIR GOVERNMENT-WARS WITH OTHER INDIANS-DEFEATED BY SACS AND FOXES-THEIR REMOVAL FROM THE STATE-DELAWARES AND SHAWNEES-THEIR HISTORY OUTSIDE MIS- SOURI-WHY THE SPANIARDS BROUGHT THEM TO MISSOURI-CHARACTER-THEIR VILLAGES- TECUMSEH'S SISTER - CHILLETECAUX - WITCHCRAFT DELUSION-THE MASHCOUX TRIBE- TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS-INDIAN EDUCATION. 33
SECTION II
CHAPTER V
STE. GENEVIEVE DISTRICT
THE NAME LOUISIANA-THE ILLINOIS- THE FRENCH AND SPANISH DISTRICTS WITH THEIR LIMITS-THE APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY-STE. GENEVIEVE -- PROBABLE DATE OF FIRST SETTLEMENT-"THE OLD VILLAGE OF STE. GENEVIEVE" - ORIGINAL SET- TLERS-OFFICIALS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS-OCCUPATIONS - THE "BIG FIELD" - INDIAN TROUBLES-LIFE OF THE FRENCH PIONEERS-POPULATION-PITTMAN'S ACCOUNT - VISIT OF PAUL ALLIOY-AS PECK SAW THE TOWN-IMPRESSIONS OF FLAG-FERDINAND ROZIER - JOHN JAMES AUDUBON-JOHN SMITH T .- HENRY DODGE-JOHN RICE JONES-NEW BOUR- BON-NEW TENNESSEE-TABLE OF SETTLEMENTS-FIRST SETTLERS IN IRON COUNTY-THE COOK AND MURPHY SETTLEMENTS-ST. MICHAEL'S-OLD MINES-FIRST SETTLERS IN JEF- FERSON COUNTY-PERRY COUNTY SETTLEMENTS-LONG'S ACCOUNT. 49
CHAPTER VI CAPE GIRARDEAU DISTRICT
ITS LIMITS-LIFE OF LORIMIER-FIRST SETTLEMENT AT CAPE GIRARDEAU-INFLUENCE WITH THE INDIANS-GRANTS OF AUTHORITY AND LAND-LORIMIER'S TOMB-NAME OF CAPE GIR- ARDEAU-COUSIN-EARLY SETTLERS-THE TOWN LAID OFF-SOME OF THE EARLY BUILD- INGS-FIRST INCORPORATION, 1808-EARLY SETTLERS WITHIN THE DISTRICT-THE RAMSAYS -THE GIBONEYS-OTHER EARLY FAMILIES-SETTLEMENTS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE DISTRICT. ยท 67
CHAPTER VII DISTRICT OF NEW MADRID
ITS BOUNDARIES-"L'ANSE A LA GRAISE"-THE LESIEURS-SITUATION OF NEW MADRID- COLONEL GEORGE MORGAN-GRANT TO MORGAN-HIS EXPECTATION OF PROFIT - HIS DE- SCRIPTION OF THE SITE-THE SURVEY OF THE TOWN-OPPOSITION OF WILKINSON AND MIRO -NEW MADRID FALLS INTO HANDS OF MIRO-LETTER OF LA FORGE-THE COMMANDANTS
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OF THE POST-EMIGRANTS WHO CAME WITH MORGAN-THE LESIEUR FAMILY-THE LA FORGES-JOSEPH MICHEL-ROBERT MCCOY-RICHARD JONES WATERS-TARDIVEAU-OTHER SETTLERS-ROBERT GOAII WATSON-MILITARY COMPANIES-OTHER SETTLEMENTS IN NEW MADRID COUNTY-LITTLE PRAIRIE-SETTLEMENTS IN SCOTT COUNTY-TOWN NEAR SIKESTON -BENTON-JOSEPH HUNTER-TYWAPPITY BOTTOMS-MISSISSIPPI COUNTY SETTLEMENTS- SPANISH LAND GRANTS-THE KING'S HIGHWAY. 81
CHAPTER VIII GOVERNMENT UNDER FRANCE AND SPAIN
LOUISIANA UNDER LA SALLE-THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA-CAPITALS AND GOVERNORS-CES- SION TO SPAIN-PROVIDENCE OF UPPER LOUISIANA - LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OF UPPER LOUISIANA-DISTRICTS AND COMMANDANTS-SYNDICS-AUTHORITY OF OFFICIALS-FRENCH LAW RETAINED-CHARACTER OF GOVERNMENT-THE CABILDO AT NEW ORLEANS-ORGANIZA- TION OF MILITIA-"L' ANNEE DU COUP" ATTACK ON ST. LOUIS-TREACHERY OF GOVERNOR LEYBA-ACTION OF THE STE. GENEVIEVE COMPANY-EXPEDITION TO NEW MADRID-PUNISH- MENT OF INDIANS-ORDERS CONCERNING TAVERNS AND SALE OF LIQUOR TO INDIANS. 111
CHAPTER IX SOCIAL LIFE
POPULATION IN 1804-SETTLEMENTS-OCCUPATIONS. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FRENCH AND AMERICA SETTLEMENTS-HOUSES OF THE FRENCH-STOCKADES-FOOD AND COOKING-DIF- FERENCES IN THE FRENCH PRODUCED BY RESIDENCE IN THIS COUNTRY-SOCIAL LIFE-DRESS -AMUSEMENTS-LA GUIGNOLEE-CONTENTED CHARACTER OF THE FRENCH-TRADE-AMER- ICAN SETTLERS-CHARACTERISTIC LIFE-HOUSES-CLOTHING-FOOD - LAW-ABIDING CHAR- ACTERS-GERMAN SETTLERS-ABSENCE OF SPANISH SETTLERS- MERCHANTS-PRICES-PROD- UCTS-TRAVEL-ROADS-RIVER TRAVEL-KEEL-BOATS-RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS-FIRST SER- VICES-RESTRICTIVE LAWS OF SPAIN-RECORDS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN STE. GENE- VIEVE-FATHER MEURIN-FATHER GIBAULT-JAMES MAXWELL-FIRST CHURCH BUILDINGS -SUPPORT OF PRIESTS-BISHOP DUBOURG-DE ANDREIS-FOUNDING OF ST. MARY'S SEM- INARY - DANGER OF MISUNDERSTANDING THE CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 117
CHAPTER X TRANSFER TO THE UNITED STATES
FEELING OF THE FRENCH SETTLERS-SETTLEMENTS FOUNDED UNDER THE RULE OF FRANCE- EMIGRATION FROM THE WESTERN STATES-WHY SPAIN FOSTERED THE MOVEMENT OF AMERI- CANS ACROSS THE RIVER-QUESTION OVER THE NAVIGATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI-RESTRIC- TIONS ON COMMERCE-TREATY OF ILDEFONSO - NEGOTIATIONS FOR PURCHASE OF NEW OR- LEANS-OFFER OF ALL LOUISIANA-MOTIVES OF NAPOLEON IN SELLING LOUISIANA-CERE- MONIES ATTENDING THE ACTUAL TRANSFER-CAPTAIN AMOS STODDARD AND HIS AUTHORITY- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TRANSFER.
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SECTION III CHAPTER XI
AMERICAN TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT OF THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY-THE TERRITORY OF ORLEANS-THE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA - FIRST GOVERNOR - COURTS OF COMMON PLEAS - OFFICERS AT THE VARIOUS POSTS-CAUSES OF DISSATISFACTION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES-ME- MORIAL OF GRIEVANCES-THE TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA-CONFIRMATION OF LAND GRANTS- COURTS-WILKINSON AS GOVERNOR-LEWIS-CLARK-THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI - POW- ERS OF THE GOVERNOR-MEETINGS OF THE TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE-VARIOUS LAWS-RICH- ARD S. THOMAS-JOHN SCOTT-JOHNSON RANNEY-GENERAL WATKINS-GREER W. DAVIS -ALEXANDER BUCKNER-OTHER PROMINENT MEN-THE BYRD FAMILY-CIRCUIT COURTS -OFFICERS IN STE. GENEVIEVE-CAPE GIRARDEAU DISTRICT AND COUNTY-NEW MADRID DIS- TRICT AND COUNTY-CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES-LAWRENCE - WAYNE - MADISON - JEFFERSON - WASHINGTON - PERRY - MILITARY HISTORY. 147
CHAPTER XII PERIOD FROM 1804 TO 1821
POPULATION-CHARACTER OF IMMIGRANTS-SETTLEMENTS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE SECTION - EARLY SETTLERS - INDUSTRIES - FARMING-MINING - MERCHANDISING - PREVAILING HIGH PRICES - MANUFACTURING - HUNTING - TRANSPORTATION - STEAMBOATS - SOCIAL LIFE - LAWLESSNESS - GAMBLING -. DUELING - SOME FAMOUS DUELS - HOSPITALITY - POSTOFFICES AND RATES OF POSTAGE - NEWSPAPERS-SCHOOLS-LIBRARIES-DRESS. 175
CHAPTER XIII PROTESTANT IMMIGRATION
.
VISITS OF PROTESTANT MINISTERS-JOHN CLARK - JOSIAH DODGE-THOMAS JOHNSON-AN- DREW WILSON-RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF THE SETTLERS-MOTIVES WHICH BROUGHT THEM TO LOUISIANA - THE WORK OF THE BAPTISTS - DAVID GREENE - BETHEL CHURCH NEAR JACKSON - ITS EARLY MEMBERS - THE FIRST MEETING HOUSE - RELICS OF OLD BETHEL CHURCH-MEMORIAL SERVICES IN 1906-GROWTH OF THE CHURCH-OTHER CHURCHES OR- GANIZED BY MEMBERS OF BETHEL-EARLY MINISTERS OF THE CHURCH-WILSON THOMPSON -THOMAS STEPHENS-THOMAS P. GREENE-THE FIRST MISSIONARY COLLECTION-THE FOR- MATION OF AN ASSOCIATION OF CHURCHES IN MISSOURI-JOHN M. PECK-THE WORK OF THE METHODIST CHURCH - FIRST PREACHERS - JOHN TRAVIS-ORGANIZATION OF MCKENDREE -- EARLY MEMBERS- FIRST MEETING HOUSE-JESSE WALKER - THE FIRST CIRCUITS - FIRST SERMON IN CAPE GIRARDEAU-CAMPMEETING AT MCKENDREE IN 1810 - HARBISON - NEW CIRCUITS FORMED-ORGANIZATION OF THE MISSOURI CONFERENCE - RUCKER TANNER - THE FIRST CONFERENCE HELD IN MISSOURI-THE WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIANS-HEMPSTEAD'S LETTER - A CHURCH ORGANIZED IN WASHINGTON COUNTY, 1816 - ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESBYTERY OF MISSOURI - EARLY MINISTERS - TIMOTHY FLINT - THE COLUMBIAN BIBLE SOCIETY-FLINT'S WRITINGS-DISCIPLES OF CHRIST-WILLIAM McMURTRY-FIRST ORGAN- IZATION IN MISSOURI, 1822 - DIFFICULTIES UNDER WHICH EARLY MINISTERS LABORED - PROGRESS MADE-PECK'S DESCRIPTION-DEBT OWED TO PIONEER MINISTERS. 196
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CHAPTER XIV
NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKE
TIME AND AREA-UNIQUE AMONG EARTHQUAKES-CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS MENTIONED- THE SCENE DESCRIBED-DIRECTION OF THE SHOCKS-SIZE OF AFFECTED AREA-CHARACTER OF DISTURBANCES-SMALL LOSS OF LIFE EXPLAINED-A DEATH FROM FRIGHT-PERSONS DROWNED-APPEARANCE OF THE AIR-VAPORS-LIGHTS AND GLOWS-EARTH CHANGES- FISSURES-LIGNITE-AREAS OF SURFACE RAISED-SUNK-LANDS - OBSERVATIONS MADE BY LYELL-DISTRIBUTION OF SUNK-LANDS-EFFECT ON TIMBER - EXPULSION OF MATERIAL FROM THE EARTH - WATER-SAND-SAND BLOWS-SAND-SLOUGHS - SINKS - SUGGESTED CAUSES-CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS-MRS. ELIZA BRYAN - LONG-BRADBURY-FLINT- FAUX-LESIEUR-COL. JOHN SHAW-LETTER OF AN UNKNOWN WRITER-LONG-NUTTALL -FLAGG-FORMER DRAINAGE AS DESCRIBED BY LESIEUR-GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE TO SUF- FERERS-THE NEW MADRID CLAIMS-DELISLE VS. STATE OF MISSOURI-LOSS OF POPULA- TION. 212
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