USA > New Hampshire > Cheshire County > Jaffrey > History of the town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire, from the date of the Masonian charter to the present time, 1749-1880 : with a genealogical register of the Jaffrey families, and an appendix containing the proceedings of the centennial celebration in 1873 > Part 1
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N 974.2a J23c
Library of
TY OF NEV
866
1893
THE UN
1923
TATE
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Agriculture
MaCiechnology
Liberal Arts
The University of New Hampshire
C
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1050
950
Daniel B. Cutter.
HISTORY
OF THE
TOWN OF JAFFREY,
NEW HAMPSHIRE,
FROM THE DATE OF THE MASONIAN CHARTER TO THE PRESENT TIME,
1749-1880; .
WITH A
GENEALOGICAL REGISTER
OF THE JAFFREY FAMILIES, AND
AN APPENDIX
CONTAINING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION IN 1873.
BY
DANIEL B. CUTTER, M. D.
" The hills are dearest which our childish feet Have climbed the earliest."
CONCORD, N. H .:
PRINTED BY THE REPUBLICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION. ISSI.
T20g
PREFACE.
-
After years of research we have at length published the History of Jaffrey. It has proved a work requiring much time and labor, from a want of records. Previous to the in- corporation of the town no records have been found ; conse- quently we have but little knowledge of the inhabitants. After the organization, a record was made of the votes of the town and officers chosen, but no report of their doings, only that the committee chosen to reckon with the select- men had attended to their duty, found all correct, and burnt their papers, thus destroying what should have been pre- served. We have found votes for raising money for various purposes duly recorded, but no record of the expenditures till 1793, when, for the first time, the invoice of the town was recorded, after a period of twenty years from the organ- ization of the town. From this time a record of the tax- payers was kept, amount of money raised, and how expend- ed, making a record full and complete. During the Revo- lution, the most interesting period of the history of the town, we have but a meagre record. The names of the sol- diers in service we obtained from the records of the state. No school report was recorded till 1820, consequently nothing is definitely known of the condition of the schools. A record of marriages, by Mr. Ainsworth, and of births was made, and a very few of deaths. But few headstones were erected pre- vious to 1800. Of the records kept by families, of the births, marriages, and deaths, many valuable ones have been found, while others had none, and consequently their genealogy could be obtained only in a broken and imperfect manner.
4
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
Such has been our field of labor, but we trust we have gathered from it much that will be interesting and valuable.
In this enterprise the town has taken a deep interest ; raised money to aid in its completion, enabling us to furnish a valuable map of the town, a fine view of the mountain, the old church and school-house, and the portraits of individuals, which add much to the beauty and value of the work. And, while we feel proud of the liberality of our native town, we would not forget individuals who have contributed, with their pens and other means, efficient aid in the enterprise. Of these I would mention Benjamin Cutter, Esq., a vener- able citizen, now over 88 years of age, who has furnished much that is valuable from actual knowledge, being born and having always lived in town; Joseph P. Frost, from whom I received the first invitation to write a history of the town; Frank H. Cutter, Esq., who examined the state records ; George A. Underwood, chief-marshal at the Cen- tennial in 1773, for a complete history of the school-district in which he lives ; Mr. J. D. Gibbs, for a copy of his record of deaths since 1841 ; Peter Upton, Esq., for the presenta- tion of a fine view of the school-house at East Jaffrey, en- graved at his expense ; Benjamin Pierce, Esq., for the pict- ure of the Granite State hotel, of which he is the worthy owner. To many others, too numerous to mention, who kindly furnished the genealogy of their families, we would tender our sincere thanks. We would also remember others, residents of other states and towns, who have gener- ously aided in the work : Hon. Frank J. Parker, of Boston ; Addison Prescott, Esq., of Topeka, Kansas ; Mrs. Elizabeth (Patrick) Lincoln, of Baltimore, Md .; Lyman Spaulding, Esq., Medina, Mich .; N. H. Cutter, Esq., Joliet, Ill .; Ezra S. Stearns, historian of Rindge ; C. A. Bemis, historian of Marlborough, N. H .; Rev. Henry Shedd, Mt. Gilead, O .; Rev. John M. Ellis, Oberlin, O .; John W. Fyfe, M. D., Hart- ford, Conn .; Rev. Andrew O. Warren, Montrose, Pa. ; and many others, who have in many ways aided and encouraged the enterprise.
That the history may meet the expectations of all inter- ested in the town of Jaffrey is the hope and wish of your humble servant, D. B. C.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. Page.
Location-Boundaries-Climate-Soil-Productions. .... 9
CHAPTER II.
Masonian Proprietors-Grant of the Township-Survey-
Report of the Surveyor.
16
CHAPTER III.
First Settlers-Report of Gilmore, Grout, and Hale.
27
CHAPTER IV.
Municipal History-Charter of the Town-Incorporation
-List of Town and State Officers.
38
CHAPTER V.
Travel-Highway-County Road-Third New Hampshire Turnpike-Monadnock Railroad. 50
CHAPTER VI.
Ecclesiastical History-Meeting-House 59
CHAPTER VII.
Ecclesiastical History
70
CHAPTER VIII.
Education-Public Schools.
81
CHAPTER IX.
List of College Graduates of the Town of Jaffrey. .. 90
6
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
Page.
CHAPTER X. Military History-First Military Company-Officers-Roll of Soldiers-Jaffrey and Rindge Cavalry Company-Ri- fle Company-Trainings and Musters. 123
CHAPTER XI. Revolution-War of 1812-Mexican War-Civil War. . .. 13I
CHAPTER XII. Mills-Manufactories and Artisans. 145
CHAPTER XIII.
Miscellany-Hotels-Stores-Post-Office - Mail Stage- Banks-Sacred Music-Common-Sale of the Public Lands-Constitutional Convention-Delegates-Fires .. 149
CHAPTER XIV.
Invoice, 1793, First on Record-Money Raised-Highest Tax-Payers. 161
CHAPTER XV.
Pauperism-Warning from Town-Board of the Poor sold at Public Vendue-Town Farm . 167
CHAPTER XVI.
Cemeteries-Accidental Deaths-List of Persons whose Age exceeds Eighty Years I71
CHAPTER XVII.
Census of the Town, 1873, with the Location of the Inhab- itants. 185
CHAPTER XVIII.
Conclusion. 204
Genealogical Register 209-526
Appendix (Jaffrey Centennial). .527-643
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Rev. Laban Ainsworth 75
Mrs. Mary Ainsworth 75
John Conant. 254
John Cutter
284
Benjamin Cutter
288
Calvin Cutter 100
Daniel B. Cutter
I
Leonard R. Cutter
270
Frank H. Cutter
535
John Fox
327
Abel Parker
108
Mrs. Edith Parker
IOS
Joel Parker
538 442
Benjamin Prescott
Samuel Ryan 450
O. L. Spaulding 472
Peter Upton . 503
First Meeting-House 59
First School-House 59
East Jaffrey School-House 89 Monadnock Bank. 153
Cutter Homestead 265
Granite State Hotel
View of the Mountain 150
Map of the Town.
IO
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
CHAPTER I.
LOCATION-BOUNDARIES-CLIMATE-SOIL-PRODUC- TIONS.
T HE town of Jaffrey is situated in the southern part of New Hampshire, and is one of the most easterly towns in the county of Cheshire, within one town (Rindge) of the state line of Massachusetts, in latitude 42° 49' north, and longitude 72° 3' west from London. It is bounded, north, 113 rods by Marlborough, and 2,408 rods by Dublin ; east, 730 rods by Peterborough and 988 rods by Sharon ; south, 1,898 rods by Rindge and 603 rods by Fitzwilliam ; west, 349 rods by Fitzwilliam, 806 rods by Troy, and 501 rods by Marlborough. It is fifteen miles from Keene, the shire town of the county ; forty-five from Concord, the cap- ital of the state; and sixty-two from Boston,-seventy-eight by railroad.
The form of the town is rhomboid, the boundary lines inclining about one and a half degrees east of north, and about eleven north of west. The area is about 22,000 acres : about 1,000 is covered with water, and the uninhabitable area of the mountain in Jaffrey is about 3,200 acres. The surface of the town is hilly and mountainous. The altitude
2
IO
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
of the Centre is 1,057 feet above the level of the ocean, and East Jaffrey 1,032.
The Grand Monadnock is situated in the north-west part of the town and south part of Dublin. Its highest peak is a little south of the line of Dublin, on lot 5, range I, in lati- tude 42° 51' 39" and longitude 72° 6' 30" from London, and has an altitude, according to Prof. Hitchcock, of 3, 186 feet above the level of the sea, and 2,029 feet above the centre of the town. When the town was first settled, the mountain was covered to its summit with forest trees, prin- cipally spruce, excepting a small peak south-east of the top, which was called the "Bald rocks." This forest was blown down by the wind about the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was soon afterwards destroyed by fire. The pres- ent growth of trees around the sides of the mountains is mostly maple, beech, and birch. On the summit grow a few Alpine plants and dwarf spruces ; on the declivities, blueberries in great abundance.
The mountain has become a great place of summer resort. In 1873, centennial year, the number of arrivals at the Half- way House was 12,000. This house was built in 1873. It is large and commodious, and is well patronized during the summer season. A good carriage-road connects it with the public highway, and a convenient foot-path with the sum- mit, a distance of about one mile. From this elevated peak the surrounding country has the appearance of an extended plain, whose surface is studded with ponds and villages. In the north and west may be seen the dim outline of the White and Green Mountains, and a distinct view of the Kearsarge and Ascutney ; in the south the Watatic and Wachusett in Massachusetts; in the east, Pack Monadnock in Temple and Crotched in Francestown. The rocky form- ation of the mountain is a hard variety of gneiss, a species of granite. On the east side, the ascent is abrupt, steep, and precipitous, while on the west side it is more uniform and gradual. The rocks on the west side have the appearance
MONADNOCK MT. FROM JAFFREY .
II
MINERAL SPRING.
of having been made smooth by some grinding power, at- tributed to the effect of the vast mountains of ice which were driven over its surface during the glacial period.
The inhabited portion of the town lies mostly east and south of the mountain. The surface is hilly, but none of the hills are of sufficient altitude to require any particular description. They are mostly large swells of land, arable on side and summit, on some of which are some of the best farms in town. The town is well watered. The numerous streams flowing from the mountain supply every farm with abundance of water. Those flowing from the east side unite in the south-east part of the town with a stream from Long pond, and form the Contoocook river, which runs north-east, and empties into the Merrimack above Concord. Those from the west side unite with the Ashuelot and Mil- ler rivers, which empty into the Connecticut.
Most of the water-power in Jaffrey is on the Contoocook river. In East Jaffrey, on this river, are a cotton-mill, grist- mill, saw-mill, and a knife factory ; and on the road from there to Peterborough, a cotton factory and saw-mill. There are six ponds and part of another in this town. Three,- Thorndike, Frost, and Parker,-are in the north part ; and Gilmore, Hodge, Baker, and a part of Long pond, in the south part. The Thorndike pond is about 400 rods long and 140 wide, and contains an island of about ten acres. It is the largest in town, and is known in Dublin as the Bullard pond. This pond, like the others, received its name from families residing on its border,-Joseph Thorndike, in Jaf- frey, and Simeon Bullard, in Dublin. Hence the different names in those towns.
MINERAL SPRING.
South-easterly from the mountain, on the old turnpike road, is a spring known as the Monadnock Mineral Spring. Its water is impregnated with carbonate of iron and sul-
12
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
phate of soda, and was formerly considered a valuable rem- edy in many diseases. For a time it was quite a resort for invalids. Where the spring issues from the earth, yellow ochre exists in considerable quantities. The temperature of the water is high, and it never freezes.
All the streams and ponds abound with fish. The most valuable are the trout and pickerel. The other fish are perch, shiners, suckers, eels, cat-fish or horned-pout, and minnow. Before the settlement of the town, wild animals were very numerous, consisting of the bear, wolf, catamount, wildcat, deer, and beaver, all of which have long since disappeared ; while the fox, rabbit, woodchuck, a variety of squirrels, raccoon, mink, and muskrat, still remain. The otter and the porcupine are occasionally seen.
Among the early settlers the wolf was the most trouble- some and rapacious. For a long time the farmer was obliged to herd his cattle and fold his flock during the night, and even then they were not always safe. At one time, during the night, a wolf crept through a crevice in the wall under the sill of the barn of Thomas Mower, killed a sheep, feasted thereon, and was there found in the morning. He received the penalty of death for his temerity. Mr. Spaulding lost sixteen killed by wolves in one night.
Bears were common, troublesome in cornfields, and some- times destroyed young cattle. Phineas Spaulding had a calf killed by one. Catamounts are said to have been found, but not in large numbers. George A. Underwood has kindly furnished a very interesting account of one killed by Joseph Hogg and another man, on a hunting excursion, before his settlement in town. To prevent the destruction of deer, officers called deer-reeves were chosen annually by the town, till 1786, for their preservation. A bounty was offered for the destruction of wolves in 1792; the last one offered was in 1799. After the destruction of the mountain forest by fire, the most rapacious wild animals disappeared. The beaver also left: civilization was destructive to his
I3
FORESTS AND WILD FRUITS.
dams, the remains of which have been found in many places. A very interesting account of one is given by Mr. Parker in his centennial address.
Birds were very numerous, much more so than they are now. The most troublesome were the crow and the crow blackbird. Very liberal bounties were offered at different times for their destruction, the last in 1799. The crow blackbird is now seldom seen. The crow remains, but no bounty is now offered for his head, as his destructive power among insects is believed to more than counterbalance his ravages in corn-fields. The diminution of birds has in- creased the ravages of insects, and laws for their preser- vation are much needed and should be enacted.
When the first settlement was made the town was cov- ered with a dense forest. In the vicinity of the Contoocook river the growth of the white pine was very luxuriant ; the trees grew to an immense size, and had it not been for the Revolution the king of Great Britain would have had a large supply for His Majesty's navy. On the mountain and high- lands grew the spruce and the hemlock. Of the deciduous trees, the most numerous were the maples, beeches, birches, oaks, ashes, cherries, basswoods, and poplars. The rock or sugar maple was the most useful and abundant, furnishing an excellent quality of wood and timber, and a good sup- ply of sugar,-a great desideratum among the early settlers. The red and white maples were less common. The birches were the black, white, and yellow. Of the oak species, the red oak was the only kind in any degree prevalent. The altitude of the town would not admit of the growth of either the white oak or the chestnut. Of the ashes, the white grew on the hillsides, and the black in the swamps.
The wild fruits, such as the blackberry, raspberry, straw- berry, checkerberry, high and low blueberry, and huckle- berry were found in many places very abundant. The low blueberry grew on the mountain and in some pastures around it; the high grew in swamps.
·
14
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
The wild flowering plants were very numerous. They grew on the hillsides and in the valleys, in swamps and in meadows, in secluded spots and on roadsides, exhibiting every variety of color and beauty, making localities delight- ful that would otherwise appear forbidding and repulsive. The most beautiful of these flowers were the lilies, roses, and violets, of which there were many varieties.
Situated on the Grand Monadnock plateau, at an elevation of 1,057 feet above the level of the ocean, the town of Jaffrey must have a climate of some severity in winter. In the neighborhood of the mountain the winds often blow with great power, and snow falls to a great depth, often remain- ing on the ground till late in spring. In summer the morning and evening breezes are cool and refreshing, mak- ing a very healthful and desirable location during that season. Jaffrey has always been regarded as the most healthy town in its vicinity, seldom visited by any epidemic. The longev- ity of its inhabitants has been great, as shown by the mor- tuary record of the state. By that it appears that more deaths of persons exceeding 100 years of age have occurred in this town than in any other in the state having the same number of inhabitants. Moses Stickney died 1852, aged 100 years, 7 months ; Rev. Laban Ainsworth died 1858, aged 100 years, 8 months ; Sarah Byam died 1866, aged 102 years, 2 months, 19 days ; Dorcas Rice died 1873, aged 104 years, 4 months, 5 days.
SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.
The soil, although the surface is rough and uneven, was originally very productive, yielding large crops with little cultivation. The principal business of the early settlers was the felling and burning of the forest trees, sowing the seed, and gathering the crops. A descendant of Phineas Spaulding writes, that on his farm it was not uncommon for a quart of seed to yield a bushel of wheat, and for herds- grass to grow higher than a man's head. The first crop
15
SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.
raised on new cleared land was usually rye; afterwards herds-grass and clover. When the stumps of the fallen trees became sufficiently decayed to admit of ploughing, Indian corn was raised in great abundance. The other cereals raised were wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, &c. Of the vegetables raised, the potato was the most valuable, and most extensively used. The other vegetables were beets, carrots, turnips, onions, parsnips, pumpkins, squashes, cucumbers, and cabbages. Flax was raised for the manu- facture of clothing. Around the base, and high on the sides of the mountain, the pastures were excellent, and afforded an abundance of feed for cattle during the summer season. Large numbers were driven from Massachusetts every year and pastured therein, and however lean their condition on arrival, they were sure to be returned well fattened in the fall.
Stock-raising and wool-growing were a great source of profit, such products always finding a ready market. The raising of pork and the products of the dairy were also valuable sources of revenue. The nearest market was Bos- ton, and in December, the farmers with their own teams, loaded with pork, poultry, butter, and cheese, could be seen on the way there, in company with each other, in large num- bers, loading back with salt, sugar, and such other necessa- ries as their circumstances required. But the scene has now changed ;- the fertility of the land has disappeared ; the rich pastures no longer exist ; the growth of clover and herds-grass is changed to one of white-grass, hardhacks, and ferns, and even those are fast yielding to the growth of another forest, which may again in time renovate the soil, and make it a fit residence for another generation.
CHAPTER II.
MASONIAN PROPRIETORS-GRANT OF THE TOWNSHIP- SURVEY-REPORT OF THE SURVEYOR.
T HE town of Jaffrey was granted by the Masonian Proprietors under the name of Middle Monadnock No. 2, November 30, 1749, to Jonathan Hubbard and thirty- nine others, residents of Hollis, Lunenburg, and Dunstable. The Masonian Proprietors were residents of Portsmouth and vicinity, twelve in number, who purchased of John Tuf- ton Mason, great-grandson of Capt. John Mason, for £1500, his right and title to a tract of land lying in New Hamp- shire, granted to said Capt. John Mason by the Council of Plymouth in 1629. The purchase was divided into fifteen shares, of which Theodore Atkinson had three shares, Mark H. Wentworth two shares, and Richard Wibbard, John Went- worth, John Moffat, Samuel Moore, Jotham Odiorne, George Jaffrey, Joshua Pierce, Nathaniel Meserve, Thomas Walling- ford, and Thomas Packer one share each. Nine additional members were afterwards admitted, and the shares increased to eighteen. The new members were John Rindge, Joseph Blanchard, Daniel Pierce, John Tufton Mason, John Thom- linson, Mathew Livermore, William Parker, Samuel Solly, and Clement March. The territory is described as " ex- tending from the middle of the Piscataqua river, up the same to the fartherest head thereof, and from thence north- westward until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbor were finished ; also, through Merrimac river to the far- therest head thereof, and so forward up into the land west- ward until sixty miles were finished, and from thence over-
17
GRANT OF THE TOWNSHIP.
land to the end of sixty miles accounted from the Piscataqua river, together with all lands within five leagues of the coast."
Immediately after the purchase, the above described tract of land was divided by the proprietors into townships. Those around the Monadnock hills, as the mountain was then called, were named Monadnocks, designated by num- bers, beginning with Rindge, which was South Monadnock, or Monadnock Number One; Jaffrey, Middle Monadnock, or Monadnock Number Two; Dublin, North Monadnock, or Monadnock Number Three; Fitzwilliam, Monadnock Number Four; Marlborough, Monadnock Number Five ; Nelson, Monadnock Number Six ; Stoddard, Monadnock Number Seven ; Washington, Monadnock Number Eight. After the Revolution, a controversy arose concerning the western boundary of the Masonian Grant, between the proprietors and the state. A curved line was claimed by them, corresponding with the line of the sea-coast, while the state claimed a straight one. The state finally estab- lished a straight line extending from the south-east part of Rindge to a point near the south line of Conway, leaving the Monadnock townships, except a part of Rindge, beyond the limits of the Masonian grant. To make valid the grants of these townships, and others, the Masonian Proprietors purchased of the state the land in dispute for the sum of forty thousand eight hundred dollars.
GRANT OF THE TOWNSHIP.
Province of Pursuant to the Power and Authority New Hampse. S Granted and Vested in me by the Proprie- tors of Lands purchased of John Tufton Mason Esq". In the Province of New Hampshire by their Vote passed at their meeting held at Portsmouth in said Province, the 16th day of June 1749 I Do by these Presents on the Terms and limita- tions Hereafter Expressed give and Grant all the Right Poses- sion and Property of the Proprietors aforesaid unto Jonathan Hubbard Oliver Farwell Thos March, Elias Eliot, James Stewart, John Kendall Joseph Blanchard Jun' Barnabas Davis Willm Rindge Peter Powers Eleaz" Blanchard-Paul March
18
HISTORY OF JAFFREY.
Thos Parker Jun" Benj. Bellows, Sampson Stoddard Daniel Emerson Josiah Brown, Stephen March-Benjn Winn, John Scott, Samt Garish, John Hart, John Chamberlin, Joseph Winn Jun' Joseph Blodget Jun" Sam1 Cumings, Mathew Thornton, John Butterfield, Willm Garish, Nath1 Pierce, Jon- ath" Cumings, John Usher, Joseph French, Peleg Lawrence Isaac Williams, David Adams, David Willson Randall MeDaniel, Robert Fletcher Jun', Joseph Emerson-To the said Joseph Blanchard Jun' Three shares, to the said James Stewart Two shares, to Peter Powers Four shares to Benj" Bellows two shares, to Jonath" Hubbard Three shares, to Josiah Brown two shares, The others aforenamed one share each. of in or to that Tract of Land or Township Called the Middle Monadnock or No. 2-Bounded as followeth beginning at the South West Corner of Peterborough Slip So Called, from thence Running North Eighty degs West Seven miles to a Hemlock Tree Marked, from thence Running North by the Needle five Miles to a Hemlock Tree marked, from thence Running South Eighty degs East Seven Miles to a Beach Tree Marked, in the West Line of Peterborough, from thence South by the Needle to the first Bounds Mentioned-To Have and to Hold to them their Heirs and Assigns, Excepting as afore- said and on the following terms and Conditions (that is to say) that the whole tract of Land be divided Into Seventy one Equall Shares, and that each Share Contain three Lotts Equi- tably Coupled together, and drawn for at Dunstable-at or be- fore the first day of July Next in Some Equitable Manner- That three of the aforesaid Shares be granted and appropriated free of all Charge, one for the first Settled Minister in Said Township one for the Support of the Ministry, and one for the School there forever-one lott for Each Said three Shares to be first laid out in the most convenient place Near the Middle of Said Town, and Lotts-Coupled to them, So as not to be drawn for-that Eighteen of the said Shares be Reserved for the Grantors of the Premises, their Heirs and Assigns forever and Aquited from all duty and Charge Untill improved by the Owner or Some Holding them Respectively, that the other Owners of the said Rights Make Settlement at their Own Ex- pense in the following manner Viz. All the Lotts to be laid out at the Grantees Expense, that all the Lotts in Said Town- ship be subjected to have all Necessary Roads lay'd out threw them free from Charge as Hereafter there Shall be Occasion- That within Four Years from the date hereof Forty of the Rights or Shares, belonging to the aforementioned Grantees Viz. Oliver Farwell Thomas March, Elias Eliot, John Ken- dall, Barnabas Davis, Paul March, Sampson Stoddard, Stephen March John Scott Sam1 Garish John Hart John Chamberlain
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