USA > New Hampshire > Coos County > Lancaster > History of Lancaster, New Hampshire > Part 33
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During the year 1894 I saw either alive or dead one hundred and sixty-nine species of birds within the territorial limits of the town of Lancaster. In addition to these, there were reported to me on competent authority eleven others I had not myself seen, mak- ing in all one hundred and eighty species living for some portion of the year in the town. Observations during the first six months of 1895 increased the number by ten additional species.
For a high latitude Lancaster is favorably situated as a congenial resort for both winter and summer birds. It is surrounded by hills or mountains, and traversed by numerous streams of various sizes, . besides containing several ponds of considerable size. The streams and ponds are flanked by marshes and banks of varied degrees, affording excellent feeding and nesting facilities, as does the whole undulating and varied surface of the town.
The enemies of bird-life, excepting those named above, are as few as one meets with anywhere. The long, cold winters keep the snakes few and feeble. The owls have very nearly disappeared, and the hawks are but few in number. The squirrels, especially the little red squirrel, which is the worst, are among the worst enemies of the birds in nesting-time. These have nearly disap- peared from the town.
The chief enemies the birds have to contend with to-day are the fox and skunk. They destroy many of those that nest on the ground. They have probably done more in exterminating certain of our game birds than hunters have, as most of them either nest on the ground, or feed there while quite young, and fall ready vic- tims to these two animals.
The conditions favorable to the life of the migratory birds are seldom, if ever, stationary. Their geographical distribution by species and number is a question of climate and food entirely.
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
The migratory habit is one they acquire under those conditions. There would be no object for our summer birds leaving if their food did not give out by either being killed by the cold weather, or driven into winter quarters. Their return in the spring is as much due to the fact that they have exhausted the food supply of their winter quarters, as to find a warmer climate. As they approach the former summer quarters they find their food growing plentier again.
The food supply of this town is most abundant, nor is it likely to fall short for either the summer or the winter migrants. The seed- eaters always find an abundant crop of seeds, and the few fruit- eaters that come here subsist chiefly on the wild berries, of which there is always a crop. We have no birds that are confined solely to a fruit diet, but only such as prefer it to anything else. The in- sect-eaters will find their supply controlled always by the season preceding their visits. A mild winter is sure to be followed by an abundant crop of insects, as is also a summer season that is favora- ble to the growth of vegetation. Even a cold winter, if it follow such a summer, is not unfavorable to a large number of insects. Extreme wet and dry summers are the least favorable to insect life, as they have a greater effect on it than either heat or cold. The wet and dry seasons also control. the food supply of the winter migrants.
The rapid destruction of forests in lumbering interests has in a great measure tended to drive away species once common and abun- dant; but it has created conditions favorable to the life of many other species that have taken their place, so that our bird fauna increases. New species find in this change conditions more favor- able to their manner of life. The change of climate consequent upon the destruction of the forests has been rather an element of instabiliity than of extremity of heat or cold. The effect it has had on the bird fauna is due to the changes in the plant and animal life by which their food supply was affected. These changes follow the changes in the vegetable life of the country. The disappearance of the early and larger growth of trees has been favorable to an in- crease in the insects that find easier access to the more abundant foliage of the second growth, and brush springing up as the larger trees are removed. Then, too, the increased area of open lands in cultivation, or under pasturage, give larger chances for insects to breed and find their food, which has tended to draw to the locality large numbers of insectivorous birds.
The economic importance of our birds is the chief one, and will remain so for the future, despite the growing interest in their æsthetic importance as a means of affording pleasure.
During the two hundred years that the birds have been studied in this country great changes have been noted in them. Some that
296
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
under primitive conditions were useful to man have become injuri- ous; but a much larger number of those formerly injurious have become useful to us in many of our interests. Of this class we may name the blackbird, bobolink, and the kingbird (Tyrannus). These changes in the character of the birds are due to the growth of human population and industries, forcing upon them a changed environment. Many birds that were formerly shy and retiring are coming to live closer to human habitations, and manifest a greater degree of confidence in us. They seem to be friendly to our indus- tries, too. Those capable of affording us the greatest service and pleasure are steadily becoming more abundant in the thickly settled communities if the timber is not wholly destroyed, or if it has in a measure been replaced by the planting of orchards.
Then, too, the birds have some share in making conditions more favorable to their increase and distribution, in spreading the seeds of their own food supply over a wider territory. Both our land and water birds carry about and scatter seeds that adhere to their feet and beaks, in the dirt with which they are generally coated. By this means they plant for their own future necessities in a way of which they are unconscious, and which is often unknown, or over- looked by us. The seeds of some plants eaten by them pass unin- jured through their bodies to be widely scattered in their flights. The universality of the raspberry, blackberry, mountain ash, and wild gooseberry is wholly due to this means of dispersion, as well as many of the weeds and grasses.
Certain others, like the jay and woodpecker, hide acorns, beech- nuts, and seeds of various kinds for their winter supply, and failing to find or need them, they grow far from where they matured. In this way many of our most valuable trees have been widely spread. Some of the noxious weeds and grasses have been spread by the birds to whose feathers they have adhered by means of the hooks and awns of the seeds. During the season of 1894, I witnessed an instance of a bird clearing its feathers of the sand burr which does not grow within miles of the place it was dropping the seeds. I have frequently seen them clearing themselves of several varieties of the wild rye and oats that grow abundantly about the town.
Such facts as these admonish us to exercise a wise care in our treatment of the birds. Many of them that formerly had a bad rep- utation in this section of country, and which are ruthlessly destroyed, are becoming very useful to human interests. Among such is the blackbird which lives almost wholly on bugs and worms that infest the meadows and pastures, doing great damage to the grass. This bird never encroaches on the farm and garden crops so long as he can find insects in the meadows and pastures. In this town he earns a hundredfold more than he destroys for us. The extermina-
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
tion of this one species would involve heavy losses on meadow grasses by the rapid increase of insects that would follow their dis- appearance.
So with most of our birds; we lose very little by their presence in comparison with what we gain by their help, or what we should lose if it were not for the services they render us. But for them we would be overrun in a few years by injurious weeds and insects that, if they did not make agriculture and grazing impossible, would make it so expensive in fighting those pests that all profit would be lost to us. It requires many thousands of seeds a day to support a seed-eater, and scarcely less insects, to feed the most hearty eaters among the insectivorous birds. The little yellow thistlebird eats vast numbers of thistle and dandelion seeds every day, and even feeds its young in the nest on them. Every brood of these birds raised makes our work of fighting these pestiferous weeds so much easier. The finches and warblers feed on plant lice in their various stages of growth. The woodpeckers, nuthatches, and creepers eat the eggs and larvæ of many insects that are deposited in the bark of the trees. Certain of the warblers, vireos, and flycatchers feed on insects that infest the under sides of leaves and escape the notice of other insect-eaters. Who has not watched the little creepers inspect- ing the under sides of the limbs and leaves of our fruit trees for insects? Thrushes, starlings, finches, robins, and nearly all of our native sparrows eat insects that hide on, or in, the ground. The cowbird eats the insects that infest our domestic animals; and also the intestinal worms voided by them, preventing new broods of the worm. The bobolink eats vast numbers of grasshoppers and crickets, the latter of which are equally as injurious as the former though not generally known to be much of anything but night singers. The red-winged blackbird is of the same habit to a large extent. The few fruit-eaters we have, just about equal the damage they do by the spread of the wild berries, especially the raspberry and blackberry. But for the birds these would soon become extinct, and cut us off in two of the delicacies of this locality.
From these facts we see no ground of alarm in respect to any result from the presence of our present birds. What little damage some of them do is more than balanced by the benefits we derive from their presence. Shall we not, then, learn to treat the little creatures with more kindliness, and encourage them to live among us as freely as they seem inclined to do?
A CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF LANCASTER.
[NOTE .- Birds are generally counted as belonging to the localities in which they breed; but many of them visit localities unfitted for breeding purposes with as much regularity as they return to their breeding places, and should therefore be counted as
20
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HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
belonging to the places in which they are to be seen every year. Such rule has been followed in the preparation of this list. It includes all the birds that one will see during the course of the year whether residents or migratory visitors. In both repects they sustain an important relation to the locality, and are ranked together in this list.
It has been thought best to make the list an English one, and accompany it with a technical list, in parentheses. The numbers following the names of species are those of the check-list of the " American Ornithologists' Union," and those in parenthesis are from "Coues' Key and Check-List of North American Birds." These numbers are given for the convenience of those who may wish to identify and study the birds. Many birds have more than one vulgar name. These are all given to avoid confusion on the part of persons who know the birds only by the untechnical, or common, names.
Valuable service was rendered the writer, in the preparation of this list, by Mr. Fred B. Spaulding, a local "collector " of birds' eggs, whose long acquaintance with the birds of the locality is very extensive.]
Order Pygopodes (diving birds). Family Podicipidae (grebes) :
Pied-billed Grebe; water-witch; hell-diver ( Podilymbus podi- ceps), 6-(852).
Family Urinatoridae (loons) :
Loon; great northern diver ( Urinator imber), 7-(840).
Black-throated loon; black-throated diver ( Urinator arcticus), 9-(842).
Red-throated loon; red-throated diver ( Urinator lumme), II- (844).
Family Alcidae (puffins) :
Black guillemot; sea pigeon (Cepphus grylle), 27-(871).
Order Anseres (Lamellirostral swimmers).
Family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) : Sub-family Merginae (mergansers).
American merganser; fish duck; goosander (Merganser Amer- icanus), 129-(743).
Red-breasted merganser; Shelldrake (Merganser serator), 130 -(744).
Hooded merganser ; top-knot (Lophodytes cucullatus), 131- (745).
Sub-family Anatinae (river and pond ducks) :
Mallard ; green head ; mallard duck ( Anas boschas), 132-(707). Black duck; dusky duck ( Anas obscura), 133-(708).
Baldpate; American widgeon (Anas Americana), 137-(713). Green-winged teal (Anas Carolinensis), 139-(715).
Blue-winged teal ( Anas discors), 140-(716).
Wood duck; tree duck ; summer duck ( Aix sponsa ), 144-(719).
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Sub-family Fuligulinae (bay and sea ducks) :
Canvasback ( Aythya vallisneria), 147-(724).
American golden eye; whistler; garrot ( Glaucionetta clangula Americana), 151-(725).
Sub-family Anserinae (geese) :
Canada goose ; common wild goose ( Branta Canadensis), (702).
Order Herodones (herons, bitterns, etc.).
Family Ardeidae (herons and bitterns) :
American bittern; marsh hen; shitepoke; stake driver (Botau- rus lentiginosus), 190-(666).
Least bittern (Ardetta exilis), 191-(667).
Great blue heron ; blue crane ( Ardea herodias), 194-(655).
Little green heron; fly up the creek; poke (Ardea virescens), 201-(663).
Order Paludcolae (cranes, rails, etc.). Family Rallidae (rails).
King rail; marsh hen ( Rallus elegans), 208-(676).
Virginia rail (Rallus Virginianus), 212-(677).
Carolina rail; sora; ortolan; crake ( Porzana Carolina), 214- (679).
Yellow rail; yellow crake ( Porzana noveboracensis) , 215-(680).
American coot; mud hen ; blue peter ; crow duck (Fulica Amer- icana), 221-(686).
Order Limicolae (shore birds).
Family Phalaropodidae (phalaropes).
Wilson's phalarope ( Phalaropus tricolor), 224-(602).
Family Scolopacidae (snipes, sandpipers, etc.).
American woodcock ( Philohela minor), 228-(605).
Wilson's snipe; English snipe; jack snipe ( Gallinago delicata), 230-(608).
Pectoral sandpiper; krieker ( Tringa maculata), 239-(616).
Yellow legs; lesser tattler ( Totanus flavipes, 255-(634).
Solitary sandpiper; wagtail; tip-up ( Totanus, solitarius), 256- (637).
Field plover; upland plover (Bartramia longicauda), 261- (640).
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HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Spotted sandpiper; peet-weet; teeter tail ( Actitis macularia), 263-(638).
Family Charadriidae (plovers) :
Kildeer; kildeer plover; ring plover (Ægialitis vocifera), , 273-(584.)
Piping plover; piping ring plover (Ægialitis meloda), 277- (587).
Order Gallinae (gallinaceous birds).
Family Tetraonidae (grouse, quail) :
Bob-white ; quail; partridge ( Colinus Virginianus), 289-(571).
Canada grouse; spruce partridge (Dendrograpus Canadensis), 298-(555).
Ruffed grouse ; partridge; pheasant (Bonasa umbellus), 300- (565).
Canada ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus togata), 300a-(566).
Order Columbae (pigeons and doves).
Family Columbidae (pigeons and doves) :
Mourning dove; Carolina dove (Zanaidura macroura), 316- (544).
Order Raptores (birds of prey ).
Family Falconidae (falcons, hawks, and eagles) :
Marsh hawk; mouse hawk; harrier ( Circus Hudsonius), 331- (489).
Sharp-shinned hawk ( Accipiter volex), 332-(494).
Cooper's hawk; chicken hawk ( Accipiter cooeri), 333-(495).
American goshawk ( Accipiter atricapillus), 334-(496).
Red-tailed hawk; red-tailed buzzard (Buteo borealis), 337- (516).
Red-shouldered hawk; hen hawk; chicken hawk (Buteo linea- tus), 339-(520).
Broad-winged hawk (Buteo latissimus), 343-(524)'.
American rough-legged hawk ( Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johan- nis), 347a-(525).
Pigeon hawk (Falco columbarius), 357-(505).
American sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius), 360-(508).
American osprey ; fish hawk ( Pandion haliaetus Carolinensis) 364-(538).
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Family Burbonidae (horned owls, hoot owls, etc., S.) :
American long-eared owl; Wilson's owl ( Asio Wilsonianus), 366-(472).
Short-eared owl (Asio accipitrinus), 367-(473).
Barred owl; hoot owl (Syrnium nebulosum), 368-(476).
Great gray owl ( Scotiaptex cinereum), 370-(474.)
Richardson's owl (Nyctala tengmalmi Richardsoni), 371-(482). Saw-whet owl; acadian owl (Nyctala acadica), 372-(483).
Screech owl; mottled owl (Megascops asio), 373-(465).
Great horned owl; Virginia horned owl ( Bubo Virginianus), 375-(462).
Snowy owl; white owl (Nyctea nyctea), 376-(479). American hawk owl (Surnia ulula caparoch).
Order Coccyges (cuckoos, kingfishers, etc.).
Family Cuculidae (cuckoos) :
Yellow-billed cuckoo ( Coccyzus Americanus), 387-(429). Black-billed cuckoo ( Coccyzus erythrophthalmus), 388-(428).
Family Alcedinidae (kingfishers) :
Belted kingfisher ( Ceryle alcyon), 390-(423).
Order Pici (woodpeckers).
Family Picidae (woodpeckers) :
Hairy woodpecker ( Dryobates villosus), 393-(433).
Downey woodpecker (Dryobates pabescens), 394-(440).
Arctic three-toed woodpecker; black-backed, three-toed wood- pecker (Picoides arcticus), 400-(443).
American three-toed woodpecker; banded-backed three-toed woodpecker (Picoides Americanus), 401-(444).
Yellow-bellied sapsucker; yellow-bellied woodpecker (Sphyra- picus varius), 402-(446).
Pileated woodpecker ( Ceophloeus pileatus), 405-(432).
Flicker; high-hole; yellow-hammer; golden-winged wood- pecker ( Colaptes auratus), 412-(457).
Order Macrochires (goatsuckers, swifts, and hummingbirds).
Family Caprimulgidae (nighthawks and whip-poor-wills) :
Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus), 417-(397). Nighthawk; bull-bat; goatsucker ( Chordeiles Virginianus), 420-(399).
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HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Family Micropodidae (swifts) :
Chimney swift; chimney swallow ( Chaetura peagica), 423- (405).
Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds) :
Ruby-throated hummingbird ( Trochilus colubris), 428-(409).
Order Passeres (perching birds).
Family Tyranidae (flycatchers) :
Kingbird; bee martin; tyrant flycatcher ( Tyrannus tyrannus), 444-(369).
Crested flycatcher ; great crested flycatcher (Myriachus crinitus), 452-(373).
Phoebe ; pewee ; bridge bird ; pewit flycatcher (Sayornis phoebe), 456-(379).
Olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus borealis), 459-(380).
Wood pewee ( Contopus virens) 461-(382).
Yellow-bellied flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris (463-(388).
Trail's flycatcher Empidonax traillii) 466a-(385).
Least flycatcher; chebec (Empidonax minimus (467-(387).
Family Aludidae (larks) :
Horned lark; shore lark ( Octcoris alpestris), 474-(82).
Family Corvidae (crows, jays) :
Blue jay ( Cyanocitta cristata), 477-(349).
Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis ), 484-(359).
Northern raven; American raven ( Corvus corax principalis), 486a-(338).
American crow; common crow ( Corvus Americanus), 488- (340).
Family Icteridae (blackbirds and orioles) :
Bobolink; reedbird ; ortolan; ricebird; butterbird; skunk black- bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), 494-(312).
Cowbird ; cow bunting; lazy bird ( Molothrus ater), 495-(313). Red-winged blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus), 498-(316).
Meadow lark; field lark; meadow starling ( Sturnellamagan), 501-(320).
Orchard oriole (Icterus spurius), 506-(324).
Baltimore oriole; firebird; golden robin; hang-nest .(Icterus galbula), 507-(326).
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Rusty grackle; rusty blackbird ( Scolecophagus Carolinus), 509- (331).
Crow blackbird; bronzed grackle ( Quiscalus quiscula aeneus), 5IIb-(337).
Family Fringillidae (finches and sparrows) :
Evening grosbeak ( Cocothraustes vespertinus), 514-(189).
Pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), 515-(190).
Purple finch ( Carpodacus purpureus), 517-(194).
House sparrow; English sparrow (Passer domesticus), 000- (192).
American crossbill; red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor), 521-(199).
White-winged crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), 522-(198).
Redpole; red linnet; lesser redpole (Acanthis linaria), 528- (207).
Greater redpole (Acanthis linaria rostrata), 528b-(208 part).
American goldfinch; yellow bird; thistle bird ( Spinus tristis), 529-(213).
Pine siskin ; pine finch ; pine linnet (Spinus pinus), 533-(212). Snowflake; snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), 534-(219). Lapland longspur ( Calcarius lapponicus), 536-(220).
Vesper sparrow; bay-winged bunting; grass finch ( Poocaetes gramineus), 540-(232).
Savanna sparrow ( Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna), 542a- (227).
Henslow's sparrow; Henslow bunting ( Ammodramus henslowii), 547-(236).
White-crowned sparrow ( Zonotrichia leucophrys), 554-(276).
White-throated sparrow; Peabody bird ( Zonotrichia albicollis), 558-(275).
Winter chippy; tree sparrow (Spizella monticola), 559-(268). Chipping sparrow; chippy; hair-bird ( Spizella socialis), 560- (269).
Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), 563-(271).
Snowbird; junco; black snowbird; slate-colored junco (funco hyemalis), 567-(261).
Song sparrow (Melospiza fasciata), 581-(242).
Lincoln's sparrow (Melospiza lincolni), 583-(242).
Swamp sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana), 584-(243).
Fox sparrow ( Passerella iliaca), 585-(282).
Towhee; towhee bunting; joree; chewink; marsh robin ( Pipilo erythrophthalmus), 587-(301).
Rose-breasted grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana), 595-(289).
Indigo bunting; indigo-bird; blue linnet ( Passerina cyanca), 598-(295).
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HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Family Tanagridae (tanagers) :
Scarlet tanager; black-winged redbird (Piranga erythromelas), 608-(154).
Summer tanager ; summer redbird ( Piranga rubra), 610-(155).
Family Hirundinidae (swallows) :
Purple martin (Progna subis), 611-(165).
Cliff swallow; eave swallow; mud dauber (Petrochelidon luni- frons), 612-(162).
Barn swallow ( Chelidon erythrogaster), 613-(159).
White-bellied swallow; tree swallow ( Tachycineta bicolor), 614- (160).
Bank swallow; sand martin; sand swallow ( Clivicola riparia), 616-(163).
Family Ampeliae (waxwings) :
Bohemian waxwing ( Ampelis garrulus), 618-(166).
Cedar waxwing; cedar-bird ; cherry-bird ( Ampelis cedrorum), 619 (167).
Family Laniidae (shrikes) :
Northern shrike; butcher-bird (Lanius borealis), 621-(186).
Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), 622-(187).
White-rumped shrike ( Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides), 622a- (188 part).
Family Vireonidae (vireos) :
Red-eyed vireo ; red-eyed greenlet ( Vireo olivaceus ), 624-(170). Philadelphia vireo ( Vireo Philadelphicus), 626-(173).
Warbling vireo; warbling greenlet ( Vireo gilvus), 627-(174). Yellow-throated vireo ( Vireo flavifrons), 628-(176).
Blue-headed vireo; solitary greenlet ( Vireo solitarius), 629- (177).
White-eyed vireo; white-eyed greenlet ( Vireo noveboracensis), 631-(181).
Family Mniotiltidae (wood warblers) :
Black and white creeper; black and white warbler (Mniotilta varia), 636-(91, 92).
Golden-winged warbler (Helminthophila chrysoptera), 642- (102).
Nashville warbler ( Helminthophila ruficapilla), 645-(106).
Oranged-crowned warbler (Helminthophila celata), 646-(107). Tennessee warbler ( Helminthophila peregrina), 647-(109).
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Parula warbler; blue yellow-backed warbler (Compsothlypis Americana), 648-(93).
Cape May warbler (Dendroica tigrina), 650-(126).
Yellow warbler; yellow bird; summer yellow bird; "wild ca- nary " ( Dendroica aestiva), 652-(III part).
Black-throated blue warbler ( Dendroica caerulescens ), 654-(117). Yellow-rumped warbler; myrtle warbler ( Dendroica coronata), 655-(119).
Magnolia warbler; black and yellow warbler (Dendroica macu- losa), 657-(125).
Chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica Pennsylvanica), 659-(124). Bay-breasted warbler (Dendroica castanea), 660-(123).
Black-poll warbler ( Dendroica striata), 661-(122).
Blackburnian warbler; orange-throated warbler (Dendroica blackburniae), 662-(121).
Black-throated green warbler ( Dendroica virens), 667-(112).
Pine warbler; pine-creeping warbler ( Dendroica vigorsii), 671- (134).
Yellow red-poll; yellow palm warbler (Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea), 672a-(133).
Golden-crowned thrush; oven bird (Seiurus aurocapillus), 674- (134).
Water thrush; water wagtail (Seiurus noveboracensis), 675- (136).
Mourning warbler ( Geothlypis Philadelphia), 679-(142).
Maryland yellow-throat; yellow-throated ground warbler ( Geoth- lypis trichas ), 681-(141).
Wilson's warbler; green black-capped yellow warbler (Sylvania pusilla ), 685-(147).
Canadian warbler ; Canadian fly-catching warbler (Sylvania Can- adensis), 686-(149).
American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), 687-(152).
Family Motacillidae (wagtails and pipits) :
American pipit; titlark (Anthus Pennsylvanicus), 697-(89).
Family Troglodytidae (thrashers, wrens, etc.) :
Catbird ( Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), 704-(16).
Brown thrasher; brown thrush; big brown wren ( Harporhyn chus rufus), 705-(17).
House wren ( Troglodytes aedon), 721-(74).
Winter wren ( Trolodytes hiemalis), 722-(76).
Family Certhiidae (creepers) :
Brown creeper ( Certhia familiaris Americana), 726-(62).
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306
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
Family Paridae (nuthatches and tits) :
White-breasted nuthatch ; tomtit ( Sitta Carolinensis), 727-(57).
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