USA > North Carolina > Durham County > Durham > Hill's Durham (Durham County, N.C.) City Directory [1951] > Part 2
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Telephones in Service 24,916 (Dec. 31, 1950).
Churches-121, representing 20 denominations.
Building and Construction-1,366 permits, with total value of $16,675,361, issued in 1950. Total number of dwelling units, 19,118.
Industry-Chief industry is manufacturing, 108 manufacturing establishments, employing 17,000 persons, paying wages of $30,142,254 annually, and having products valued at $200,000,000 annually, with principal products as follows: Cigarettes, smoking tobacco, sheets and pillow cases, hosiery, flour, corrugated fibreboard and wooden containers, proprietary medicines, fur- niture, brick, mattresses, and foundry and machine-shop products. Durham manufactures 19% of the nation's cigarettes (44 brands), including the famous Chesterfields, Lucky Strikes, Pall Malls and Herbert Tareytons. Also the famous Duke's Mixture and Bull Durham smoking tobaccos.
Trade Area-Retail area has radius of 25 to 40 miles, and population of 375,422; wholesale area, radius of 375 miles, and population of 10,000,000.
Newspapers-2 dailies, 1 Sunday and 3 weeklies.
Radio Stations-3: WDNC, WDNC-FM, WDUK and WSSB.
Hotels-6, with total of 627 rooms.
Railroads-5: Southern, Seaboard Airline, Norfolk & Western, Durham & Southern, and Norfolk Southern, operating 7 lines. '
Bus Lines-6 intra-city.
Highways-U. S. 15, 70, 264 and 501; State 55.
Airports-1, owned jointly by Durham and Raleigh. City served by Eastern, Capital and Pied- mont air lines.
Auto Registrations-25,319 (June 30, 1950).
Amusements-Largest auditorium in city seats 2,500 persons. 7 moving-picture theatres, with total seating capacity of 5,225 persons. 1 "legitimate" theatre, seating 1,700. 2 golf courses (18 holes).
Hospitals-6, with total of 1,067 beds. Construction started on new 500-bed Veterans Hos- pital.
Education-Duke University, Croft Secretarial School, Kennedy's Commercial School, and North Carolina College for Negroes, 22 public schools, including 2 senior high and 3 junior high. 1 parochial school and 2 private schools. Number of pupils in public schools, 11,135; in parochial, 150. Number of teachers in public schools, 425; in parochial, 5. Value of public school property, $6,916,775; parochial, $50,000; college, $22,000,000.
Public Libraries-5, including branches. Duke University libraries have over 1,000,000 volumes.
City Statistics-Total street mileage, 221, with 107 miles paved. Miles of gas mains, 140.3; sewers, 326.4. Number of water meters, 16,835; light meters, 34,929; gas meters, 4,462. Capacity of water works (municipal), 15,000,000 gallons; daily average pumpage, 8,500,000 gallons; miles of mains, 236.1; value of plant, $4,800,000. Fire department has 104 men, with 4 stations and 16 pieces of motor equipment. Value of fire department motor equipment, $172,000. Police department has 96 men and 4 women, with 1 station and 20 pieces of motor equipment, all cars being equipped with two-way radio facilities.
HISTORY
In April, 1865, at a log cabin known as the Bennett Place, near Durham Station, there occurred one of the most historic events in the history of the nation. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox, and the future looked dark indeed for the Southern states. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet had escaped to Greensboro, North Carolina, and there had held fiery debate as to the advisability of continuing the Civil War. Some members of the cabinet favored continuing hostilities at any cost, even though it meant carrying on a guerilla warfare, while others took the position that the cause of the Confederacy was forever lost and that no good could be accomplished by further bloodshed. Finally it was decided to instruct General Joseph E. Johnston, commander of the Confederate Armies of the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida, to negotiate terms of peace with General Wm. Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Federal Army that had broken the backbone of the Confederacy by reason of its famous march to the sea. These two generals met at the Bennett Place and signed a tentative peace agreement. This agreement was so favorable to the South that General Grant refused to approve it, but after several days' conference, it was amended to meet General Grant's de- mands and was signed and approved by the governments of the North and South, and the War between the States came to a close.
12
INTRODUCTION
Marking the place of surrender, just four miles from Durham, there has been erected, through the generosity of Mrs. S. T. Morgan, a beautiful monument consisting of two columns, one representing the North and the other the South, joined together by a cross- piece on which is the word "Unity." This historic spot, the birthplace of a reunited na- tion, is visited each year by thousands of people.
Graduate Dormitory Tower, Duke University
The death of the Confederacy gave birth to the city of Durham, and out of the ashes of the hopes of the Southern people has been built a great and beautiful city. In 1865 Durham Station was a small and insignificant point on the North Carolina Railroad, inhabited by less than 100 persons. There was one lone business enterprise here, a crude and unimport- ant tobacco factory with total assets of less than $2,000, including not only products on hand, but representing also the entire investment and replacement. History and tradition unite in saying that this factory was broken into by Sherman's soldiers and a large part of the stock carried away. Tradition further says that the product carried away was so well made and of such quality that when the soldiers returned to the pursuit of civil life, letters came back to Durham to ascertain if there was more of the product upon the market. To supply this demand a broken business was rebuilt.
In 1865 Washington Duke, a Confederate soldier, walked from New Bern to his home in Durham, and with the same stout heart that had carried him through the vicissitudes of a lost cause, turned his attention to the battle for bread, which was doubtless as cruel and bitter as the war from which he had returned. He built the second factory in Durham, composed of a log cabin 20 x 30 feet, and with his own hands manufactured a product out of a small supply of tobacco that the Federal soldiers had not found. This he called Pro Bono Publico. The annual output of this factory was originally four or five hundred pounds, and in 1872 had grown to 125,000 pounds
In the meantime, W. T. Blackwell had moved to Durham to engage in the tobacco busi- ness. He was to the early development of the tobacco industry in Durham what Napoleon was to France, or Caesar to Rome. The Durham Bull got upon the map and in a few brief years his sonorous voice, like the shot at Lexington, was heard around the world. In 1872 the two small tobacco factories had grown into twelve.
James Buchanan Duke, becoming convinced that it was neither practicable nor profit- able to compete with Bull Durham smoking tobacco, turned the vision of his great genius into the cigarette field, and from that day to the present hour the increasing volume of the tobacco industry has become the common property of mankind.
On April 10, 1869, almost exactly four years after Johnston surrendered to Sherman, Dur- ham was born, There were only 25S inhabitants in the village, and the total municipal revenue was $357.44. The largest taxpayer paid $40.62 in taxes. In 1870 there were probably less than 100 wage-earners in industrial pursuits in the town.
The tobacco industry grew at a very rapid rate, using large quantities of bright-leaf tobacco. While much of this type of tobacco was grown around Durham, it was sold at
13
INTRODUCTION
View of City Hall
tobacco markets in Richmond and other Virginia cities, and local manufacturers had to pay the cost of transporting the tobacco from Virginia to Durham. This condition made desirable the opening of warehouses for the sale of leaf tobacco in Durham, and resulted in this city becoming one of the largest bright-leaf tobacco markets in the world, now selling from 40 to 57 million pounds each season.
During all this time there were no banks in the town, practically all the banking being transacted in Raleigh, and on days of big sales at the tobacco warehouses it was necessary to obtain cash from the merchants in order to pay the farmer for his product, Such incon- veniences could not long continue, and soon two banks were established,
-
View of Main Street, Looking East
14
INTRODUCTION
The next step in the industrial and commercial history of the town was the bringing in of additional railway lines, By the cooperation of manufacturers, merchants, and the city and county governments, the Seaboard Air Line Railway, the Southern Railway, and the Norfolk & Western Railway were given access to this market. Later the Norfolk Southern Railroad and the Durham & Southern Railway were added to the railway lines serving the city, giving a total of five railway companies with seven lines radiating in every direction.
Durham had now grown into a very prosperous and thriving community, but its citi- zenship was not satisfied with having purely a commercial and industrial town. The people felt the need of better schools and, in 1885, after a heated political campaign, bonds were voted for public school buildings and a tax levied for maintaining a public school system. Today Durham has one of the finest public school plants of any city of its size, with physical property valued at $6,916,775, and with a personnel of teachers and management that gives it first rating among the cities of North Carolina.
In 1892, Trinity College, now Duke University, was brought to Durham through the philanthropy of Mr. Washington Duke and General Julian S. Carr, Today Duke University has a physical plant worth $37,579,352, 5,018 students, and a 610-bed hospital, and ranks among the leading educational institutions of the nation.
As the tobacco industry grew and prospered, certain persons used some of their divi- dends in establishing cotton mills, and this industry soon assumed a position of importance in the industrial life of the city. Later hosiery mills were established, until today Durham ranks as the first city of the South in the manufacture of full-fashioned hosiery. Other in- dustries were added from time to time, including flour mills, fertilizer plants, iron works, woodworking plants, printing establishments, etc., until now there are engaged in industry over 17,000 wage-earners, producing $200,000,000 worth of manufactured products annually, These industries pay into the Federal treasury approximately $70,000,000 each year, Durham today produces 19% of all the cigarettes made in the U. S.
In 1914 a program of civic improvement was undertaken, and although it was inter- rupted by the first World War, it has now reached the point where Durham has all the conveniences of a modern city, including complete sewerage, asphalt streets, paved side- walks, electric power, gas, the latest dial telephone service, Western Union telegraph service, American Telephone & Telegraph repeater station, insuring rapid long-distance telephone communication; a fine recreation program, and a system of water works with an impounding reservoir sufficient to care for the needs of a city of 100,000 people.
+. Malbourne Hotel
Any story about Durham would be incomplete without mention of the notable contribu- tion which the Negro race has made to the industrial, commercial and civic development of the community, The progress the race has made here has been truly amazing. Under the leadership of E, R, Merrick, and later, C. C. Spaulding, and their associates. Durham's col- ored people have established industries, insurance companies, banks and other commercial businesses which would be creditable to any city, The labor which they furnish the city's industrial plants is intelligent and dependable. The high type of leaders among the colored people here has made Durham a conspicuous outpost in the advancement of Negro civilization,
15
INTRODUCTION
Duke University Stadium; Seating Capacity, 41,000 (with Temporary Stands Now Seats 56,500) ; Scene of Rose Bowl Football Game, Jan. 1, 1942
--
Part of the Main Quadrangle, Duke University, West Campus
One of the finest things about the founders of Durham is that material prosperity merely opened to them avenues of service to mankind. It has been said that more philan- thropists have been produced in Durham than in any other city of the South. Watts Hos- pital, of 250 beds, was a gift to the city and county by Mr. George W. Watts. Lincoln Hos- pital, of 118 beds, is largely the gift of Mr. Benjamin N, Duke. Duke University is a living memorial to Mr. Washington Duke and his two sons, Benjamin N. Duke and James Buchan- an Duke. Other philanthropists have remembered the city from time to time in ways that help in making Durham a good place in which to live and work ..
.
16
INTRODUCTION
Durham is today the fourth city in North Carolina in point of population, having 70,307 inhabitants, and is second in industrial payrolls, and second in importance in the value of its manufactured products. It is far in the lead in its educational facilities, having an un- excelled public school system and Duke University within its corporate limits, and having within a radius of a few miles the University of North Carolina, Wake Forest College, Meredith College, North Carolina State College, Peace Institute and St. Mary's.
The colored people have in Durham, in addition to excellent public schools for their race, the North Carolina College for Negroes, the only college of liberal arts for Negroes supported by taxation in the state.
All these things have been accomplished by people not especially favored by nature, but who by their determination, unconquerable will and tireless effort, and by their faith in man- kind and in this community, have created a city that proudly takes its position as one of the representative cities of the new South and of America.
BRIEF FACTS ABOUT DURHAM, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED
Altitude: 406 feet above sea level.
Area: 12.8 square miles.
Automobiles:
Passenger cars in county Jan. 1, 1940
14,415
Passenger cars in county Jan. 1, 1941
15,150
Passenger cars in county Jan, 1, 1942
17,641
Trucks in county Jan. 1, 1940
3.050
Trucks in county Jan. 1, 1941
3,425
Trucks in county Jan. 1, 1942
3.849
All types of vehicles in county as of Dec. 31, 1944
16,400
All types of vehicles in county as of Dec. 31, 1946
18,212
All types of vehicles in county as of Dec. 31, 1948
20,016
All types of vehicles in county as of Dec. 31, 1949
24,291
All types of vehicles in county as of June 30, 1950
Banks:
1946 1947 1948
1949
1950
Capital, surplus and
(As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31)
undivided profits
$ 4.438,952.30 $ 5,100,663.26 $ 5,874,345.46 $ 5,710,713.77
$ 5,877.448.46
Deposits
77,556,167.22
88,533,063.41
76,269,047.76
71,958,787.10
71,013,416.74
Total resources
82,702,686.31
84.027,818.83
82,143,393.22
78,094,722.55
77.413,134.57
Industrial Banks:
1946 1947
1948
1949
1950
Capital, surplus and
(As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31) (As of Dec. 31)
undivided profits
$ 666,053.73
$ 689,848.92
$1,199,774.81
$ 746,039.82
$ 803,152.35
Total Resources
3,230,289.71 3.258,783.28
3,485,644.98
4,173,239.39
4.422,159.85
Deposits
2,075,591.31 2,266,323.29
2,185,870.20
3,113,231.51
3.305,204.24
Building and Loan Associations:
Year
No.
Assets
1940
4
$ 5.044,523.59
1941
1
6,182,953.83
1942
4
6,240,622.62
1943
4
6,308,779.81
1944
7.121,590.23
1945
1
8,638,783.29
1946
4
11,504,547.15
1947
1
15,328,882.93
1948
4
17,613.813.91
1949
4
20,986,589.63
1950
4
25,150,468.02
Building Permits :
Year
No.
Value
1940
509
$ 1,637.033
1941
576
2,572,180
1942
461
1,451,693
1943
186
456,628
1944
163
481,597
1945
264
1,990,478
1946
442
4,355,090
1947
578
5,611,382
1948
777
8,692,840
1949
950
8,654,354
1950
1,366
16,675,361
Churches: 121, representing practically all denominations. Durham is noted for its many beautiful church edifices.
City Incorporated: The City of Durham was incorporated by act of the General Assembly, ratified April 10, 1869.
Civic Organizations: Rotary Club, Kiwanis Club. Lions Club, Sertoma Club, American Business Club, Civitan Club, Exchange Club, Altrusa Club, Business and Professional Women's Club, Pilot Club, Durham Merchants' Association, Junior Chamber of Commerce, Durham Chamber of Commerce, National Secretaries Association.
Climate: Equable. Annual mean summer temperature, 71.3; winter, 48.3. 63% sunshine days. Annual rainfall, 47.19 inches. Annual snowfall, 10.1 inches. Prevailing westerly winds.
25,319
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INTRODUCTION
Duke Hospital (for the Public) and Duke Medical School, Situated on the West Campus
-
Airplane View Showing East Campus, Duke University, and Part of City of Durham
Colleges:
Duke University Enrollment
1940-41
3,716
1946-47
5,121
1941-42
3,493
1947-48
4,890
1942-43
4,000
1948-49
6,882
1943-44
5,011
1949-50
5,211
1945-46
3,596
1950-51
5,018
There is also located in Durham the North Carolina College for Negroes, the only col-
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INTRODUCTION
lege of liberal arts for colored people, supported by the State, in North Carolina. Enrollment for 1950-51, 1,433.
Convention Facilities: Six hotels with total of 627 rooms. Maximm capacity of lodging accommodations, 1,374 persons; capacity in excess of ordinary requirements, 700 persons. Assembly halls, capacity, 800: ballroom capacity, 500; twelve committee rooms, auditorium, seating capacity, 1,750; Armory Auditorium seating capacity, 2,500.
County: Durham County was created by act of the General Assembly in 1881 from parts of Orange and Wake counties. While Durham is not a large county, it is the center of the famous pright-leaf tobacco belt. Between 40 and 57 million pounds of tobacco are sold each year on the Durham market. Tobacco is the principal money crop, although cotton, corn and truck crops also are important. Dairying has increased rapidly during the past few years. The county has good roads and splendid schools and churches. According to the 1950 U. S. Census there were 1,910 farms in the ounty.
Education: Durham is recognized as being one of the leading educational centers of the South. Its colleges and university, its public school system, its schools of music and business schools are rated among the best in the South by leading educators. (See Colleges, also Schools).
Fire Protection: Durhain has a well-equipped fire department, with four stations and paid personnel giving Durham first-class insurance rating.
Government: Durham has had the council-manager form of government since May 4, 1921. It is admitted to be one of the best governed cities in the state.
Health: Durham has a well-organized board of health, with 75 employees, charged with the supervision of health conditions in the entire county. It has been remarkably successful in its work. The white resident death rate for 1950 was only 6.6 (colored residents, 8.7) to the 1,000. The death rate for both races was 7.4. The birth rate for white was 23; for colored, 23.4; total, 23.2. Milk, meats, water, markets, dairies, hotels and eating places are carefully in- spected.
Durham Public Library
Hospitals: Watts Hospital (public, white) is one of the finest hospitals in the soudit, value, $1,545,620; 250 beds; personnel of 105 physicians and 142 nurses; endowed by Mr. George W Watts and partly supported by contributions from city and county. Lincoln Hospital (public, colored); value, $250,000; 118 beds; personnel of 6 resident and 53 practicing physi- cians, and 13 graduate and 63 student nurses: partly supported by contributions from city and county. McPherson Hospital (private-eye, ear, nose and throat); value, $103,000; 30 beds and personnel of 6 physicians and 14 nurses. Duke Hospital with 610 beds, representing an investment of more than $3,000,000, is said to be the best-equipped hospital in the world. It was opened on July 21, 1930. During 1932 the Duke Hospital Nurses' Home was completed at a cost of over $300,000. Two other nurses' homes have been added. Durham County Tuber- culosis Sanitorium treats patients from afar. The North Carolina Cerebral Hospital (palsy), with 50 beds, is now in operation. The State has taken over the 3,300-bed Army hospital at Camp Butner, and this is now a mental institution. Early in 1950, work began on the 500-bed U. S. Veterans medical and surgical hospital here. Durham is the chief medical center south of Baltimore.
Hotels: Durham is unusually well provided with hotel facilities. The Washington Duke is one of the finest hotels in the South, having been constructed at a cost of more than $1,750,000. It has 300 bedrooms. all with bath. The Malbourne Hotel-200-room capacity-is a fireproof hotel and newly furnished throughout. Other hotels are the Durham and McArthur, and the Biltmore and Jones hotels for colored people.
Industries: Durham is the second largest industrial center in North Carolina, its out- put of manufactured products being valued at $200,000,000 annually (U. S. Census of Manufac- tures). It has large tobacco industries, manufacturing such well-known brands as Duke's Mixture and Bull Durham smoking tobaccos, and a great many brands of cigarettes, includ- ing the famous Chesterfield and Lucky Strike, and fifteen brands of Turkish cigarettes. It is the home of the Durham Hosiery Mills (manufacturers of Durable Durham Hosiery), Hill- : crest Hosiery Mills (manufacturers of ladies' full-fashioned hose), and the Golden Belt Mfg. Co. (manufactuers of cloth bags). There are also manufactured in Durham, Erwin and White Star sheetings and pillow cases: Virginia-Carolina fertilizers; Occoneechee, Peerless and
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INTRODUCTION
Climax flours; blank books, corrugated boxes, wooden boxes, castings and iron products, harness and saddles, bread, ice, mattresses, brick, building materials, proprietary medicines, furniture, roofing, meat-packing products, machinery, and moth and mildew-proofing formu- lae, Due to proximity to source of raw materials, cheap electric power and its transportation facilities, Durham offers unexcelled opportunities for the location of industries.
Location: Durham is situated in the geographical center of North Carolina, a few miles north of the center of population of the state. Its terrain is slightly rolling and is well drained.
Payrolls: The payrolls of Durham exceed $90,000,000 annually,
Population:
City of Durham
5,485
1890
18,041
1900
6,679
1900
26,233
1910
18,241
1910
35,276
1920
21,719
1920
12,219
1930
52,037
1930
67,196
1940
60,195
1940
80,244
1950
70,307
1950
100,641
Post-Office Receipts:
1940
$351,341.15
1945
$612,869.19
1941
409,266.19
1946
640,006,00
1942
420,616.08
1947
584,333.00
1943
556,117.82
1948
661,413.00
1944
671,732.49
1949
751,039.00
1950
777,205.00
Public Utilities: Durham has public utilities furnishing hus service, gas, telephone and electric current service. These facilities compare favorably, both in cost of service and in efficiency, with those in other cities of similar size,
Public Services:
Electric meters
21,990
24,644
28,157
31,238
34,929
Telephones
16,191
17,394
19,791
22,663
24,916
Miles of paved streets
93
94
104
107
107
Miles of sidewalks
64
66
67
69
72
Miles of water mains
214
221
228
236.1
236.1
Miles of sewers
321
322
324
326.4
326.4
Number of water meters
14,023
14,645
15,549
16,358
16,835
Recreation: Community recreation, under supervision of the Playground and Recreation Commission, supported by public taxation. Ten public parks, containing swimming pools, ten- nis courts, etc., 12 city playgrounds, and several large playgrounds maintained by industrial plants for the use of employees, Two 18-hole golf courses; magnificent country cluh; tennis and gun club; college football, baseball, basketball, track, boxing and wrestling. The schedules of Duke University and the University of North Carolina offer Durham citizens the oppor- tunity of seeing some of the best college teams of the East and South in action, Both these universities have magnificent stadiums, that of the University of North Carolina seating 44,000 with temporary stands, while the stadium of Duke University has a seating capacity of 41,000, and 56,500 with temporary stands,
View of Hope Valley Country Club
Schools: The public school system of Durham is nationally-known for its equipment, high scholastic standards and progressive policies, Croft Secretarial School and Kennedy's Com- mercial School are fully accrediated class 'A" institutions.
City Schools Enrollment
1940-41
11,902
1941-42
11,552
1942-43
11,285
1943-44
10,475
1944-45
10,040
1945-46
10,177
1946-47
9,973
1947-48
9,791
1948-49
10,409
1949-50
16,665
1950-51
11,135
Number of Schools: White, 15; colored, 7. Number of teachers, 425. Value of public school plant, $6,916,775,
Social Agencies: Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation, Salvation Army, Red Cross, King's Daughters, Board of Charities and Public Wel- fare. Wright Refuge for Children, Junior League, Council of Social Agencies, Association for the Blind, Family Service Association, and Duke Legal Aid Clinic.
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