USA > New Hampshire > Rockingham County > Windham > Supplement to The history of Windham in New Hampshire : a Scotch settlement > Part 6
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The alder, hazel, smooth sumac, sweet-fern, and juniper are abundant, the last often proving a pest by overrunning hilly pastures. The expanding silky buds of the pussy-wil- lows are the earliest indication of approaching spring, and the "tawny gold " of the witch-hazel, appearing while the leaves are falling, and sometimes remaining until the middle of November, closes the long procession of wild flowers.
HERBS.
The earliest and favorite spring flower of New England, the fragrant Mayflower, "tinted like a shell," is with us very scarce and local, occurring only along the western border of the town. In other sections the blue liverleaf is the first blossom of spring. Usually before the first of May the white heads of the plantain-leaved everlasting and the yel- low tassels of the early sedge appear abundantly on dry knolls, and in moist, grassy places the bluets "streak the cold earth with a milky-way of minute stars."
A little later appear the graceful wood-anemone and rue- anemone, dandelion, pink lady's-slipper, dwarf cinquefoil, and the violets. Of these last we have eight species, three white, one yellow-not the early yellow violet of Bryant's poem,-and four blue or purple, of which the handsomest is the bird-foot violet, found sparingly in sandy soil. The gold- thread and the marsh-marigold are found in a few places in
73
Herbs.
swamps, the bloodroot occurs sparingly, and the scarlet painted-cup is occasionally seen in wet fields, "glowing in the green like flakes of fire."
Three kinds of buttercups are abundant, the tall species making rivers of gold in low fields. Its companion flower, the ox-eye daisy, whitens old fields like a snow-storm. The brown-centered cone-flower was introduced from the states farther west, and has become common. A larger species of cone-flower, with flowers all yellow, and two kinds of sun- flowers, are native and abundant along fences and thickets.
The sweet white water-lily, yellow pond-lily, and blue pickerel-weed, in muddy brooks and shallow ponds; the cat- tail flag, blue-flag, and white arrow-head, in swamps and ditches; the meadow-rue, swamp-milkweed, and trumpet- weed, in low grounds, all are common; and the gorgeous cardinal-flower, " attired like a queen in her pride," marks the path of watercourses across the meadows.
The evening-primrose, St. John's-wort, great willow-herb, self-heal, false foxglove, red and yellow lilies, are among the showy flowers of midsummer. The ground-nut, with its violet-scented blossoms, and the feathery-fruited virgin's- bower are common vines in moist places. The pink meadow- beauty, blue harebell, and closed gentian are rare and local ; the handsome arethusa, purple-fringed orchis, and fringed gentian are occasionally seen in meadows or moist fields. The lupine and blazing-star grow only in sandy soil.
The twin-flower and creeping-snowberry-little trailing vines with the habit of the common partridge-berry-are very rare here, as their proper home is farther north. In August and September the golden-rods, "heavy with sunshine," brighten the roadsides. Eleven species are found, all de- serving their name except one, which is nearly white. In September the asters mingle with the gold their royal purple. Twelve kinds of aster occur here, of various shades from deep purple to white.
Of the forty-two species of the grass family enumerated, many, like the herd's-grass and red-top, have merely escaped from cultivation ; other introduced species, like the finger-
74
Introduced Plants.
grass and barnyard-grass, are troublesome weeds. Of the native kinds, the blue-joint and white-top are the most val- uable for hay. The Indian-grass, rattlesnake-grass, wild- oats, and velvet-grass are ornamental species, and the sweet vernal-grass gives the fragrance to new-mown hay. The sedges constitute most of the hay from meadows and swamps. The most ornamental of the sedge family are the brown wool-grass and the plumy white and tawny cot- ton-grasses.
The beautiful maiden-hair fern is found occasionally ; the two beech-ferns, two woodsias, and the dwarf spleenwort are rare-the beech-ferns belonging farther north. The walking- leaf fern, already mentioned, is remarkable for its habit of growth, the long leaf-tips rooting and forming new plants.
Other plants of curious appearance or mode of growth are the leafless brown coral-root and white Indian-pipe; the dodder, a leafless, parasitic vine, twining over coarse herbs in wet places, covering them with a tangle of yellow stems like yarn or brass wire; and the bladderworts, whose finely divided leaves bear little bladders which float the plants in or upon the water.
INTRODUCED PLANTS.
Of our less than 600 flowering plants, 100, or more than one sixth of the number, are introduced plants, and not indigenous to this region. Some of these have already been referred to. Most of them came originally from England ; some from the southern and western parts of our own coun- try. Many of them, like the common weeds of the garden and field, have become naturalized with no intentional help of man; while others were originally, and in many cases still are, cultivated either for ornament or for use, but being hardy and vigorous have made themselves more or less com- pletely at home and perpetuate themselves in waste places, and would doubtless persist if the land should be deserted by man. All our clovers are introduced plants, and their number has been increased within a few years by the appear- ance here of the alsike clover, which is becoming common.
75
Native and Naturalized Plants.
In addition to the fully naturalized species, others are adventive or occasionally spontaneous. Some of these are - annuals, which are seen a year or two and then disappear ; others are hardy perennials, which when once planted about a homestead tend to persist and spread. It is very difficult to draw a line between the fully naturalized plants and those merely adventive. Such partially naturalized plants as the buckwheat, garden catchfly, tiger-lily, matrimony-vine, hop, and moneywort might with some propriety have been in- cluded in our catalogue.
CATALOGUE OF THE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS FOUND IN WINDHAM, N. H.
In the following list the scientific names and arrangement of species are according to the sixth edition (1890) of Gray's " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States," the standard authority. The English names follow the scientific. Species not native here but naturalized are designated by "Nat." Those which are rather common in the town and characteristic of its flora are marked with a star; others, not starred, are more unusual or local, many of them rare, in which case the locality or section of the town where they were found is often indicated.
The author of this chapter invites the attention of all interested in the subject to his Herbarium, which is designed to represent the flora of Windham, and which now contains specimens of more than 500 of the kinds named below.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
Crowfoot Family.
*Clematis Virginiana. Virgin's-Bower.
Clematis verticillaris. Astragene. Very rare. Call's.
*Anemone Virginiana. Anemone.
* Anemone nemorosa. Wood Anemone.
Hepatica triloba. Liver-leaf.
*Anemonella thalictroides. Rue-Anemone.
K
76
Flora of Windham.
Thalictrum dioicum. Early Meadow-Rue.
*Thalictrum polygamum. Tall Meadow-Rue.
Ranunculus Flammula, variety reptans. Creeping Spear- wort.
Ranunculus recurvatus. Hooked Crowfoot.
*Ranunculus septentrionalis. Creeping Buttercup.
*Ranunculus bulbosus. Bulbous Buttercup. Nat.
*Ranunculus acris. Tall Buttercup. Nat. Caltha palustris. Marsh Marigold. Coptis trifolia. Goldthread.
*Aquilegia Canadensis. Columbine. Actæa alba. Baneberry.
Barberry Family.
*Berberis vulgaris. Barberry. Nat.
Water-Lily Family.
Brasenia peltata. Water-Shield. Local. Simpson's Pond.
*Nymphæa odorata. Water-Lily.
*Nuphar advena. Yellow Pond-Lily.
Pitcher-Plant Family.
Sarracenia purpurea. Pitcher-Plant.
Poppy Family.
Sanguinaria Canadensis. Blood-root.
*Chelidonium majus. Celandine. Nat.
Fumitory Family.
Corydalis glauca. Corydalis.
Mustard Family.
*Cardamine hirsuta. Bitter Cress. Arabis Canadensis. Sickle-pod. Rare. Center.
Nasturtium palustre. Marsh Cress. Rare. Beaver. Brook.
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Flora of Windham.
Nasturtium Armoracia. Horseradish. Nat.
*Sisymbrium officinale. Hedge Mustard. Nat. Brassica Sinapistrum. Charlock. Nat.
*Brassica nigra. Mustard. Nat.
*Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Shepherd's Purse. Nat.
*Lepidium Virginicum. Wild Peppergrass. Nat. Raphanus Raphanistrum. Wild Radish. Nat.
Rock-rose Family.
*Helianthemum Canadense. Rock-rose.
*Lechea major. Pinweed.
*Lechea minor. Pinweed.
Violet Family.
Viola pedata. Bird-foot Violet. Local.
*Viola palmata, var. cucullata. Common Blue Violet.
*Viola sagittata. Arrow-leaved Violet.
*Viola blanda. Sweet White Violet. Viola primulæfolia. Primrose-leaved Violet.
*Viola lanceolata. Lance-leaved Violet.
Viola pubescens. Downy Yellow Violet. Viola canina, var. Muhlenbergii. Dog Violet.
Pink Family.
*Saponaria officinalis. Soapwort. Nat. Silene Cucubalus. Bladder Campion. Rare. Center. Nat. Silene antirrhina. Sleepy Catchfly. Silene noctiflora. Night-flowering Catchfly. Nat. Arenaria lateriflora. Sandwort. Rare. Simpson's Mills. *Stellaria media. Chickweed. Nat.
*Cerastium vulgatum. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Nat. Sagina procumbens. Pearlwort. Rare. Indian Rock. Buda rubra. Sand-Spurrey. Spergula arvensis. Corn-Spurrey. Nat. Purslane Family.
*Portulaca oleracea. Purslane. Nat.
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Flora of Windham.
St. John's-wort Family.
*Hypericum ellipticum. St. John's-wort.
*Hypericum perforatum. Common St. John's-wort. Nat. Hypericum maculatum. St. John's-wort. Rare. Parker's. *Hypericum mutilum. St. John's-wort.
*Hypericum Canadense. St. John's-wort.
*Hypericum nudicaule. Pine-weed.
*Elodes campanulata. Marsh St. John's-wort.
Mallow Family.
* Malva rotundifolia. Mallow. Nat.
Linden Family.
*Tilia Americana. Basswood.
Geranium Family.
*Geranium maculatum. Cranesbill.
*Geranium Corolinianum. Small Cranesbill.
*Oxalis corniculata, var. stricta. Yellow Wood-Sorrel.
*Impatiens fulva. Wild Balsam.
Holly Family.
*Ilex verticillata. Black Alder. Nemopanthes fascicularis. Mountain Holly.
Staff-tree Family.
*Celastrus scandens. Climbing Bitter-sweet.
Buckthorn Family.
*Ceanothus Americanus. New Jersey Tea.
Vine Family.
*Vitis Labrusca. Fox-Grape. Vitis riparia. Frost-Grape.
* Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Virginian Creeper.
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Flora of Windham.
Soapberry Family.
Acer saccharinum. Sugar Maple. * Acer rubrum. Red Maple.
Cashew Family.
*Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumach. Rhus copallina. Dwarf Sumach.
*Rhus venenata. Poison Dogwood. *Rhus Toxicodendron. Poison Ivy.
Milkwort Family.
Polygala paucifolia. Fringed Polygala. Local. West.
Polygala polygama. Milkwort.
*Polygala Nuttallii. Milkwort.
Polygala verticillata. Milkwort. Rare. Bahan's.
Pulse Family.
*Baptisia tinctoria. Wild Indigo.
*Lupinus perennis. Lupine.
*Trifolium arvense. Rabbit-foot Clover. Nat.
*Trifolium pratense. Red Clover. Nat.
*Trifolium repens. White Clover. Nat.
*Trifolium hybridum. Alsike Clover. Nat.
*Trifolium agrarium. Yellow Clover. Nat. Robinia Pseudacacia. Locust. Nat. Coronilla varia. Coronilla. Rare. W. L. Emerson's. Nat. Desmodium nudiflorum. Tick-Trefoil.
Desmodium acuminatum. Tick-Trefoil.
Desmodium cuspidatum. Tick-Trefoil. Desmodium Dillenii. Tick-Trefoil.
*Desmodium Canadense. Common Tick-Trefoil. Desmodium rigidum. Tick-Trefoil. Lespedeza violacea. Bush-Clover. Lespedeza polystachya. Bush-Clover.
*Lespedeza capitata. Common Bush-Clover. Vicia sativa. Vetch. Rare. Center. Nat.
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80
Flora of Windham.
Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch. Rare. Currier's.
*Apios tuberosa. Ground-nut.
* Amphicarpæa monoica. Hog Pea-nut.
Rose Family.
*Prunus Pennsylvanica. Wild Red Cherry.
*Prunus Virginiana. Choke Cherry.
*Prunus serotina. Wild Black Cherry.
*Spiræa salicifolia. Meadow-sweet.
*Spiræa tomentosa. Hardhack.
Rubus odoratus. Purple Flowering-Raspberry. Rare. Han- son's.
*Rubus triflorus. Dwarf Raspberry.
*Rubus strigosus. Red Raspberry.
*Rubus occidentalis. Black Raspberry.
*Rubus villosus. High Blackberry.
*Rubus Canadensis. Low Blackberry.
*Rubus hispidus. Running Swamp-Blackberry. Geum rivale. Water Avens.
*Fragaria Virginiana. Strawberry. Potentilla arguta. Cinquefoil.
*Potentilla Norvegica. Cinquefoil.
*Potentilla argentea. Silvery Cinquefoil.
*Potentilla fruticosa. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
*Potentilla Canadensis. Common Cinquefoil. Agrimonia Eupatoria. Agrimony.
*Poterium Canadense. Burnet.
*Rosa Carolina. Swamp Rose.
*Rosa humilis. Dwarf Rose. Rosa nitida. Shining Rose.
Rosa rubiginosa. Sweetbrier. Nat. Rosa cinnamomea. Cinnamon Rose. Nat. Pyrus Malus. Apple. Nat.
*Pyrus arbutifolia. Choke-berry.
*Cratægus coccinea. Thorn.
* Amelanchier Canadensis. June-berry.
* Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia. June-berry.
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81
Flora of Windham.
Saxifrage Family.
*Saxifraga Virginiensis. Early Saxifrage.
*Saxifraga Pennsylvanica. Swamp Saxifrage. Chrysosplenium Americanum. Golden Saxifrage.
*Ribes oxyacanthoides. Gooseberry. Ribes floridum. Wild Black Currant. Ribes rubrum, var. subglandulosum. Wild Red Currant.
Orpine Family.
Penthorum sedoides. Ditch Stone-crop. Sedum acre. Mossy Stone-crop. Nat.
*Sedum Telephium. Live-for-ever. Nat.
Sundew Family.
Drosera rotundifolia. Sundew. Drosera intermedia, var. Americana. Sundew.
Witch-Hazel Family.
*Hamamelis Virginiana. Witch-Hazel.
Water-Milfoil Family.
*Proserpinaca palustris. Mermaid-weed. Callitriche verna. Water-Starwort.
Melastoma Family.
Rhexia Virginica. Meadow-Beauty. Rare. South.
Evening-Primrose Family.
*Ludwigia palustris. Water Purslane.
*Epilobium angustifolium. Great Willow-herb. Epilobium lineare. Willow-herb. Epilobium coloratum. Willow-herb.
*Œnothera biennis. Common Evening-Primrose.
*Œnothera pumila. Evening-Primrose.
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Flora of Windham.
Circaa Lutetiana. Enchanter's Nightshade. Circaa alpina. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Gourd Family.
Sicyos angulatus. Wild Cucumber. Indian-Chickweed Family.
*Mollugo verticillata. Carpet-weed. Nat. Parsley Family.
*Daucus Carota. Carrot. Nat.
*Pastinaca sativa. Parsnip. Nat.
*Thaspium aureum. Meadow-Parsnip.
*Sium cicutæfolium. Water Parsnip.
*Carum Carui. Caraway. Nat. Cicuta maculata. Water-Hemlock.
Cicuta bulbifera. Water-Hemlock.
*Hydrocotyle Americana. Water Pennywort.
*Sanicula Marylandica. Sanicle.
Aralia Family.
Aralia racemosa. Spikenard. Aralia hispida. Bristly Sarsaparilla.
* Aralia nudicaulis. Sarsaparilla.
Aralia trifolia. Dwarf Ginseng.
Dogwood Family.
Cornus Canadensis. Bunch-berry.
Cornus florida. Flowering Dogwood. Rare. South. Cornus circinata. Round-leaved Cornel.
*Cornus sericea. Silky Cornel.
*Cornus paniculata. Panicled Cornel.
*Cornus alternifolia. Alternate-leaved Cornel. Nyssa sylvatica. Tupelo.
Honeysuckle Family.
*Sambucus Canadensis. Elder.
Viburnum Opulus. Cranberry-bush. Rare. Gross's.
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83
Flora of Windham.
*Viburnum acerifolium. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.
*Viburnum pubescens. Downy Arrow-wood.
*Viburnum dentatum. Arrow-wood.
*Viburnum cassinoides. Withe-rod. Viburnum Lentago. Sweet Viburnum. Triosteum perfoliatum. Fever-wort.
Linnæa borealis. Twin-flower. Rare. Harris's.
Lonicera glauca. Honeysuckle. Rare. Beaver Brook.
*Diervilla trifida. Bush-Honeysuckle.
Madder Family.
*Houstonia cærulea. Bluets.
*Cephalanthus occidentalis. Button-bush.
*Mitchella repens. Partridge-berry. Galium lanceolatum. Wild Liquorice.
*Galium trifidum. Small Bedstraw.
*Galium asprellum. Rough Bedstraw. Galium triflorum. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Composite Family.
*Eupatorium purpureum. Trumpet-Weed.
*Eupatorium perfoliatum. Thoroughwort. Liatris scariosa. Blazing-Star. Local.
*Solidago cæsia. Golden-rod. Solidago latifolia. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. Rare.
*Solidago bicolor. White Golden-rod.
*Solidago rugosa. Rough Golden-rod.
*Solidago neglecta. Swamp Golden-rod.
Solidago arguta. Golden-rod.
*Solidago juncea. Golden-rod.
Solidago serotina. Golden-rod.
*Solidago Canadensis. Golden-rod.
*Solidago nemoralis. Low Golden-rod.
*Solidago lanceolata. Golden-rod.
*Sericocarpus conyzoides. White-topped Aster. Sericocarpus solidagineus. White-topped Aster. Rare. Aster corymbosus. Aster.
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Flora of Windham.
*Aster macrophyllus. Large-leaved Aster.
*Aster patens. Rough Blue Aster.
* Aster undulatus. Aster.
* Aster lævis. Smooth Purple Aster.
*Aster vimineus. Small White Aster.
* Aster diffusus. Aster.
Aster paniculatus. Aster.
* Aster Novi-Belgii. Late Aster.
*Aster umbellatus. Tall White Aster.
* Aster linariifolius. Aster.
Aster acuminatus. Aster.
*Erigeron Canadensis. Horse-weed.
*Erigeron annuus. Daisy Fleabane.
*Erigeron strigosus. Daisy Fleabane.
*Erigeron bellidifolius. Robin's Plantain.
* Antennaria plantaginifolia. Plantain-leaved Everlasting,
* Anaphalis margaritacea. Pearly Everlasting.
*Gnaphalium polycephalum. Sweet Everlasting. Gnaphalium decurrens. Everlasting.
*Gnaphalium uliginosum. Cudweed. Inula Helenium. Elecampane. Nat.
* Ambrosia artemisiæfolia. Roman Wormwood.
*Rudbeckia laciniata. Cone-flower.
*Rudbeckia hirta. Cone-flower. Nat.
*Helianthus divaricatus. Wild Sunflower.
* Helianthus strumosus. Large Wild Sunflower.
Helianthus tuberosus. Artichoke. Nat.
*Bidens frondosa. Beggar-ticks. Bidens connata. Swamp Beggar-ticks.
Bidens chrysanthemoides. Bur-Marigold. Rare. Earley's.
* Anthemis Cotula. May-weed. Nat.
* Achillea Millefolium. Yarrow.
*Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Ox-eye Daisy. Nat. *Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy. Nat. Tanacetum vulgare, var. crispum. Crisped Tansy. Nat. Artemisia vulgaris. Mugwort. Local. Nat.
*Senecio aureus. Golden Ragwort.
*Erechtites hieracifolia. Fireweed.
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85
Flora of Windham.
*Arctium Lappa. Burdock. Nat.
*Cnicus lanceolatus. Common Thistle. Nat.
*Cnicus pumilus. Pasture Thistle.
*Cnicus arvensis. Canada Thistle. Nat.
Krigia Virginica. Dwarf Dandelion. Cichorium Intybus. Chicory. Rare. Nat. Leontodon autumnalis. Fall Dandelion. Nat.
Hieracium Canadense. Hawkweed. Hieracium paniculatum. Hawkweed.
*Hieracium venosum. Rattlesnake-weed.
*Hieracium scabrum. Rough Hawkweed.
*Prenanthes alba. White Lettuce.
*Taraxacum officinale. Dandelion. Nat.
*Lactuca Canadensis. Wild Lettuce. Lactuca leucophæa. Blue Lettuce.
Lobelia Family.
*Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal-flower.
*Lobelia spicata. Lobelia.
*Lobelia inflata. Indian Tobacco.
Lobelia Dortmanna. Water Lobelia.
Campanula Family.
Specularia perfoliata. Venus's Looking-glass.
Campanula rotundifolia. Harebell. Rare.
Campanula aparinoides. Marsh Bellflower.
Heath Family.
*Gaylussacia frondosa. Blue Huckleberry.
*Gaylussacia resinosa. Black Huckleberry.
*Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum. Dwarf Blueberry.
*Vaccinium vacillans. Low Blueberry.
*Vaccinium corymbosum. High Blueberry.
*Vaccinium macrocarpon. Cranberry. Chiogenes serpyllifolia. Creeping Snowberry. Rare. Spruce Pond.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. Bearberry. Local.
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Flora of Wiudham.
Epigæa repens. Mayflower. Local. Beaver Brook.
*Gaultheria procumbens. Checkerberry.
* Andromeda ligustrina. Andromeda. *Cassandra calyculata. Leather-Leaf. Kalmia latifolia. Mountain Laurel. Rare.
*Kalmia angustifolia. Sheep Laurel. Rhododendron viscosum. White Azalea. Rare. Worledge's.
*Rhododendron Rhodora. Rhodora.
*Clethra alnifolia. Sweet Pepperbush.
*Chimaphila umbellata. Prince's Pine.
*Pyrola secunda. One-sided Wintergreen.
*Pyrola chlorantha. Small Wintergreen.
*Pyrola elliptica. Shin-leaf.
*Pyrola rotundifolia. Round-leaved Wintergreen.
*Monotropa uniflora. Indian Pipe.
Monotropa Hypopitys. Pine-sap. Rare. Rum Hill.
Primrose Family.
*Trientalis Americana. Star-flower. Steironema ciliatum. Loosestrife. Steironema lanceolatum. Loosestrife.
*Lysimachia quadrifolia. Four-leaved Loosestrife.
*Lysimachia stricta. Loosestrife.
Olive Family.
*Fraxinus Americana. White Ash. Fraxinus sambucifolia. Black Ash. Syringa vulgaris. Lilac. Nat.
Dogbane Family.
*Apocynum androsæmifolium. Dogbane.
Milkweed Family.
Asclepias purpurascens. Purple Milkweed.
* Asclepias incarnata, var. pulchra. Swamp Milkweed.
*Asclepias Cornuti. Common Milkweed.
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87
Flora of Windham.
Asclepias obtusifolia. Wavy-leaved Milkweed. Asclepias phytolaccoides. Poke-Milkweed. Asclepias quadrifolia. Four-leaved Milkweed.
Gentian Family.
Gentiana crinita. Fringed Gentian.
Gentiana Andrewsii. Closed Gentian.
Menyanthes trifoliata. Buckbean. Local. Spruce Pond.
Limnanthemum lacunosum. Floating Heart.
Polemonium Family.
Phlox subulata. Moss Pink. Local. Cemetery. Nat.
Borage Family.
Myosotis verna. Mouse-ear. Rare. Rum Hill.
Convolvulus Family.
Convolvulus sepium. Hedge Bindweed. Local. Cuscuta Gronovii. Dodder.
Nightshade Family.
Solanum Dulcamara. Bittersweet. Nat.
Solanum nigrum. Nightshade. Rare. Rum Hill.
Datura Tatula. Thorn-Apple. Rare. Merrill's. Nat.
Figwort Family.
*Verbascum Thapsus. Mullein. Nat.
*Linaria Canadensis. Toad-Flax. Linaria vulgaris. Butter-and-Eggs. Nat.
*Chelone glabra. Turtle-head.
*Mimulus ringens. Monkey-flower. Gratiola Virginiana. White Hedge-Hyssop. Rare. Har- ris's.
Gratiola aurea. Yellow Hedge-Hyssop.
Ilysanthes riparia. False Pimpernel. Rare. Harris's.
88
Flora of Windham.
*Veronica scutellata. Marsh Speedwell.
Veronica serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Veronica arvensis. Corn Speedwell. Rare. Harris's. Nat. Veronica Buxbaumii. Speedwell. Rare. J. M. Crowell's. Nat.
Gerardia pedicularia. False Foxglove. Rare. Butterfield's Rock.
Gerardia flava. Downy False Foxglove. Rare. Call's.
*Gerardia quercifolia. Smooth False Foxglove.
*Gerardia purpurea. Purple Gerardia.
*Gerardia tenuifolia. Slender Gerardia.
Castilleia coccinea. Painted-Cup. Local.
*Pedicularis Canadensis. Lousewort.
*Melampyrum Americanum. Cow-Wheat.
Bladderwort Family.
Utricularia inflata. Inflated Bladderwort. Local. Simp- son's Pond.
*Utricularia vulgaris. Common Bladderwort.
Utricularia purpurea. Purple Bladderwort. Rare. Call's.
Utricularia resupinata. Bladderwort. Rare. Cobbett's Pond.
Utricularia cornuta. Bladderwort. Local.
Vervain Family.
*Verbena urticæfolia. White Vervain.
*Verbena hastata. Blue Vervain.
Mint Family.
*Trichostema dichotomum. Blue Curls. Collinsonia Canadensis. Horse-Balm. Local. South. Mentha viridis. Spearmint. Nat. Mentha piperita. Peppermint. Nat.
*Mentha Canadensis. Wild Mint.
*Lycopus Virginicus. Bugle-weed.
*Lycopus sinuatus. Water Horehound.
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Flora of Windham.
Pycnanthemum linifolium. Mountain Mint. Local. Dins- moor's Hill.
Calamintha Clinopodium. Basil. Rare. Currier's. Nat.
*Hedeoma pulegioides. Pennyroyal. Monarda fistulosa, var. rubra. Wild Bergamot. Rare.
*Nepeta Cataria. Catnip. Nat.
*Nepeta Glechoma. Ground Ivy. Nat.
*Scutellaria lateriflora. Mad-dog Skullcap.
*Scutellaria galericulata. Skullcap.
*Brunella vulgaris. Self-heal.
*Leonurus Cardiaca. Motherwort. Nat. Galeopsis Tetrahit. Hemp-Nettle. Nat.
Plantain Family.
*Plantago major. Common Plantain. Nat.
*Plantago Rugelii. Plantain. Nat.
*Plantago lanceolata. Ribgrass. Nat. Plantago Patagonica, var. aristata. Plantain. Rare. Nat. Knotwort Family.
Scleranthus annuus. Knawel. Nat.
Amaranth Family.
* Amarantus retroflexus. Pigweed. Nat.
* Amarantus albus. Pigweed.
Goosefoot Family.
*Chenopodium album. Pigweed. Nat. Chenopodium urbicum. Goosefoot. Nat.
Pokeweed Family.
Phytolacca decandra. Poke.
Buckwheat Family.
*Rumex crispus. Yellow Dock. Nat.
*Rumex obtusifolius. Bitter Dock. Nat.
90
Flora of Windham.
*Rumex Acetosella. Sorrel. Nat.
*Polygonum aviculare. Door-weed. Polygonum tenue. Slender Knotweed.
*Polygonum Careyi. Knotweed.
*Polygonum Persicaria. Lady's Thumb. Nat.
*Polygonum hydropiperoides. Water-Pepper.
*Polygonum Hydropiper. Smartweed. Nat.
Polygonum arifolium. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Rare. Davis's.
*Polygonum sagittatum. Tear-thumb.
*Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bindweed. Nat.
Laurel Family.
Sassafras officinale. Sassafras.
Lindera Benzoin. Spice-bush. Rare. Dinsmoor's Hill.
Sandalwood Family.
*Comandra umbellata. Bastard Toad-flax. Spurge Family.
*Euphorbia maculata. Spotted Spurge.
*Euphorbia Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge. Nat.
Nettle Family.
Ulmus fulva. Slippery Elm. Very rare. Base of Dius- moor's Hill.
*Ulmus Americana. Elm.
Cannabis sativa. Hemp. Local. J. M. Crowell's. Nat.
*Urtica gracilis. Nettle.
*Pilea pumila. Richweed.
Walnut Family.
*Juglans cinerea. Butternut.
*Carya tomentosa. Walnut.
Sweet-Gale Family.
*Myrica Gale. Sweet Gale.
*Myrica asplenifolia. Sweet Fern.
1
91
Flora of Windham.
Oak Family.
Betula lenta. Black Birch. Rare.
Betula lutea. Yellow Birch.
*Betula populifolia. White Birch.
*Betula papyrifera. Paper Birch.
* Alnus incana. Alder.
*Corylus Americana. Hazel-nut. Corylus rostrata. Beaked Hazel-nut. Ostrya Virginica. Hop-Hornbeam. Carpinus Caroliniana. Hornbeam.
*Quercus alba. White Oak. Quercus bicolor. Swamp White Oak. Quercus prinoides. Dwarf Chestnut Oak.
*Quercus rubra. Red Oak.
*Quercus coccinea. Scarlet Oak.
*Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria. Yellow Oak.
*Quercus ilicifolia. Scrub Oak.
*Castanea sativa, var. Americana. Chestnut. Fagus ferruginea. Beech. Very rare. Bahan's.
Willow Family.
Salix lucida. Shining Willow.
Salix alba. White Willow. Nat.
*Salix discolor. Pussy Willow.
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