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The Nebraska connections of the A. & N. are the Burlington & Missouri River, Omaha & Southwestern, and Nebraska Rail- ways, at Lincoln, and the Union Pacific, at Columbus.
THE COVINGTON, COLUMBUS & BLACK HILLS R. R.
Was built in 1876-7, and is twenty-six miles in length, extending from Covington on the Missouri River opposite from Sioux City to Ponca, the County Seat of Dixon County. This line traverses a rich and rapidly developing section of the State, and is well patron- ized and profitable, and when extended further west, as it event- ually will be, it will prove a most important avenue for commerce
132
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
and travel, in that portion of the State. The principal towns along the line of the road are Covington, Dakota City, Jackson, Summit and Ponca; and at Sioux City connections are made with the Dakota Southern, Sioux City & St. Paul, Illinois Central, and Sioux City & Pacific roads.
There are a large number of projected railway lines in differ- ent parts of the State, and under the present era in railway build- ing it is more than probable that before another five years have passed that Nebraska will have a net work of rail lines equal to that of Illinois or Indiana.
CHAPTER VIII.
CLIMATE OF NEBRASKA.
ITS ALTITUDE-TEMPERATURE-RAINFALL.
It must be borne in mind that Nebraska is comprised within the forty and forty-third degrees of latitude, and between the ninety-sixth and one hundred and fourth degrees of longitude west from Greenwich, or between the nineteenth and twenty- seventh degrees west from Washington; thus giving it a diversified climate throughout its extended area.
The average elevation above the sea level being about 2,500 feet, with a range of mountains to the west, spanning the Conti- nent from the Gulf of Mexico to the British Possessions, gives a pure, invigorating air, and hence is witnessed an almost entire absence of fevers and other malarial diseases so common in some sections of the West where low lands and marshy swamps are encountered. Perhaps no State in the Union, outside of New England, has less stagnant waters within its borders, or more pure springs and running streams than are to be found in Nebraska; and it is a matter susceptible of proof from the records, that no Western State can show a smaller death rate than this.
The rare, clear atmosphere gives wonderful range of vision, tone and vitality to every form of animal and vegetable life, and the most enjoyable climate upon the Continent. Take the seasons as they come and go, and average them, and no State can make such goodly promises as this for health, development and longevity.
Mr. L. D. Burch, Western Editor of the Chicago Commercial CXXXIII.
134
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
Advertiser, who spent some years in traveling over Nebraska, has recently published a very valuable work on the State, from which the following in regard to climate is taken:
" The entire State has a southwestern exposure, the downward slope or incline from the northwest to southeast, being about 2,600 feet, or nearly seven feet to the mile. The influence of this warm exposure upon the climate and vegetable growth is of incalculable advantage. The Nebraska summer is a long, and genial warm season, with delightful, breezy days and cool refresh- ing nights. The hottest days of July and August are tempered by the almost constant southerly and southwest winds. The high tone and stimulus of the atmosphere of this region are proverbial. The cool still nights are a restful and refreshing pleasure experienced in but few regions of the world. The Nebraska winter, as compared with the rigorous, snowy, frost-bound winter of New England, New York and Wisconsin, is a very mild and pleasant season. Nine-tenths of the cold season is made up of bright, dry, mild weather. February and March give an occasional severe storm of short duration. The best commen- tary upon the winter of this country is the grazing of cattle and sheep upon the ranges in the west half of the State, the year round, their only shelter from the storms being the native groves, gulches and ravines.
"The soft blue haze, subdued mellow sunshine, and gorgeous red sunsets of autumn in Nebraska, make that season a benediction. The cold winds are the only unpleasant feature of the cold season, but the settler easily gets accustomed to these and they are known to be the most effective conservators of health. They sweep away any possible malarial influence and leave the climate with every needed condition to normal health. The rare, invigorating, life-inspiring atmosphere gives remarkable brilliancy to the climate and leaves its impress upon every form of life. Men and animals move with quick, elastic step, and even the vegetable kingdom expresses the presence of these vitalizing forces in a wonderful degree. The streams are rapid; the plow runs to the water's edge; there are no stagnant pools to give off poisonous exhalations; the south- west winds sweep down from the snow-clad sierras across
135
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
an ocean of sweetest verdure, and the country is as healthful as any upon the green carth. There are no local conditions to generate or foster disease in men, animals or plants. Only life and health and the spirit of divine youth is evoked from the bright skies, clear atmosphere and pure water, of this superb climate. It is but simple justice to Nebraska to say that it is a poor country for doctors and physic, and comes very near to being a paradise for invalids. While it may not have the mildness or softness of the more humid cli- mates of Florida, South Texas and Southern California, it has vastly more tone and vitalizing force. If the Gileads of the older lands have no value for the great army of their invalids, afflicted with incipient consumption, bronchial affections, asthma, dyspepsia and kindred ills, and will send them out to Nebraska, to camp out, ride in the saddle, hunt deer, antelope, prairie chickens and water-fowls, live upon their broiled flesh, drink sweet milk and grow sun- browned and happy-hearted, the writer will warrant nine-tenths of them salvation from their ills in a dozen moons."
The following tables, reported by Charles Dill, Sergeant in the U. S. Signal Service, will show the mean monthly temperature, highest and lowest temperature in each month, and monthly range, and amount of rainfall, at Omaha, Nebraska, for the period of years stated :
MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE.
DATE.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
1874
22.3
23.4
33.8
45.1
66.6
73.2
80.0
77.3
63.0
54.0
36.0
28.4
1875
11.1
13.8
30.5
45.4
63.2
71.1
74.4
70.2
62.9
49.6
32.6
33.5
1876
26.S
30.1
29.3
51.3
63.6
6S.6
75.1
75.4
60.0
50.3
33.2
19.2
1877
20.2
37.3
33.7
50.5
60.7
69.1
76.0
73.2
66.6
51.1
36.3
39.2
1878
28.9
36.9
48.1
55.0
58.5
79.1
77.9
64.3
52.5
44.0
21.8
1879
21.8
27.1
41.6
54.2
67.0
68.4 72.7
78.7
75.5
136
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AMOUNT OF RAINFALL, OR MELTED SNOW. INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS.
DATE.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
TOTAL.
1874
0.32
0.92
1.49
2.01
1.24
6.93
0.54
2.08
7.18
1.45
1.05
0.54
25.75
1875
0.26
0.51
1.24
3.06
4.25
10.95
10.01
7.77
2.55
1.16
0.13
1.00
42.89
1876
0.22
0.40
3.18
2.65
2.07
3.47
7.30
6.27
4.93
0.69
1.17
0.16
32.51
1877
0.53
0.44
1.26
6.24
8.62
8.36
0.96
3.13
2.05
5.86
1.36
2.14
40.95
1878
1.13
0.14
3.09
6.97
5.77
8.48
7.66
2.48
3.22
0.55
0.29
0.27
37.05
1879
0.07
0.93
2.17
1.77
5.53
4.09
3.17
1.51
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURE IN EACH MONTH, AND MONTHLY RANGE,
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
DATE.
High.
Low.
Range.
High.
Low.
Range.
High.
Low.
Range.
High.
Low.
Range.
High.
Low.
Range.
High.
Low.
Range,
Jan
47
9
56
43
19
6:2
58
2
60
59
16
75
51
00
51
62
22
84
Feb ...
45
6
51
40
16
56
65
10
75
61
12
49
61
52
60
6
69
March
57
10
47
75
1
76
64
A
74
1
73
80
22
58
82
3
79
April.
85
21
64
81
21
60
81
29
52
77
22
55
8:2
34
48
80
14
66
May.
90
39
51
90
28
62
88
37
51
S2
36
46
82
33
49
91
35
56
June
93
48
45
94
48
46
94
43
51
92
42
50
89
46
43
93
45
48
July.
105
57
48
97
58
39
94
55
39
99
53
46
96
57
39
96
60
36
August ..
105
55
50
86
54
32
92
54
38
93
49
44
97
57
40
93
55
38
Sept ..
92
36
56
90
37
53
85
33
52
86
44
42
89
36
53
. .
ยท
. .
Oct.
78
18
60
77
22
55
78
23
55
73
30
43
S2
15
67
. .
Nov
74
7
67
69
6
75
6S
1
67
61
2
63
71
18
53
Dec
58
2
60
66
5
71
57
7
64
61
5
56
59
00
67
. .
-
CHAPTER IX.
EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES.
FREE SCHOOLS-STATE UNIVERSITY-STATE NORMAL SCHOOL- INSTITUTE FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB-INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND.
It is no more patent to the human mind that the prosperity, stability and perpetuity of a State are matters of supreme concern, than that liberal and judicious provisions for fostering and build- ing up public instructions, for botli political and economical reasons, are matters of supreme concern. Public education in this country is the most effective means yet devised to promote general intelligence and morality.
It also removes much of the friction in society in the way of crime, and hence becomes a public aud practical necessity in every State. The greater the degree of education in any community or State, the greater the security of life and property; or in other language, general intelligence resulting from popular education is effective in preserving life and property, and hence, of increasing wealth by productive industry.
This is the substructure on which the free school system of Nebraska is based. Money expended under this system is not a gift in charity, but a most profitable investment to the State, simply because the wealth and prosperity of a self-governing State is entirely dependent on the intelligence of its citizens.
Profiting by the experience of the older States, Nebraska has incorporated into her Common School system what has been proved by experiment as the most advantageous and economical methods.
The school revenues of the State are classed under two heads, temporary fund, and permanent fund.
During the two years ending December 31, 1878, there was placed to the credit of the temporary school fund, and distributed to the Counties, and by them to the school districts, the sum of four hundred and thirty-eight thousand, three hundred and fifteen
CXXXVII
138
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
dollars and twelve cents, derived from the following sources : Interest on land sold $129,033.50; interest on leased lands, $62,633.93; private loans, $2,540; State and County bonds, $73,572.25: school tax collected, $170,185.81; from all other sources, $349.63; total, $438,315.12.
Of this sum there was disbursed in 1877, $169,281.88; and in 1878, $205,637.88, an increase of $36,356. The rate per pupil in 1877 was, $1.83; and in 1878, $1.99.
There is a great difficulty in the way of arriving at a correct statement of the permanent fund, owing to the fact that its pro- ductive value is constantly changing. The whole amount of land leased prior to 1877, was 80,381 acres, and since that date up to December 31, 1878, 100,918 acres, making a total of 181,299 acres, at an average price of $4.45 per acre. Prior to 1877, 110.362 acres were sold at an average price of $9.26 per acre, and since that date, up to December 31, 1878, 26,819 acres, at an average price of $7.54.
One hundred and eighty-one thousand, two hundred and ninety-nine acres at $4.45 gives a valuation of $806,758, which is at eight per cent. The income in 1878 from unpaid principal on school lands, was $46,635.43, which indicates a valuation on which such interest was paid, of $777,257.16. The total productive school fund on the 31st of December, 1878 was as follows :
Invested in State bonds. $ 426,267.35
Invested in County bonds
52,500.00
Invested in School District bonds. 7,800.00
Invested in private securities. 49,600.00
Unpaid principal of school lands. 777,257.16
Leased lands (valuation).
806,758.00
Total $2,120,182.51
By a constitutional provision this is made a trust fund, and if any part is lost, the State is obligated to replace it. The interest can be used for the payment of teachers and for no other purpose whatsoever. The interest on the State bonds is eight per cent., and six per cent. on school bonds, the interest prior to 1877 being ten per cent.
The following is a summary of the school statistics of Nebraska, from 1870 to 1879. It will prove of more value in showing the progress and healthy condition of the educational sys- tem of the State than would be a volume of remarks by the author.
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
Number of organized counties
31
35
48
59
60
61
62
63
Number of school districts.
797
1028
1410
1863
2215
2405
2513
2496
2690
2776
Number of school houses.
298
558
787
1138
1516
2018
2195
2212
2231
2409
Children of school age
32789
41071
51123
63108
72991
80122
86191
92161
101030
123411
Average numler in each district. . ..
41
40
36
33
33
33
33
37
38
41
No. of children attending school.
12791
23265
28786
37872
47718
55423
59996
56774
62785
76956
Per cent. of attendance.
39
56
56
60
60
69
70
61
60
63
Number of male teachers.
267
560
773
1046
1252
1504
1468
1571
1609
1607
Number of female teachers.
269
520
739
1176
1483
1587
1893
2153
2121
2221
No. of days taught by male teachers
18931
41411
55996
75996
90430
111393
109577
121403
109347
125332
No. days taught by female teachers.
18436
36024
55901
82796
106472
121723
135971
160011
145546
173962
Av. No. days taught by each teacher
70
72
74
72
72
96
95
88
85
78
Number of graded schools
21
32
38
56
61
47
60
Total wages paid male teachers ..
female teachers.
31088 30
65992 74
93677 75
140341 77
171029 40
210748 51
230140 00
236085 28
235542 97
258058 78
Average wages per month, malcs ....
28 16
39 24
38 50
39 36
37 98
38 60
37 14
35 46
34 65
33 25
33 72
36 64
33 40
33 90
32 12
33 10
32 84
31 80
25 75
29 55
Value of all school property.
178604 34
420936 66
817163 59
1167103 87 901189 94
1553926 15 988740 20
1848239 00 928188 00
1585736 60 1093275 39
1862385 88 1026583 34
849300 45
1069007 23
Total receipts
167597 95
371888 73
537680 39
Total expenditures.
163930 84
365520 36
534095 97
915076 39
1004957 03
1054817 09
1098974 75
1027192 21
936931 98
1067569 18
Total indebtedness
31657 09
73469 63
176075 85
649307 77
918955 01
1054817 09
1048058 66
1039546 68
1036245 02 1010607 60
Am't apportioned from State fund ..
57982 50
1388 40
157495 11
167493 11
176461 98
292471 49
241167 53
183025 80
169281 88
205622 50
-
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
139
.
.
$ 26650 13 $ 81264 73|$107818 69 $ 149511 13|8 171776 86|8 222994 49|$ 219420 00
220962 42 $ 208957 13 $ 208642 23
females ..
1805466 66
1810288 27
140
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
GROWTH OF THE NEBRASKA SCHOOL SYSTEM.
The following statement shows the rapid expansion of the educational advantages of Nebraska, during the past nine years :
AV'GE NO.
VALUE OF
YEARS.
OF DAYS OF DISTRICTS CHILDREN TEACHERS SCHOOL PRO-
SCHOOL.
PERTY.
1870
46
79"
32,789
536
$ 178,604
1872
79
1,410
51,123
1,512
817,163
1.874
88
2,215
72,991
2,735
1,553,926
1876
90
2,513
86,191
3,636
1,585,736
1873
92
2,690
104,030
3,730
1,806,466
1879
107
2,776
123,411
3,828
1,810,288
Total number of School Districts in the State, 2,776 ; number of graded schools, 60; number of ungraded schools, 2,716; school age of pupils, from five to twenty-one years.
THE STATE UNIVERSITY,
Located at Lincoln, was established by Act of the Legislature in 1869, and opened in 1871. Rev. E. B. Fairfield, D. D., L. L. D., Chancellor; Professors, eight; Tutors, six; legislative appropri- ation, $25,000 per year.
141
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
By Act of the Legislature five Colleges are authorized to be established as follows;
1. A College of Literature, Science and the Arts.
2. An Industrial College embracing Agriculture, Practical Science, Civil Engineering, and the Mechanic Arts.
3. A College of Law.
4. A College of Medicine.
5. A College of the Fine Arts.
As yet only the first two have been established. Fourteen instructors devote their time to the University; Military and Preparatory departments have been added; the library contains 2,100 well selected volumes, and the cabinet consists of many thousand specimens of the various departments of Natural History; tuition is free to all, except for music, painting and draw- ing; both sexes are admitted. Two hundred and eighteen students were enrolled for 1879. The University has an endow- ment of 46,080 acres, and the Agricultural College an endowment of 90,000 acres donated to the State by the General Government for their permanent support.
THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL,
Located at Peru, Nemaha County, was opened in 1867, Robert Curry, A. M., Ph. D., Principal. Assistant teachers, eight; students enrolled in 1879, 242; legislative appropriation $12,000 per year; tuition free.
This school, designed principally for the education of young ladies and gentlemen as teachers, has been remarkably successful, it being necessary during the two years just passed to employ assistant teachers to meet the wants of the increased attendance. The studies pursued are an elementary normal course of two years; an advanced English normal course of three years, and an advanced classical normal course of three years. By an Act of the Legislature, approved June 20th, 1867, twenty sections of the Saline lands of the State were set apart as an endowment for this school.
THE NEBRASKA INSTITUTE FOR DEAF AND DUMB, Located at Omaha, was opened in 1869. J. A. Gillespie, Prin- cipal; assistant teachers, three; pupils, fifty-two; legislative appropriation, $6,000 per annum.
142
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
This institution aims to give its pupils a good common school education, and especially to give them a command of the English language. The highest branches now taught are Physiol- ogy, Universal History, Geography and Arithmetic.
The Principal in a recent letter says: "We teach articula- tion as a branch of our work. We do this by means of Bell's Visible Speech, a system founded upon the positions the vocal organs assume to produce sounds. As to trades we have but one, -printing. We have now thirteen boys learning this. They print the Mute Journal of Nebraska, a monthly publication. The smaller boys are trained in gardening and farm work. The girls are taught house- work and sewing."
The Institute building is a commodious brick structure, located on the outskirts of the City of Omaha, and was erected in 1.871, at the expense of the State.
TIIE NEBRASKA INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND,
Located at Nebraska City, was opened in 1875. Principal, J. B. Parmlee; assistant teachers, three; pupils December, 1878, twenty- one; legislative appropriation, $5,450.00 per annum.
This Institution is admirably conducted, and is doing excellent service. The school is divided into three departments, viz .: The literary, musical, and industrial, separate in themselves, yet forming one complete course of instruction. The studies pursued are arithmetic, algebra, grammar and analysis, physical and descriptive geography, rhetoric, physiology, history, reading spelling and penmanship.
The musical department has made rapid advancement under the efficient management of Jacob Niermeyer, who is himself blind. The choir and band meet every afternoon on alternate days. Two pianos, an organ, flutes, and violins make up the equipment of instruments.
In the industrial department the boys and young men are required to spend a certain number of hours each day at the trades taught, which at present are limited to broom making, cane seat- ing, etc.
The girls and young ladies are instructed in all kinds of sewing, knitting, crocheting, bead-work, etc.
CHAPTER X.
THE CHURCHES.
PRESBYTERIAN-CONGREGATIONAL-METHODIST EPISCOPAL-EPISCO- PAL -CATHOLIC -LUTHERAN - BAPTIST - UNITARIAN-CHRIS- TIAN.
There is, perhaps, no interest in the State that has received such universal and hearty indorsement as have the Churches of all denominations. From the first settlement of the Territory there has been a constant spirit of sacrifice to lay deep the foundations of all the different Christian denominations. It has been less a spirit of strife, or rivalry, than a recognition of the great funda- mental law that neither new nor old communities can long exist and prosper, without the softening, chastening and refining influ- ences of Christianity; and the zealous labor of Christians in all the history of the State has been marked, as they have made education and Christianity the corner-stone of all their institutions. There is no State in the Union, with the same number of inhabitants, that has so many and so good Churches and school honses, nor one that gathers more to the services of the various Churches, consider- ing that the State is yet comparatively in its infancy.
Many are swift to conclude that in a new frontier State but little will be done in this direction, and they hesitate about leaving their Church associations and privileges, and coming to a new country, but these fears are groundless. The pioneer denomina- tions, as usual, have occupied the frontier. They have gathered the people for worship in groves in the open air, in dug-outs, in school houses and private dwellings. All denominations have
CXLIII
144
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
done this, the Bishop and the Priest, and the Minister and Preacher; and almost invariably as soon as a passable home has been provided for the family, and a room, however humble, for the school, the next thought has been for the Church in which to worship God; and this has been built, sometimes rudely and cheaply at first, but always in keeping with, and often beyond, the means of the inhabitants.
And in this action there has been a singular unanimity of all classes in the community. Men who have belonged to no Church, who have expressed no particular religious convictions, who have identified themselves with no creed, have been just as anxious for these privileges for themselves and their children as those connected with the Churches. They have recognized the great power and benefit of the Christian Church in the formation of morals and the dissemination of virtuous principles in the communities where they have lived.
There is another peculiarity that has been marked in the progress of the Christian Churches of this State, and that has been the conspicuous absence of denomination rivalries and disputes. Bigotry has seemed to have no place in the denominational work. There have been few or no angry discussions or denunciations of different religious beliefs or theories.
Men have accorded to each other the best intentions, and while disseminating widely different doctrines and usages, they have done this in a spirit of Christian charity, manly forbearance, that recognizes the fact that there is room for all of every faith; that each Church or organization must stand or fall on its own merits, and while the most zealous work has been done, often calling for severe labor and constant sacrifice to build up these institutions in their own way, according to early habits and influences, and in accordance with their peculiar views, there has been but little effort to pull down others and build on their ruins. It is the freedom of our Churches from this sectarian strife, the willingness to give every man the unrestrained right of opinion, and of practice that has made the Churches of all denominations so great a power throughout the State. Men are not to be trammelled. Their religious convictions, and the expression of them, is free as the air they breathe on our vast prairies. It is the genuine freedom of
145
JOHNSON'S HISTORY OF NEBRASKA.
thought and action that is found in all the history of the world in the settlement of new countries, and developed peculiarly here from the influence of our free institutions, that make every man, however humble, a sovereign in his own right in all matters of opinion.
In all our prominent cities and large towns, comfortable, and spacious, if not elegant Churches, are found with their heaven- pointing spires, showing that God is honored, and that men acknowledge this by building temples in which to worship accord- ing to the dictates of their own consciences. And in the more remote settlements the people are not behind the large towns in the erection of suitable places of worship. And these results of Church building, Church going and educational facil- ities are produced by the character of many of the settlers on the frontier. Said a clergyman a short time since who preached in the most sparsely populated and distant portion of the State, "I have for my hearers here three College graduates, with families of the best educational and Christian culture; and the leader of my choir is a lady who has delighted thousands of metropolitan ears in fashionable Churches." This is the character of many, very many of our settlers. They have come from the best homes and purest associations of the East; they are cultivated, educated and refined, and they demand, and will have around them that which will satisfy the cravings of their natures for spiritual and intellec- tual and moral food. High intellectual attainments and moral and religious culture are confined to no localities. They flourish as surely on the prairie, in the humble home, by the fireside of comparative poverty, as in the abode of wealth and metropolitan influence. Nebraska can point with pride to the record of the Churches and schools. The men who have molded and controlled, and fashioned them, amid their arduous labors, their isolation, and their long and wearisome journeys, have found time to become men of letters, scientific men and authors, who have made themselves famous, and who have ranked first in the work they have undertaken and in the books they have published.
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