The history of New-Hampshire. Comprehending the events of one complete century and seventy-five years from the discovery of the River Pascataqua to the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, Vol 3, Part 12

Author: Belknap, Jeremy, 1744-1798. cn
Publication date: 1813
Publisher: Boston, published by Bradford and Read
Number of Pages: 716


USA > New Hampshire > The history of New-Hampshire. Comprehending the events of one complete century and seventy-five years from the discovery of the River Pascataqua to the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, Vol 3 > Part 12


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It is, however, in the power of the Americans to make more advantage of the cod fifhery than any of the European nations. We can fit out veffels at lefs ex- penfe, and by reafon of the wefterly winds, which prevail on our coafts, in February and March, they can go to the banks earlier in the feafon, than the Europeans, and take the beft fifh. We can dry it in a clearer air, than the foggy fhores of Newfoundland and Nova-Scotia. We can fupply every neceffary from among ourfelves ; veffels, fpars, fails, cordage, anchors, lines, hooks and provifions. Salt can be imported from abroad cheaper than it can be made


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-


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160


HISTORY OF


at home'; if it be not too much loaded with duties. Men can always be had to go on fhares, which is by far the moft profitable method, both to the employ- ers and the fifhermen. The fithing banks are an inexhauftable fource of wealth ; and the fifthing bufinefs is a moft excellent nurfery for feamen. It therefore deferves every encouragement and indul- gence from an enlightened national legiflature.


The manufacture of pot and pearl afhes affords a valuable article of exportation. In the new town- fhips, where vaft quantities of wood are burnt on the land, the afhes are collected and boiled, and the falts are conveyed to certain places, where works are erected, and the manufacture is perfected. This, like many other of our articles of exportation, has fuffered much in its reputation, from an injudicious, or fraudulent furvey. It is a leffon which ought to be deeply engraven on the minds of Legiflators as well as Manufacturers and Merchants, that honefty at home is the only foundation for credit abroad.


An attempt has been made to manufacture fail cloth ; and the proprietor of the works, Thomas Odiorne, Efg. of Exeter, has received fome fmall en- couragement from the Legiflature of the State. Such a bounty as is allowed in Maffachufetts would give a fpring to this bufinefs, and encourage the erection of other works of the fame kind.


The manufacture of iron both in forges and fur- naces might be rendered vaftly more profitable than it is at prefent. This neceffary metal inftead of be- ing imported might become an article of exporta- tion.


Flaxfeed is produced in large quantities. Some of it is manufactured into oil ; and fome is exported.


The manufacture of leather and fhoes is not fo extenfive as to produce articles of exportation ; but may be confidered among the domeflic manufac- tures.


161


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


In moft of our country towns confiderable quan- tities of tow-cloth are made, fome of which is ex- ported to the fouthern States, to clothe the Negroes, who labour on the plantations.


The manufacture of bricks and potter's ware may be extended to any degree. Several fpecies of clay being found in great abundance, in the towns, at the heads of the feveral branches of the river Pafcata- qua ; in places which lie very convenient for water carriage. Bricks might be carried as ballaft in eve- ry veffel which goes to ports where they are faleable. In this article, however, as well as many others, a regulation is needed ; moft of the bricks which are made are deficient in fize ; and much of the clay which is ufed in making them is not fufficiently mellowed by the froft of winter, or by the labour of the artificer.


$


1


162


HISTORY OF


TABLE of Exportation from the port of Pascataqua, from October 1, 1789, to October, 1, 1791.


Articles exported


To Europe. W.Ind.N.Sco.Africa. Tut.


1000


feet of Pine Boards


6247 |11622| 96


69


18034


Do.


feet of oak plank


378


25


401


Do.


staves and heading.


1317


1603


44


2969


Do.


clapboards


2


19


21


Do.


shingles


2689


2689


1)o.


hoops


791


7


864


Fect of oar rafters


47000


950


47950


Tons of pine timber


882


86


1741


Do. oak timber


25]


20


271


Frames of houses


12


12


Pine masts


41


4


45


Spruce spars


13


72


85


Shook hogsheads


2079


2079


Waggons


2


2


Pairs of cart wheels'


14


14


Sets of yokes and bows


28


28


Boats


30


30


IFandspikes


80


80


Quintals of dry Fish


250


26,207


26,457


Barrels of pickled fish


501


501


Do. Whale oil


120


120


Do.


Tar


1613


60


1673


Casks of Flaxseed


1798


1798


Barrels of beef


2775


2


2777


Do.


pork


9


1


10


Do.


rice


2


2


Bushels of Indian corn


391


2000


2391


Oxen and cows


577


33


610


Horses


207


2


209


Sheep


261


229


490


Gallons of N. E. rum


150


1449


1599


Do.


Madeira wine


845


845


Thousands of bricks


129


129


Tons of pot ash


883


881


Do.


pearl ash


30.11


30}


Boxes of candles


28


28


Total value of exportation for two years


296,839 dollars 51 cente.


163


NEW-HAMPSHIRE,


TABLE of Importation into the port of Pascataqua, from October 1, 1789, to October 1, 1791.


Articles imported from


Europe. WV.Indies. N. Scotia. Total.


Gallons of rum


138,911


138,911


Ditto


Gin


221


221


Ditto


Molasses


~70,785


270,785


Ditto


wine


4721


from Madeira


5


Ditto Porter


457


457


lbs of unrefined sugar


546,648


546,648


Ditto loaf sugar


77


Ditto coffee


68,633


68,633


Ditto cotton


17,564


17,564


Ditto cocoa


27,944


27,944


Ditto cheese


1056


1056


Ditto tea


2696


86


2782


Ditto twine


2204


2204


Ditto nails


16890


16,890


Hundreds of cordage


17,1,7


17,1,7


Ditto


hemp


940 ---


940 .-


Bushels of salt


(hart)


(hart)


98,336


Ditto


sea coal


3131


3131


lbs of steel unwrought


16527


16,527


Ditto bar and sheet lead


4336


4336


Grindstones


(a few not ascertained)


-


N. B. " What comes coast ways from any of the United States can- not be ascertained ; as no regular entries are made where only the pro- duce of the United States is on board ; except accompanied with more han two hundred dollars value of foreign articles. The value of import- d'articles is generally governed by the Boston market."


77


164


HISTORY OF


PRICES CURRENT at Pascataqua, A. D. 1791.


Pine Masts hewn


Spruce and Pine Yards hewn in 8 square. inches price.


Pine Bowsprits hewą in 8 square. inches trice


inches price


36


6 147


24


£ 34


38


64


35


117


23


27


37


56


34


96


22


23


36


48


33


75


21


20


35


44


32


60


20


16


34


42


31


47


19


12


33


32


30


38


18


9-10


32


31


29


30


17


8


31


27


28


25


16


6


30


21


27


20


15


1-10


29


16


26


17


14


1- 8


28


9


-25


14


13


1- 6


27


7


24


12


12


1- 4


26


6


23


10


11


1. 2


25


22


91


10


1-


and all below


21


8


9


-18


at 3s p. inch.


20


6


and all below 20 at 6s per inch.


TIMBER. Quality, dimensions and price.


Oak ship timber measured ? at the end of the arm. $


inch.


Ash timber per cord Lath wood per cord 24s


24s


BOARDS, PLANK AND JOIST.


20s to 24s Each superficial square foot, one inch 12sin thickness is called a foot.


black


16s to 18s Pine per 1000 feet 20s|Hemlock generally


36s to 42s


Maple


2s less.


Beech


16s.N. B. The price of these articles is


Black birch


16s to 18s frequently varying.


White pine


12s to 13slOak plank per ton


£


PINE


V


SPRUCE


Oak from 15 to 50 fect in length and from 10 to 20 inches square, each forty cubic feet white Oak red


1s her


-


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


165


PRICES CURRENT Continued.


Other species of LUMBER. Quality, and price.


ARTICLES AND PRICE.


Merch.


18s


Clapboards per thousand


48s


Shingles ditto


10s


Pork per barrel


£ 3 12s


Hoops ditto


£ 4


Beef ditto


£ 22s


Corn per bushel


3s


Ditto hogshead


£ 4


Ditto barrel ditto


£ 2


Flax seed ditto


3s to 4s


Red oak hogshead ditto


£ 2


Oxen, each


£ 4 10s


Ditto barrel ditto


£ 1 10s


Cows


£ 28s


Anchor-stocks per inch at


Horses


£ 6 10 30


diameter of the nut


Is


Sheep


6s to 93


Handspikes in the rough


Is


Bricks per thousand 20s


Shook hhds § white oak


6s


Cider per barrel 58


2 red ditto


3s Seamen's wages per month 7 dolls.


Spruce spars per inch


4d


Chartering vessels per ton,


Oar rafters per 1000 feet


£ 4


per month


1 dol.


Fish per quintal


Jamaica


13 to 14s


Scale


10s


White cak pipe staves per thousand £ 9


Rye ditto


3s6


Barley ditto


4s


-


166


HSITORY OF


TABLE of ENTRIES at the port of Pascataqua from October 1, 1789, to October 1, 1791.


[ Ships & Snows


| Brigantines


L scrochers


/ Sloops


Total of vessels.


American


tonnage


French ditto


British ditto


Total of


tonnage


France


French West Indies


12 42 :3


5 72


5


5


192


264 34


9666


St. Peter's and Miquelon


226


England


12


15


27


4119


570


4689


Scotland


4


4


461


464


Ireland


1


4


5


859


2005


2005


Nova Scotia


1


14


1 10 15


856


856


Portugal


1


1


293


293


Portuguese Islands


1


- 15


1


3


0


25


341 2996 155


2996


Denmark and Islands Africa


1


2


155


Coasting & cod fishery


40 10


50


1166


1166


Total


34 87 84 18 223 207 19 298 3431 24448


859


British West Indies


6


2


1


-


3


4


732 9402


732


341


Holland and Plantations


1 1


167


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


TABLE of CLEARANCES at the port of Pascataqua ; from October 1, 1789, to October 1, 1791.


/ Ships and Snows


Brigantines


Schooners


Sloops


Total of vessels


American


tonnage


French ditto


British ditto


Portuguse ditto


Total of


tonnage


France


French West Indies


St. Peter's and Miquelon


16


25


1


42


4.4.1


7166


England


4


4


616


616


Scotland


1


3


4


666


666


Ireland


8


3


1


1


16


3134 502


50%


Portugal


1


1


162


162


Holland and Plantations


2


2


233


233


Denmark and Islands Africa


1


1


110


110


Coasting and cod fishery


40 10


50


1166


1166


Total


43 107 105 22 277


26560 298 4077 162 31097


---


17


70


39


10


136


8


1


9


16616 264 34 428 6725


3134


British West Indies


12


12


Nova Scotia


Portuguese Islands


--


16880


462


168


HISTORY OF


TABLE of the VALUE of SILVER in the currency of Newhampshire, since the beginning of the present century.


Silver per oz.


Silver per oz.


Silver per oz.


DOLLARS.


years. value.


years. value.


years. value.


years. value.


d


1700


10


1732


20


6


1745 } 36


1752


55


1705


10


21


37


1753


57


1710


8


1733


25


37


1754


60


1711


8


4


26


38


1755


70


1712


8


6


27


40


80


1713


8


6


24


45


1756<


90


1714


9


25


48


100


1715


9


26


50


100


1716


10


( 27


58


1757


10


1717


10


1735


27


6


55


110


1718


11


527


6


1747


58


1758


120


1719


12


26


6


60


1759


120


1720


12


4


1737


26


6


58


1760


120


5


12


6


S 27


6


56


1761


to


13


6


1738


28


55


1762


130


1722


14


6


1739


29


6


55


140


1723


15


6


28


6


58


1765 (


1724


16


6


1740


29


56


to


< 6


16


1725


15


1741


S28


6


60


1726


16


28


58


1727


28


51


6


(16


6


1742


23


:


217


1)


1729 S


19


6


1743


,30


20


1730


21


S


32


18


6


17443 33


1731


19


d


d


S


d


8


6


1704


7


519


6


35


1751


5l


(14


29


1748


54


1763


&


14


6


29


56


1764


120


16


28.


56


1776


29


58


1749


-


27


6


1750


50


1728


54


29


58


120


1721


227


1746


1754


1736


34


4-


S


169


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


TABLE of the VALUE of SILVER continued.


Scale of depreciation of one hundred dollars.


yours. months equal to years.


months equal to years.


months equal to


L Jan. 100


Jan.


742


Jan. 7500


Feb. 104


Feb.


868


Feb. 7500


March 106


March


1000


March 7500


-


April 110


April


1104


April 7500 May 7500


June 190


June 12000


17775


July


125


1779


July


1477


Aug.


150


Aug.


1630


dol. value.


Sept.


175


Sept.


1800


Oct.


275


Oct.


2030


Nov.


300


Nov.


2308


(Dec.


310


Dec.


2393


to


1 6s.


1791


Jan.


325


1 Jan.


2934


Feb.


350


Feb.


3322


March 375


March 3736


April


400


April


4000


May


400


May


4800


June


400


1780


July


6000


Aug.


450


- Aug.


6300


Sept.


475


Sept.


6500


Oct.


500


Oct.


6700


Nov.


545


Nov.


7000


Dec.


634


Dec. 7300


TABLE of the weight and value of GOLD and SILVER established by law 1785.


COINS


weight. value. dwt. gr. £ s d


: d


English


Crown


6


8


or French S


6


Silver per ounce


6 8


English Guinea


5 6 -1


8


French ditto


5


6 -1


7


4


Johannes


18


-4


16


Cop-


3 far- things


Half ditto


9


-2


8


per


of Eng-


Moidore


6


18-1


16


lish coin


Doubloon


16


12-4


8


Pistole


3-1


2


5700


1778


July


425


In American national currency, one dollar is equal to 100 cents.


V


---


1781


May 114


Muy


1215


June


1312


17817


Gold per ounce


5


6 8


Spanish Dollar


June


10488


170


HISTORY OF


Statement of the FISHERY at Pafcataqua and its neighbourhood.


Schooners 27]


Boats


20


Employed in the Cod and


Tonnage 630 Scale Fifhery annually.


Seamen 250


The Schooners, Boats, and Seamen belonging to the Ifles of Shoals are not included in the above efti- mation.


Product of the Fifhery in the year 1791.


Merchantable fifh 5170 Quintals made ? Jamaica ditto 14217


S scale ditto 6463


total, 25850


The fifh made at the Ifles of Shoals are included in this ftatement.


The fuccefs of the fifhery in this feafon has been uncommonly good.


Eftimate of feamen belonging to New-Hampfhire in 1791.


In foreign trade 500


Coafting do. 50


Fifhery 250


N. B. Some of the feamen who in fummer are employed in the fifhery, are in the winter employed in the coafting bufinefs, or in foreign voyages.


1


171


NRW-HAMPSHIRE.


CHAP. XIV.


Effect of the climate and other causes. on the human constitution. Re- marks on population. Tables of Births, Deaths and Casualties.


-


IT has been confidently afferted by Euro- pean writers, and by fome of great reputation, that the climates of America, under fimilar latitudes to thofe of Europe, are unfriendly to health and lon- gevity ; that the general period of human life is from forty-five to fifty ; and thefe pernicious effects are afcribed to putrid exhalations from ftagnant waters ; to a furface uncleared, uncultivated, and loaded with rank vegetation, which prevents it from feeling the purifying influence of the fun .*.


If fuch remarks were intended to be confined to the low plains in the fouthern States, the propriety of them might not perhaps be difputed ; but a dif- tinction ought to be made between thofe parts of America and others in far different circumftances. If authors profefs to write as philofophers they fhould feek for information from the pureft fources, and not content themfelves with theorifing on fub- jects, which can be determined only by fact and ob- fervation ; or with forming general conclufions from partial reports. If they write as politicians, their aim may indeed be anfwered by ftating facts in a delufive light ; and by reprefenting America as a grave to Europeans, they may throw difcourage- ment on emigration to this country. It is at the fame time amufing to obferve the inconfiftent con- clufions of thefe theorifing philofophers ; for whilft one condemns the air of woodland as deftructive to


* Robertson's History America, Vol. II. p. 17.


King's thoughts on Emigration to America, Political Magazine, 1783, p. 261.


172


HISTORY OF


life and health, another celebrates it as containing nutritive particles, and afferts that men who live in the woods confume lefs food than thofe who dwell in open countries .* But notwithftanding the dreams of European philofophers, or the interofted views of European politicians, America can beft be defcribed by thofe who have for a long time refided in it. Thofe who have not feen it at all, and thofe who have paffed through it with the rapidity of a travel- ler, can be very inadequate judges ; yet unhappily there are many of both thefe claffes of writers whofe accounts have gained more credit than they deferve.


In that part of America which it falls to my lot to defcribe, an 'uncleared and uncultivated foil,' is fo far from being an object of dread, that there are no people more vigorous and robuft than thofe who labour on new plantations ; nor in fact have any people better appetites for food. This is true not only of the natives of the country, but of emigrants from Europe. It has been a general obfervation that the firft planters in new townfhips live to a great age. It is alfo true that the air of our foreft is remarkably pure. The tall and luxuriant growth which an European might call ' rank vegetation,' not only indicates ftrength and fertility of foil ; but conduces to abforb noxious vapours ; and when the foil is once cleared, if man neglect his duty, nature, with her bountiful hand, produces a fecond growth of ' rank vegetation,' for the fame benevolent pur- pofe. A profufion of effluvia from the refinous trees impart to the air a balfamic quality which is ex- tremely favourable to health, and the numerous ftreams of limpid water, fome of which fall with great rapidity from the mountains, caufe currents of frefh air which is in the higheft degree falubri- ous, to thofe who refide on their banks. To thefe


...


* Abbe Raynal. History Indies. Vol. III. p. 278.


-


173


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


obfervations it may be added, that the northweft wind is the grand corrector of every noxious quali- ty which can exift in the air of America ; and whilft that wind prevails, it diffufes health and imparts vig- our to the human frame,


-


There are, indeed, fome few fituations, even in New-Hampfhire, where vapour arifing from land overflowed with frefh water, produces bilious and nervous difeafes, and the inhabitants are fubject to an early laffitude and debility ; which is often in- creafed by an injudicious ufe of fpiritous liquors for medical purpofes ; but by the removal of fuch per- fons to the purer air of the mountains, and a change to a more temperate regimen, thefe complaints ceafe, and the conftitution is reinvigorated.


«, There have alfo been fome inftances in the neigh- bourhood of Connecticut river, of fwellings in the throat fimilar to the goîtres among the inhabitants of the Alps. Women have chiefly been affected in that way. A removal to the fea fhore, and conftant bathing with falt water have contributed to reduce thefe tumours. A free ufe of falted fifh and vege- table acid, particularly cyder, has alfo been found beneficial, and by the beft and lateft information which I have been able to obtain, this diforder is now lefs frequent, and more eafily controled than it , was a few years paft.


From the tables of mortality which I have col- lected and which are here exhibited, it appears that a very large proportion of people live to old age, and that many of them die of no acute difeafe but by the gradual decay of nature. The death of adult perfons between twenty and fifty years of age is very rare, when compared with the bills of mortality from European countries. It is computed that near- ly one twentieth part of the inhabitants of London


174


HSITORY OF


perifh, one year with another ;* it is certain that not more than one in feventy of the inhabitants of New- Hampfhire dies in a year unlefs when fome epidem- ic diforder prevails, which very feldom happens.


From the tables of cafualties it alfo appears that the moft mortal of the prevailing diforders of this coun- try is the pulmonary confumption. This inalady is univerfally allowed to be more frequent of late years than formerly. I cannot find that it is lefs common in the new, than in the old towns. It is certainly in fome inftances hereditary ; and it is be- lieved by many to be contagious. Fevers of feveral kinds are much lefs malignant than formerly. The chronic rheumatifm is very common, but feldom proves mortal. It is often caufed by the changes from heat to cold, to which people who labour and travel in all weathers, are expofed.


Patients from the fouthern States and the Weft India iflands with bilious complaints and intermittent fe- vers, foon recover their health on their arrival to our fhores. A regular intermittent, or what is com- monly called the fever and ague is extremely rare, unlefs it be contracted in fome other climate.


It is thought by fome that the exhalations from falt marthes are injurious to health. This may be the cafe where the air is prevented from circulating freely, by the vicinity of high ridges of land ; but the town of Hampton, which is almoft uniformly level, though it contains a very extenfive marfh, is as healthly and as favourable to longevity as any town in the State, as may be evident from an infpec- tion of the tables of mortality for that place.


The natives of foreign countries who remove to " this part of America, generally live to a great age ; if they do not impair their conftitutions by fpiritu-


* Rush's Medical Observations, page 47.


L


175


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


ous liquors. There are, indeed, fome veteran fots, natives of this as well as other countries ; who ren- der themfelves burdenfome to fociety, and contempt- ible in their advanced age. The purity of our air, and plenty of food, are doubtless the caufes of their furviving fuch frequent draughts of liquid poifon.


Attempts have been made at feveral times to af- certain the number of people in New-Hampfhire. The late Governor Wentworth was ordered by the Britifh miniftry to take an exact furvey ; but 'hav- "ing no fund to pay the expenfe, and no law to compel obedience' to the order, he was fubjected to the inconvenience of delay and difappointment. The number of the people however, in 1767, was eftimated at 52,700. Another eftimate was made in 1774, of which I have met with no official ac- count ; but have been informed that it was 85,000. This was too high. The eftimate given to Congrefs by the delegates of New-Hampfhire, at the commencement of the revolution, was ftill more extravagant. A furvey taken in 1775, partly by enumeration and partly by eftimation, for the pur- pofe of eftablifhing an adequate reprefentation of the people, made the whole number 82,200.


I have taken much pains to collect from the fev- eral towns the numbers loft by means of the late war. By accounts received from twenty-feven towns in different parts of the State, the num- ber loft amounts to 377. Thefe twenty-feven towns, according to the furvey in 1775, contained 22,749 inhabitants. If a comparifon be made, by the rule of proportion, between thefe and the other towns in the State ; the number loft out of the whole, will amount to 1362 ; and if a farther allowance be made for the maritime towns, the number may fairly be eftimated at 1400. As thefe were moftly men in the prime and vigour of life, we ought to


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176


HISTORY OF


take into the account not only the fimple lofs of fo many lives, but a decreafe of population, equal to the increafe which probably would have been made, had they lived to this time. If we reckon this in- creafe in the proportion of three to one, it will pro- duce the fum of 4200, which, added to the original number, will make 5600. But allowing the 600 for cafualties, we may moderately compute 5000 per- fons, lefs than the number would have been, had the laft fifteen years been all years of peace.


The cenfus taken by order of Congrefs in 1790, is the moft correct account which has ever been made. The whole amount is 142,018. If this be compared with the number in 1775, and the differ- ence divided, by the number of intervening years, without any reference to the lofs fuftained by the war; the average of increafe will be 3987 per annum, for the laft fifteen years. If the number in 1775 be compared with the number in 1767, and the differ- ence divided by the number of intervening years, the average per annum, for thofe eight years, will be 3687. If a mean between thefe two, viz. 3883, be taken for the increafing ratio per annum, fince the year 1767, it will produce a number very nearly correfponding with the number taken by the cen- fus in 1790. If this mode of computation be juft, the number of people in New-Hampfhire has actu- ally doubled in lefs than nineteen years, notwith- fanding that feven of thofe nineteen were years of war.


This may more clearly appear from the following table ; in which the firft column contains the years ; the fecond column thews the number in each year, by the ratio of 3883 ; and the third the numbers by the ratio of 3687 for the firft eight years, and 3987 for the laft fifteen.


177


NEW-HAMPSHIRE.


TABLE OF POPULATION.


1767


52700


52700 7


· 68


56583


56387


69


60466


60074


1770


64349


63761


71


68232


67448


increafing by 3687.


72


72115


71135


73


75998


74822


74


79881


78509


0


75


78364


82196


776


87647


86183


77


91530


90170


78


95413


94157


79


99296


98144


1780


103179


102131


81


107062


106118


82


110945


110105


88


114828


114092


increasing by 3987.


84


118711


118079


85


122594


122066


86


126477


126053


87


130360


130040


88


134243


134027


89


138126


138014


1790


142009


142001


In both columns, the half of the number taken by the census, viz. 71,009, falls betwee the years 1771 and 1772 ; a period short of nineteen years, from 1790.


This rapid increafe of population, is partly natur- al and partly adventitious. The diftinction between thefe two caufes is evident ; but to afcertain the precife limits of their refpective operations, is im- practicable, without a more minute furvey than has ever yet been taken. Large emigrations have been made fince the peace of 1763, from the neighbour- ing States, into the new townfhips of New-Hamp»


W


-


08


W


178


HISTORY OF


fhire. Thofe from the old towns to the new, have been alfo very confiderable ; and though at firft view thefe latter may not feem to have augmented the number of the people ; yet upon a more clofe attention to the fubject, it will be found that even in them there is a productive caufe in increafe. Where land is cheap, and the means of fubfiftence may be acquired in fuch plenty, and in fo fhort a time as is evidently the cafe in our new plantations, encouragement is given to early marriage. A young man who has cleared a piece of land, and built a hut for his prefent accommodation, foon begins to experience the truth of that old adage, 'It is not ' good for man to be alone.' Having a profpect of increafing his fubftance by labour, which he knows himfelf able to perform, he attaches himfelf to a fe- male earlier than prudence would dictate if he had not fuch a profpect. Nor are the young females of the country averfe to a fettlement in the new plan- tations ; where, after the fecond year's labour, by which the land is brought into pafture, there is a neceffity for beginning the work of a dairy ; an em- ployment which always falls to their lot, and is an object of their ambition, as well as intereft.




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