USA > North Carolina > Buncombe County > Asheville > Miller's Asheville (Buncombe County, N.C.) City Directory [1944] > Part 1
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MATTHEWS MOTOR SALES Ford Moretary
SALES AND SERVICE PHONE 4616 COXE AVE. con. HILLIARD
.MIRSTP
NATIONAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY
11 CHURCH STREET
TELEPHONE 3400
Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
"ESTABLISHED . 1893" LAUNDEREN DRY CLEANE
PHONE 2000
A POLICY FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY A HOME GUARD IN NORTH CAROLINA FOR OVER THIRTY NINE YEARS
MARCHE
One of the South Better Stones
Berryman Funeral Ambulance 138 CHARLOTTE ST
TEL.
65 & 354
12 RANKIN AVENUE
BIGGEST
ASHE
DEN VONYNNYAS
GROVE STONE & SAND COMPANY
ISLE NIVINDON JOYT . VLIQ UnT
NATIONAL
A
ADVERTISERS' DEPARTMENT
DUNN and GROCE
FUNERAL HOME, Inc. "SERVING HONESTLY AND WELL"
1879 1919
Straigl
LOS.ME
000-0131-
MONTES
1797
1883
VORT
CAROLIN
AY OR NIGHT TELEPHONE 3209
E. DUNN, V-Pres. I. GRAFF, Treas. o-Managers EST ASHEVILLE
Jack Memorial
Public Library
In ASHEVILLE It's
The BATTERY PARK HOTEL
Ideally situated in the heart of the City, yet removed from the noise of main thoroughfares. A. N. BARNETT, Manager
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS, PLEASE MENTION THE DIRECTORY
-
T. A. GRO( T. A. GRO( FRED 756 HAYW
,
ADVERTISERS' DEPARTMENT
B
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
LUX
LIBERTAS
"The e
GRO
C971.11
in a
wooded par
1944 v. 41
the
natural boulders from the mountain side and is probably the most unusual in construction, and unique hotel in the world.
BURTON S. FREI, Manager
OPEN ALL YEAR
SUNSET MOUNTAIN
TELEPHONE 3000
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS, PLEASE MENTION THE DIRECTORY
THE COLLECTION OF NORTH CAROLINIANA PRESENTED BY Pack Memorial Library
The Inn is
A82cl
C
ADVERTISER' DEPARTMENT
ASHEVILLE'S MOST POPULAR HOTEL
Downtown location . . . near shops, theatres, churches . .. convenient alike for commercial and vacation guests. Finest of foods and moderate prices in our Blue and Silver Grill. Hospitality and solid comfort await you!
Ofhe GEORGE Superior Accommodations at Moderate Rates VANDERBILT HOTEL
JAMES W. WRIGHT, Manager
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS, PLEASE MENTION THE DIRECTORY
MILLER'S ASHEVILLE (BUNCOMBE COUNTY, N. C.)
CITY DIRECTORY Vol. 1944 XLI
Including Beverly Hills, Biltmore, Biltmore Forest, Broadview, East Biltmore, Lake View Park, Linwood Park, Oakley, Oaklyn Park, Oteen, Sayles Village and South Biltmore
Containing an Alphabetical Directory of Business Concerns and Pri- vate Citizens, a Directory of Householders, Occupants of Office Buildings and Other Business Places, Including a Com- plete Street and Avenue Guide; also a
BUYERS' GUIDE
and a Complete
Classified Business Directory FOR DETAILED CONTENTS SEE GENERAL INDEX
ASSOCIATION OF
PUBLICO
NORTH AMERICAN
PRICE
1898
$20.00
SZED
DIRT DIRCO DIPEO
DIRECTORY
PIEDMONT DIRECTORY CO., Publishers
7 North Second Street (Second Floor), Richmond 7, Va.
DIRECTORY LIBRARY FOR FREE USE OF PUBLIC AT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Member Association of North American Directory Publishers
Copyright, 1944 by Piedmont Directory Co.
PUBLISHERS
Section 28, Copyright Law, In Force July 7, 1909
That any person who willfully and for profit shall infringe any copyright secured by this act, or who shall knowingly or wilfully aid or abet such infringement, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment for not exceeding one year, or by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both, in the discretion of the court.
ASSOCIATION 01 NORTH AMERI AN
PUBLISHERS NOTE
The information in this Directory is gathered by an actual canvass and is compiled in a way to insure maxi- mum accuracy.
The publishers cannot and do not guarantee the cor- rectness of all information furnished them nor the com- plete absence of errors or omissions, hence no responsi- bility for same can be or is assumed.
The publishers earnestly request the bringing to their attention of any inaccuracy so that it may be corrected in the next edition of the Directory.
PIEDMONT DIRECTORY CO., Publishers.
7
Page
32-33
33
510
512
517
521
522
508
523
524
48
509
527
529
532
96
96
48 544
546
548
548
548
554
554
557
562
566
464
571
577
578
580
581
581
345
583
462
Abbreviations
Alphabetical List of Names
Apartment Buildings
Associations and Clubs-Commercial
Banks and Trust Companies Board of Education Buildings-Office and Public
Bus and Coach Lines-Motor Buyers Guide
Cemeteries
Churches
City Government
Classified Business Directory Clergymen
Clubs
County Officers
Fire Department
Golf Clubs and Courses
Homes and Asylums Hospitals and Dispensaries
Justices of the Peace Labor Organizations Libraries
Newspapers Museums
Parks and Playgrounds Police Department
Post Office
Schools-Public Railroads
Schools, Colleges and Academies
Societies-Benevolent and Fraternal Societies-Miscellaneous
Societies-Patriotic
State Government
Street and Avenue Guide
Tourists' Camps
United States Government
794920
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follows Classified
GENERAL INDEX
GENERAL INDEX
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48
562
48
8
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
PAGE NUMBERS BELOW REFER TO THE BUYERS' GUIDE SECTION
page
Allanstand 40
Allen Funeral Home 37
American Enka Corp 65
Arcade Beauty Shop 11
Arthur W. H. Co
right side lines and 72
Asheville Baking Co Inc The
9
Asheville Battery Co
left side lines and
7
Asheville Bedding Co
56
Asheville Biltmore Hotel
Cannon-Hellen Music Co
63
Carolina Coal & Ice Co
Carolina Finance Co
right side lines and 53
Carolina Garden Store Inc
Asheville Citizen-Times Co
right side lines and 72
Carolina Power & Light Co
back cover and
X
Carolina Sheet Metal Works
73
Carpenter-Matthew Jewelers
48
Carroll & Co Inc
right top lines and 49
Carter Lumber Co
left side lines and 55
Cecil's Business College
17
Chimney Rock Co
left side lines and 72
Citizens Hardware & Supply Co
41
Citizens Transfer & Coal Co
right side lines and 24
Coca-Cola Bottling Co of Asheville
left side lines and 12
Cody Realty & Mortgage Co
68
Coleman Wm ..
right bottom lines and 68
Commercial Adjustment Co
25
Commercial Stationers Inc
left side lines and 59
Community Coal & Lumber Co
right side lines and 24
Crouch Garland E
44
Culberson Studio
street divider
Dillard Insurance Agency
_left side lines
Dillard Realty Co
68
Dixie Pit Barbecue
71
Dunham's Music House
left side lines and 58 Dunn and Groce Funeral Home Inc
backbone, 36 and A
Efird's Department Store
right side lines and 31
Enman's Furriers
39
Farmers Federation Inc __ back cover and 33
Farmers Federation Cooperative Frozen
Food Plant
34
Fields Clothes Inc
right bottom lines and 20
Firestone Stores left side lines and 3 First Mortgage & Investment Co 68 First National Bank front cover, left top lines, right bottom lines and 10 Fisher Elliott Lyman backbone and 62 Austin Frank Co back cover and 14
front cover, right bottom lines and 30
Booth R P & Co.
back cover and 66
St Lawrence Catholic Church
18
Freck Radio & Supply Co
39
page
Bracey H D Co
67
Bramlett & Burton
right bottom lines and 67
Brownell-Dunn & Lovin Inc
34
Builders' Supply & Coal Co
left side lines and 15
Burton & Son
right top lines and 38
C C R Coal Co
right side lines and 23
Candler W R Transfer Co
right side lines and 75
left side lines and 43 Asheville Blue Gem Coal Co left top lines and 21
right side lines and 20
Asheville Cemetery Co
left top lines and 18
left top lines and Z Asheville Cleaners & Dyers
top stencil and 19 Asheville Federal Savings & Loan Assn
Asheville Fish Co Inc
bottom stencil and 16
right side lines and 71 Asheville Ice & Storage Co Inc back cover, 24 and 44 Asheville Laundry front cover, right top lines and 52 Asheville Nehi Bottling Co left side lines and 12
Asheville Sign Service
74
Asheville Union Bus Station
right top lines and 17
Asheville Upholstering & Cabinet Co
76
Asheville Welding Co
76
Aston, Stikeleather & Co
right top lines and 46
Auto Parts & Gear Co
2
Autrey-Smathers Ins Agency
right top lines and 45 Bank of Columbia The right top lines Battery Park Hotel
Beaumont Furniture Co
left top lines and 38 Belk's Department Store
right top lines and 30
Bell Finance Co
53
Berryman Funeral Home
front cover and 35
Biltmore Cleaners & Laundry Inc
right side lines and 52 Biltmore Coal Co 22
Biltmore Dairy Farms
left side lines and 27
Bird Coal Co Inc
23
Blanton's Business College
25
Blue Ridge Trucking Co
75
Bon Marche Inc
9
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
page
page
French Broad Laundry Inc
right side lines and 52
Galliher Bros 54 an 55
Gaskins Realty Co __ right side lines and 70
General Building Products Co
15
Georgia Motor Express Inc
75
Goodrich B F Silvertown Stores 3
Green Hills Cemetery Assn
_right side lines and 18
Green Ottis Hardware Co
41
Greene & Goodman Inc 45
Grove Park Inn B
Grove Stone & Sand Co
front cover, left top lines and 13
Harper's Lumber Yard
back cover and 14
Harrison Auto Parts Co right bottom lines and 2
Haverty Furniture Co
right top lines and 38
Hotel Asheville
42
Hotel Charmil 43
Hursey & Co 48
Ice Service Inc
-right top lines and 44
Ideal Paint & Hardware Co
right side lines and 60
Imperial Life Ins Co front cover and 47 Ingle Transfer & Storage Co left side lines and 57 International Harvester Company 9
left top lines,
Ivey's Inc
right bottom lines and 29
Jarrett Furniture Co
left side lines and 39
Johnson-Chandley Lumber Co Inc
24
Johnson H E Co
_left bottom lines and 69
Langren Hotel
left side lines and 42
Leavitt Insurance Agency
left side lines and 46
Lee's Jewelers Inc
49
Lewis Funeral Home
right side lines and 36
Love Harry W
left sides lines and 46
M & M Body & Radiator Works
left side lines and
5
M & M Tire Shop 2
McCracken Lola B 69 Swannanoa Laundry Inc
Matthews Motor Sales front cover and 5
McCoy-Wilkins Funeral Home Inc 37
McIntire-Jones Oil Co _ _ left top lines and
7
Thompson Eva A Dr
18
McRary & Son Inc __ left bottom lines and 55
Tingle Cafe
70
Meadows E F Sheet Metal Works
73
Thrash Coal Co
23
Middlemount Gardens
street divider
Milner Hotel
44
Minico Inc
right side lines and 52
Modern Finance Co
53
Moore Furniture Co 39
Moore M V & Co
20
Morgan Bros Inc right side lines and 17 Morgan & Bishop Sheet Metal Works
right side lines and 74
Morris-Gearing Funeral Home 36
Moseley T G back cover and 4
Mountain City Laundry
right top lines and 50
Mountain Retreat Assn
Y
Nettlewood Nurseries
59
Neville Music Co 58
Nix Geo B 56
Occidental Life Ins Co 48
Ochsenreiter Gene Inc right side lines and 6
Office Equipment Co
59
Orkin Exterminating Co
61
Orr Ed Motors
right side lines and
8
Palmer Ed Co
32
Protex Weatherstrip & Screen Co
right side lines and 76
Palmer-Lipe Paint Co
61
Parkland Chevrolet Co
right side lines and 8
Plantation The
59
Poole Guy Co Inc 19
Pritchard Paint & Glass Co
left side lines and 61
Public Service Co
right top lines and 40
Rathskeller The
71
Ray Jesse Funeral Home
left side lines and 37
Reed & Abee Inc
right side lines and 26
Reliance Life Ins Co
right top lines and
48
Rendezvous-Bonds
71
Reusing Light & Refrigerating Co
70
Robinson Flower Shop
left side lines and 34
Rogers Plumbing Co
-64
Rothrock Realty Co
69
Rowland Tom Jr
69
Salvation Army The
right side lines and 74
Sears Roebuck and Co
right top lines and 31
Service Paint Co
left side lines and 60
Sherwin-Williams Co The left side lines and 61
Skyland Motors Inc
6
Buckner's Transfer
75
Southern Dairies Inc
left top lines and 28
Southern News The
58
Standard Supply Co
11
State Bonding Co ...
right side lines and 11
Superior Coal Co
left top lines and 22
back cover, right bottom lines and 51
Thomas Buick Co __ _ right side lines and
7
Tucker Robt
left bottom lines and 67
Vanderbilt George Hotel The
43 and C
Wachovia Bank & Trust Co
front stencil, right top lines and 10
West Asheville News The
58
White L A Sheet Metal Works
73
White Transportation Co
right bottom lines and 17
White's Monument Works
57
White's Service Inc
8
Williams A C Plumbing Co
64
Williams-Brownell Planing Mills Co
54
Wilson Plumbing Co
64
Mountain Transportation Co Inc
74
Young's Photo Studio
63
Haynes M B Electric Co
right side lines and 32
10
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
PIEDMONT DIRECTORY CO., publishers of Miller's Asheville City Directory, present to subscribers and the general public, this, the 1944 edition of the Asheville City Directory, which also includes Beverly Hills, Biltmore, Biltmore Forest, Broadview, East Biltmore, Lake View Park, Linwood Park, Oakley, Oaklyn Park, Oteen, Sayles Village and South Biltmore.
Confidence in the continued growth of Asheville's industry, popu- lation and wealth, and in the advancement of its civic and social ac- tivities, will be maintained as sections of this Directory are consulted, for the Directory is a mirror truly reflecting Asheville to the world.
The enviable position occupied by the Asheville City Directory in the estimation of the public, has been established by rendering the best in Directory service. With an unrivaled organization, and having had the courteous and hearty cooperation of the business and pro- fessional men and residents, the publishers feel that the result of their labors will meet with the approval of every user, and that the Ashe- ville Directory will fulfill its mission as a source of authentic information pertaining to the community.
Four Major Departments
The four major departments are arranged in the following order.
THE ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES of residents and business and professional concerns is included in pages 33 to 508, on white paper. This is the only record in existence that aims to show the name, marital status, occupation and address of each adult resident of Ashe- ville and vicinity, and the name, official personnel, nature and address of each firm and corporation.
THE BUYERS' GUIDE, preceding the Classified and separately paged from 1 to 76, on goldenrod paper, contains the advertisements of lead- ing manufacturing, business and professional interests of Asheville and vicintiy. The advertisements are indexed under headings descriptive of the business represented. This is reference advertising at its best, and merits a survey by all buyers eager to familiarize themselves with sources of supply. In a progressive community and famous resort like Asheville, the necessity of having this kind of information immediately available, is obvious. General appreciation of this fact is evidenced by the many reference users of this City Directory service.
THE CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY is included in pages 509
11
INTRODUCTION
to 588, on yellow paper. This department lists the names of all business and professional concerns in alphabetical order under appropriate head- ings. This feature constitutes an invaluable and indispensable catalog of the numerous interests of the community. The Directory is the common intermediary between buyer and seller. As such it plays an important part in the daily activities of the commercial and professional world. More buyers and sellers meet through the Classified Business Directory than through any other medium.
THE DIRECTORY OF HOUSEHOLDERS, INCLUDING STREET AND AVENUE GUIDE, on pink paper, covers pages 1 to 180. In this section the names of the streets are arrenged in alphabetical order; the numbers of the residences and business concerns are arranged in numerical order under the name of each street, and the names of the householders and concerns are placed opposite the numbers. The names of the inter- secting streets appear at their respective crossing points on each street. Features of this section are the designation of tenant-owned homes and the designation of homes and places of business having telephones.
Community Publicity
The Directory reflects the achievements and ambitions of the com- munity, depicting in unbiased terms what it has to offer as a place of residence, as a business location, as a resort, as a manufacturing site and as an educational center. To broadcast this information, the pub- lishers have placed copies of this issue of the Directory in Directory Libraries, where they are readily available for free public reference, and serve as perpetual and reliable advertisements of Asheville and vicinity.
The Asheville Directory Library
Through the courtesy of the publishers of the Asheville City Direc- tory, a Directory Library is maintained in the offices of the Asheville Chamber of Commerce, for free reference by the general public. This is one of more than 500 Directory Libraries installed in the chief cities of the U. S. and Canada by members of the Association of North American Directory Publishers, under whose supervision the system is operated.
The publishers appreciatively acknowledge the recognition by those progressive business and professional men who have demonstrated their confidence in the City Directory as an advertising medium, with assurance that it will bring a commensurate return.
PIEDMONT DIRECTORY CO. Publishers
12
STATISTICAL REVIEW
ASHEVILLE
"IN THE LAND OF THE SKY" - "EASTERN GATEWAY CITY TO THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK"
STATISTICAL REVIEW
Form of Government-Council-Manager.
Population- City proper, 51,310; metropolitan area, 76,324 (1940 U. S. Census). American-born 98.1%.
Area- 14.7 square miles.
Altitude- 2,210 to 3,200 feet above sea level.
Climate --
Mean annual temperature, 55.4 degrees F .; average annual rainfall, 38.08 inches.
Parks-
14, with total of 413.9 acres, valued at $516,529.
Assessed Valuation- $54,729,705, with $1.89 per $100 tax rate.
Financial Facts- 4 banks and 2 trust companies, with total de- posits in excess of $15,000,000, and total re- sources in excess of $17,000,000. Clearings for 1943, $253,824,000.
Postal Receipts- $415,269 for 1943.
Telephones in Service-15,000 (January 1, 1944).
Churches- 105, representing 16 denominations.
Real Estate Number of homes, about 12,000, with about 40.7% owned by occupants.
Industry- Chief industries of city and surrounding terri- tory: Resort business, manufacturing and lum- ber. 78 manufacturing establishments, em- ploying 7,322 workers, paying wages of over $7,500,000 annually, and having products valued at over $30,000,000 annually (last report) Principal manufactured products of city and vicinity: Blankets, cotton and yarn goods, flour
13
STATISTICAL REVIEW
and feed, furniture, leather goods, mica pro- ducts, packing products, printing and publish- ing products and rayon yarn.
Trade Area-
Retail area covers 21 counties, with total popu- lation of 500,000.
Newspapers- 2 dailies, combined as one paper on Sunday, and 2 weeklies.
Hotels- 16, with total of 2,600 rooms.
Railroads-
Southern.
Highways-
U. S. 19, 23, 25, 70 and 74. Blue Ridge Parkway from Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park is now under con- struction.
Airports-
1, municipal. P. C. A. service suspended for duration.
Amusements-
Largest auditorium in city seats 3,500 persons. 6 moving-picture theatres, with total seating capacity of 4,500 persons. 2 legitimate theatres, with total seating capacity of 5,300 persons. 5 golf courses.
Hospitals- Education-
5, with total of 333 beds.
Institutions of higher learning include St. Genevieve of the Pines, Asheville School for Boys, Asheville College and Biltmore College. 16 public schools, including 1 junior college, 1 senior high school and 2 junior high schools. 3 parochial schools. Number of pupils in pub- lic schools, 9,248; teachers, 274. Value of public school property, $5,345,580.25.
Public Libraries -- City Statistics-
2, with total of 64,475 volumes.
Total street mileage, 200.54, with 153.06 miles paved. Miles of gas mains, 94; sewers, 181. Number of water meters, 13,396; light meters, 12,110; gas meters, 2,701. Capacity of water works, 700,000,000 gallons; daily average pumpage, approximately 11,500,000 gallons; miles of mains, 274; value of plant, $5,000,000. Fire department has 63 men, with 5 stations and ll pieces of motor equipment. Value of fire department property, $280,000. Police de- partment has 66 men, with 1 station and 13 pieces of motor equipment.
14
PREFACE
Asheville from Beaucatcher Mountain
POPULATION
Asheville is the county seat of Buncombe County, and one of the principal resort centers of the eastern U. S. The city has a population of 51,310 according to the report of the U. S. Census of 1940, with a metropolitan area population of 76,324.
HISTORY
Asheville was founded in 1797 by John Burton, the city being known tor about three years of its early history as Morristown. The name was later changed to Asheville, in honor of Samuel and John Ashe, noted men of that period.
The city has long been a resort center, the first resort hotel having been constructed near the Sulphur Springs in the western part of the city, west of the French Broad River. Later the tourist traffic in- creased and other resort hotels were built, including the old Battery Park Hotel on the site now occupied by the modern structure. Other hotels have been constructed with the growth of tourist trade, through expansion of transportation facilities, including railways and highways into the highlands. Industry and agriculture have also developed in the mountain section, to the point that Asheville has become a market- ing and shopping center for 18 counties of western North Carolina.
GOVERNMENT
Buncombe County is governed by a board of three commissioners. Asheville has the council-manager form of government, which includes
.
15
PREFACE
a mayor and six other councilmen and a city manager. The two governmental bodies are housed in the handsome city and county buildings which flank the central city plaza. The city has one of the lowest fire records of any city of its size in the coun- try, due to an efficient fire department, and the police department has become highly effective with the aid of radio, cooperation with state and county law-en- forcement officers and by means of the police cruiser system. Two police radio stations are located here, one atop the Buncombe County Building and the other, a State police radio station, on the Black Moun- tain highway. Excellent Highways Lead in Every Direction
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Scenic and other attractions of Asheville and western North Caro- lina are always of paramount interest to visitors. The famous Biltmore House and Gardens, located in the midst of the 15,000-acre Biltmore Estate in Ashe- ville, have been open to public view since 1930. The noted man- sion, adjudged one of the finest private homes in the world, was constructed nearly half a century ago by the late George W. Vanderbilt. The House, built Biltmore House after the architec- tural pattern of the
French chateaux, contains a vast collection of objects of artistic and historic value, gathered at great cost by Mr. Vanderbilt, in all parts of the world. Notable among the priceless treasures on display are the chessmen of Napoleon, the ceremonial robes of Cardinal Richelieu, ancient tapestries which graced the tent of Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and a myriad other rare and precious objects.
Surrounding the House, the vast expanse of gardens and landscaped park presents a great mass of flowers and superbly-designed vistas to
16
PREFACE
the beholder throughout the spring, summer and autumn seasons.
In Riverside Cemetery are located the tombs of the famous writer, O. Henry, and Zebulon Vance, Civil War Governor of North Carolina, and the now-famous marker erected to the memory of 18 German sailors by members of the Kiffin Rockwell Post of the American Legion. This is the only monument ever erected by American soldiers to the memory of their foreign foes. Also in Asheville, in the city of his birth, is the tomb of the late lamented Thomas Wolfe, internationally-known author of "Look Homeward, Angel," "Of Time and the River,". "The Web and the Rock" and "You Can't Go Home Again.'
The famous Craggy Rhododendron Gardens, located on the crest of the Great Craggy Mountains near Asheville, are one of the noted scenic attractions of the region near the city. The gardens, which pre-
Unique Grove Park Inn
sent the massed bloom of millions of purple rhododendron shrubs in June, are reached by means of a link of the famous Blue Ridge Parkway and a forest motor road via Barnardsville, and are the objective for many visitors in Asheville during the Rhododendron Festival.
Grove Park Inn, because of its unique setting and architecture, is a point often visited in the city. Circling the summits of the mountains
Mount Mitchell, Highest Peak East of the Rockies
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PREFACE
near the city, the Asheville Scenic Highway reveals surpassingly beau- tiful vistas to the motorist.
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