USA > New Jersey > Passaic County > Paterson > History of Paterson and its environs (the silk city); historical- genealogical - biographical > Part 27
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on that martial host beyond, arrayed in all the insolence of power, and all the bright panoply of war, to look upon his little band of straggling soldiers, in tattered raiment, with downcast looks and laggard step, as they marched onward, inspired rather with anxious dread of the enemy behind them, than with hopes for future victory and their country's coming triumph? His own letters in the trying days that followed give some idea of the stubborn reso- lution, the fixed determination of the man to do his duty, whatever others might do, or say, or think, and to look forward, rather than backward. He shrank not from setting forth in the plainest terms the condition and the prospects of his army, and how much better both might have been, had his repeated entreaties and counsels been heeded. "But as yesterday cannot be recalled," he says, "I will not dwell upon a subject, which, no doubt, has given much uneasiness to Congress, as well as extreme pain and anxiety to my- self." It was with that spirit of indifference to the past, and confidence in the future, that he led his heroic and suffering soldiers onward. Steadily yet anxiously they followed the lower road from Hackensack, to the old Ter- hune farm, south of the present Corona; then turned northwesterly to Sad- dle river, which, if needful, might be placed between them and their pur- suers. The road from the present Lodi to Garfield was next followed, and then the southern bank of the Passaic, until the bridge at Acquackanonk came in sight. How eagerly the men strained their vision to see if the Brit- ish had arrived there first! But no, the enemy was not in sight, and the army passed safely over, and now had another large river to protect their retreat. Here Washington paused long enough to write a letter, dated "Aquackanoc Bridge, 21 November, 1776," to Gov. Livingston, of New Jersey : "I have this moment arrived at this place with General Beall's and General [Nathaniel] Heard's brigades from Maryland and Jersey, and part of General [James] Ewing's from Pennsylvania. Three other regiments, left to guard the passes upon Hackinsac River, and to serve as covering parties, are expected up this evening. * * As our numbers are still very inadequate to that of the enemy, I imagine I shall be obliged to fall down towards Brunswic, and form a junction with the troops, already in that quarter, under the command of Lord Stirling." The regiments which had been left behind, having broken up the New Bridge on the Hackensack, also passed over the Acquackanonk bridge, which was then destroyed, to hinder the enemy's pursuit. The only contemporary account of this act is in the journal of Capt. William Beatty, of the Maryland Line, who, after speak- ing of the loss of Fort Lee, says: "We now began our retreat through the Jersey by the way of Aquakanack Bridge Which Was tore up after Our troops had pass'd it."
Among those employed at the destruction of the bridge was John H. Post, who was born on the east side of the Wesel road (now Lexington avenue), about opposite the former parsonage of the First Reformed Church of Passaic. There he carried on farming in a small way. He often re- counted in his later days the particulars of the bridge incident and how he and Peter Simmons (father of ex-Judge Henry P. Simmons, of Passaic)
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were detailed at the Battle of Monmouth to guard the water, whichi was of priceless value under the intense heat of that June day ; and how they heard Washington imperiously demand of Gen. Lee, "Why this untimely retreat?" For many years the venerable widow received a pension of $120 per year from the Government, on account of her husband's service in the Revolu- tion.
Among the papers of Henry Garritse, member of the Legislature, and of the Acquackanonk committee of correspondence at the time, is a tavern bill of James Leslie, which contains a significant item under what appears to be the date of November 22: "To 3 Bol Tody for Soldiers at work at the Bridge, 6-o." This doubtless refers to the refreshments furnished to the soldiers who were cutting down the structure. The bridge at that time lay nearly opposite the church, or about in the rear of where Speer's warehouse stood. A British detachment which arrived at the river on November 22 found that the Americans had all got over the stream, and were making some show of opposition, "their advance being at Aquakinunc." Washing ton made little pause here, however, but followed the road on the west shore of the Passaic to Second River [now Belleville], where he stationed his rear-guard, while he pushed on to Newark. He had expected to find a considerable body of militia at Newark, he wrote thence on November 23, but was disappointed to learn that there were not more than four or five hun- dred at the different posts. A council of war being held it was deemed inad- visable to make a stand north of the Raritan, and on the advance of the Brit- ish the retreat was resumed at seven o'clock on the morning of Thursday, November 28, the army marching in two columns-one via Woodbridge (which was reached by sunset), and the other via Newark mountain, Spring- field, Scotch Plains and Quibbletown, both columns converging at New Brunswick, on Friday, November 29. Gen. Greene tersely summarizes the march, in a letter from Trenton, December 4: "We retreated to Hacken- sack; from Hackensack to Equaconeck, from Equaconeck to Newark, from Newark to Brunswick, from Brunswick to this place." "Both officers and men," says Tom Paine, in "The Crisis," No. I, "though greatly harassed and fatigued, frequently without rest, covering or provision, the inevitable con- sequences of a long retreat, bore it with a manly and martial spirit. All their wishes centered in one, which was, that the country would turn out and help them to drive the enemy back. None can say that our retreat was precipi- tate, for we were near three weeks in performing it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back to meet the enemy, and re- mained out till dark. The sign of fear was not seen in our camp." It was with the memory of this retreat vivid in his mind that, under date of De- cember 23, 1776, he issued the first number of "The Crisis," beginning with the burning words: "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country ; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."
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CHAPTER III.
The British march through Acquackanonk after difficulty in crossing the Passaic-Lord Cornwallis at Dundee Dam-A chapter of depreda- tion and spoliation-Tracing the progress of the enemy by the rob- beries committed.
Tramp !- Tramp !- Tramp !- Tramp ! Hark !- again the martial stamp On the hollow bridge resounds, From the steepy shore rebounds, Peopling thick with sounds the air ;
Mid shouting horns and glittering armor fair ! See ! in dazzling pomp advancing, Banners flaunting, horses prancing, Seas of plumes in billows dancing,
And far away the frosty bayonets glancing !
They're gone beyond the hills afar; Convulsive, faint, no longer shrill, Along Passaic's lonely brink Swell the last clarion-notes of passing war, That heave, and sink- Heave and sink, And all again is still !
-Flaccus, who probably considered it a poet's license to rebuild the bridge just destroyed by the Americans.
Having followed the retreating American army well out of the reach of the British, let us now return and accompany the victorious cohorts ou their triumphal progress through this region of New Jersey. On November 21, the day after the Americans had quit Fort Lee and retired to Hacken- sack and Acquackanonk, Gen. Howe dispatched Maj .- Gen. Vaughan, with the Light Infantry and the British Grenadiers, to New Bridge, on the Hack- ensack, and a detachment of the Sixteenth Dragoons, under the command of Col. Harcourt, to Fort Lee. This latter detachment, with some companies of the Light Infantry, scoured the country on the 22d, as far as the Passaic, as already related, only to find that the Americans had abandoned the inter- mediate country, and were safely established at and beyond Acquackanonk. On this day Howe had his headquarters at DeLancey's Mills, on the New York side of the Hudson. Significantly enough, the parole for the day was "Cornwallis," and the countersign, "Jersey." The same day Gen. Howe "went to Jersey," probably to have a conference regarding the next move to be made, with Lord Cornwallis, who then lay about three miles from Fort Lee. Their counsels were protracted until a late hour, as the general did not return to his quarters until eleven o'clock that night. Doubtless in pursu- ance of the arrangements then made between the two generals, the Second and Fourth Brigades of the British and a battalion of the Seventy-first High- landers reinforced his Lordship on the 24th. Leaving the Second Brigade at Fort Lee, he advanced on November 25 with the main body to New Bridge, and probably to the Passaic river, at Acquackanonk, the same day, as heavy firing was said to have been heard from that vicinity, beginning early in the morning. He was delayed in his march by the weather, it raining
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heavily all the time, and by the fact that all the bridges on the route had been destroyed by the Americans. Although he did not hesitate to march his troops through shallow streams, despite the cold, he was at a loss just where to attempt the passage of the Passaic. Accordingly, his soldiers were spread out along the eastern bank of the river, encamping on the high ground ex- tending from the Saddle river northerly along the hillside nearly or quite to the Dundee dam, where Adrian Post then had his grist- and saw-mills. The next day, November 26, he determined to cross the river by the ford just below the dam. The river was full of ice, and he also feared that there might be deep holes into which his men might flounder if they attempted to wade across without a guide. So Adrian Post, the oldest son of Adrian, the miller, at Slooterdam, was pressed into the service, and at the point of the bayonet was compelled to wade through the icy water, and lead the troops across by the ford. He was only twenty years old at the time, and the exposure brought on a cold and rheumatism, which made him an invalid until his death, twelve years later. The British army having crossed the river, followed the Wesel road to Acquackanonk bridge, and thence passed down the River road, on the west bank of the Passaic, until they came to Second River and Newark.
In Stedman's map (Hist. of the War, I., opp. p. 214), showing the movements of the Americans and of the British in November, 1776, it is indicated that Lord Cornwallis took the "road down the meadows," or toward Boiling Spring, on November 28. It is possible, but highly improb- able, that one column took the road on the east side of the Passaic as far as Lyndhurst, where there was a ford, and there crossed to the west side. There was no bridge over the river below Acquackanonk, and the depth and width of the river below Lyndhurst would have made fording out of the question. The date, November 28, moreover, is certainly erroneous.
Writing from Newark, on November 27, Washington says: "I have nothing in particular to advise you of respecting the enemy, more than that they are advancing this way. Part of them have passed the Passaic." That same night he learned that the British had advanced near Second River, and at once issued orders for his army to be put under arms early the next morn- ing for another retrograde movement, which began at seven o'clock. As Washington wrote a day or two later: "The enemy's advanced guards were entering the town [Newark] by the time our rear got out." Another writer says : "We hear the enemy were on the march through the town [Newark] soon after we left." Gen. Howe reported: "On the enemy retiring from Newark, as his Lordship approached, he took possession of that place on the 28th [of November], and is now following them, retreating towards Bruns- wick." And so the retreat and the leisurely pursuit went on, as far as Bruns- wick, where Gen. Howe called a halt, and Cornwallis was restrained in his purpose to fall upon and crush Washington and his little army, who were so soon to turn and strike that double blow at Trenton and Princeton, which was to send a shock of consternation throughout the British Empire, and to
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thrill the American patriots with pride, courage and confidence-in their Washington, their army and their cause.
Come we now to one of the saddest chapters in military annals, and one which must forever smirch the fair fame of England's army. Why was the British pursuit of Washington so feebly pushed? That General wrote from Newark, on November 27, that the British progress "had been retarded by the weather, which had been rainy for several days past." Writing the next day from the same place, to Gen. Lee, he says: "It has been more owing to the badness of the weather that the enemy's progress has been checked, than any resistance we could make." But there was another and more potent reason. Lord Cornwallis reached the Passaic on November 25; the next day he crossed that river, at the Dundee dam, and began his march down the river to Acquackanonk Landing, Second River and Newark. It was not until the evening of the 27th that his advanced guard reached Second River. He had marched eight miles in two days! Granted that the weather was rainy, the roads muddy, and bridges destroyed. There were only four or five streams to cross, the most considerable being the Third river, and all were easily fordable.
The slowness of the march is accounted for by the license permitted to the soldiers to lay waste the country, and to prey upon the helpless inhabi- tants. After the army had passed, its route was marked by havoc and deso- lation on every hand. Nothing came amiss to the predatory soldiery.
After camping all night on the farm of Adrian Post, the miller, on the east bank of the river, just below the present Dundee dam, when they left on the morning of November 26, 1776, they carried off this plunder, as inven- toried and sworn to by him: "One pair of men's shoes, almost New, 7s., 6d .; one pair weomens Shoes, almost new, 7s., 6d .; thirteen pair mens and weomens shoes and Stockins 1/4 worn, £3, 6s., 6d .; one felt hat, and a good axe New, 15s .; Six pair of pillow Cases with Lace, £2, Ios .; A New Silk Weomens hat, 15s .; twelve handkerchiefs and half-worn shirts, £2, 8s." Two days later some of the laggards of the army gathered up on Mr. Post's premises "twelve weomens Caps faced with Lace, £2, 7s .; one Black horse About 14 hands high, £ 18; A half worn Saddle worth three Dollars or £ 1, 2s., 6d .; six pair of pillow Casses one third worn, £I, Ios .; five Check Aprons one third worn, 16s."
Cornelius I. Van Houten, his next-door neighbor, on the north, had a new wagon and set of wagon gears, worth 17s., 5d., taken on November 26. Another neighbor, on the south, Cornelius Post, lost 800 panel of fence, worth £48; two horses, worth £45, and other property, amounting in all to £ 160, 7s., 3d. Philip Van Bussum, also of Slooterdam, who came from Rockland county, New York, about 1770 or 1771, had a quarter of beef hanging up, which the soldiers carried off, the frightened women in the house not daring to remonstrate. Doubtless some of Cornelius Post's fence rails served not only to make comfortable bivouac fires, but to roast the stolen beef for the hungry soldiers.
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When the army crossed the river, into Acquackanonk, the farm of Adrian J. Post was thoroughly ravaged, and the house pillaged, the following articles being carried off or destroyed :
2 Calves 8 months old, 30s. Each; 16 Bushels of Rye at 4s. pr. Bu's, £3, 4s .; 250 Chestnut Rails at 30s., £3, 15s .; 50 Posts 5 holed at 6s., £I, 5s .; I Handsaw, 12s .; One Pannel saw, Ios .; I Tennant Saw, Ios .; Sash Saw, 6s .; compass, 3s .; 2 Pair of Match Inch Ploughs at 7s .; I Large Guage & One Chissel, 3s .; I Plain Chair, 5s .; Smoothing plain, 3s .; 6 Chissels at IS. Each; I Morning Gown, £2, 2s .; I Calimanco Gown, 20s .; I Coverlet, Ios .; Pair of pillow Cases, 8s .; 2 Silken handkerchiefs partly worn, 12s .; 2 Pair of Stockings at 3s .; I Iron Pot containing 3 Gall', 8s .; I Holland fiddle, £I, IOS .; I New pair of Worsted Stockings, 6s .; I Pair of Stockings partly worn, 4s .; I Pail, 3s., 3 knives & forkes, 3s. Total, £22, 8s.
Adrian A. Post and his son, Thomas Post, were robbed of : "One black Mare 9 Years old, £25; One brown Mare 5 Years, £20; One brown Geld- ing 7 Years, £20; 2 Ton English hay 40s. pr ton, £4; 10 Bushels of Indian Corn at 4s. pr bush, £2; 300 Wt of Wheat flour, £3; 700 Wt of Rye flour, £3, IOS .; 25 Bags at 3s. Each, £3, 15s .; 150 Wt of Pork at 3 pr Ib, £1, 17s. 6d .; Set of Waggon Gears partly worn, £1, IOS. Total, £84, 125., 6d."
Peter H. Vreeland got off very lightly, losing only "I New Castor hat, £1, IOS .; Silk Handkerchief, 7s .; I Silk Handkerchief, 5s .; 2 Linen Hand- kerchiefs at 2s., 6d .; I Check Apron, 4s." Total, £2, IIS.
A party of soldiers who strayed from the main army as far up the Wesel road as Michael Vreeland's, near the Boulevard and Twentieth avenue, found that he had concealed his property, and they only got a watch, valued at £8, two horses, worth £18, and a set of "geers," worth 5s.
As they came down the road again, they stopped at the house of Henry Post (where ex-Judge John N. Terhune now lives), but Mrs. Post had hidden her best china and silver in the bed of an aged female slave, who was apparently too feeble to rise. The soldiers turned everything upside down in their eager search for plunder, and at last began overhauling this bed, whereat the wench taunted them that they should be so low as to meddle with the bed of an old colored slave. This had the desired effect, for the men left her and her bed alone, and Mrs. Post saved her china and silver.
The soldiers were more successful at the next house-that of Hessel Peterse, who lived on the upper part of the present Cedar Lawn cemetery, and from him they got this goodly lot of plunder: "I Waggon, £15; 2 Horses about 10 Years old at £10 Each; Good Set of Geers, £2; Negro Man Aged 47 Years, £55; Pocket Compass, 6s; Case of Surveying Instru- ments, £2; 18 Homespun Shirts & Shifts, £7, 4s .; 2 Watch Coats, 20S. Each ; 20 Handkerchiefs at 4s .; 2 Beaver hats, £3; 5 Silver table Spoons, £5." Total, ££116, IOS.
Visiting his next-door neighbor, Annaatje Van Riper, widow of Cor- nelius Doremus, the soldiers gathered in 15 sheep worth 15s. each, and no doubt had a jolly feast. Their theft of the following articles was inexcusa- ble: "Psalm book, neatly bound and trimmed with silver, £I, Ios .; silver teaspoon ; cloak partly worn, 12s .; linen sheet, 12s .; pair women's shoes, 6s .; pair silver sleeve buttons, 4s,; pair pillow cases, 8s .; long gown, £2."
From her son, Henry C. Doremus, who lived on the same farm (now part of Cedar Lawn cemetery), they stole: "6 Sheep, £4, Ios .; I Small Swine, 16s .; Pair of leathern breeches with 14 Silver buttons, £2, 12S .; Pair of leathern breeches partly worn, 15s .; Watch Coat, 30s .; 2 Watch Coat partly worn, 30s .; I Pair of New Shoes & brass buckels, IIS. ; I Pair of New Shoes, 6s .; 2 Pair of trousers at 5s .; II Pair of Men's Stockings at 7s.,
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£3, 17s .; I Pair of Linen breeches & Waistcoat, 8s .; I Waistcoat partly Worn, 4s .; 4 Homespun Shirts at Ios. Total, £ 19, 9s."
Ann Bassett, widow of Stephen Bassett, was robbed of these goods : "6 Long Gowns, £9; 100 Ells of homespun linen at 2s., 9d., £13, 15s .; 12 New Shifts & fine Sleeves, £9; I Counterpane, £2, IOS .; I Velvet Cloak, £4; 2 Bags, 6s .; I Mare 6 Years Old, £20. Total, £58, IIS."
Henry T. Speer, living next south of the Doremuses, had his house carefully ransacked, as appears by this list of his losses: "New Sheet, 15s .; 2 New fine linen Shirts, £ 1, 14s. ; 3 Homespun linen Shirts, £1, 16s .; 3 New Women's Shifts, £1, 16s .; I New Cambric Apron, £1 ; I New Short Gown, 6s .; I New Linen Handkerchief, 4s .; 3 Silk Linen Handkerchiefs, £1, 2s. 6d .; I Pair Silver Shoe buckels, 15s .; I Cambric Cape with Lace, IOS; I New Scarlet Waist Coat, 20s .; 6 Pewter table spoons, 3s .; 5 Knives & forks, 2s .; 7 Ib Sugar, 5s .; I New Wool hat, 7s., 6d .; 10 New Ribands, Ios .; I Pair Woollen Stockings, 3s., 6d .; I Cambric Apron, 15s .; I Lawn handkerchief, 6s. Total, £13, IOS., 6d."
As the soldiers went on down the Wesel road they paused long enough to steal from Paul Powleson these articles of property: "I Sorrel Stallion 14 hands 3 Inches high 12 Years old, worth £12; I Bay horse 14 hands & II Years old. £ 10; I Saddle, 20s. ; 2 Sheep, 24s. ; 12 Bush. Oats, at 2s. 6d. pr bus'l, Ios .; I Load of hay, £1 ; 2 Sheets, 20s. ; 2 Blankets, 18s." Total, £28, I2s. This was on November 26, 1776.
Peter Garritse, in the same neighborhood, was robbed of a "New Set of Pettiauger Sails, £25."
A man of such prominence and such conspicuous devotion to the Ameri- can cause as Henry Garritse could not expect to go unscathed by the British, and the soldiers had a merry bivouac fire with his movable property avail- able for that purpose, to wit: "500 Rails, at 40s. pr. hund., ££10; 100 Posts at 8 pr post, £3, 6s., 8d .; 500 Shingles at £4 pr thousd, £2; 50 Bushels of Indian Corn at 4s. pr bus'1, £ 10; 2 Ton of English hay at £3." Total, £31, 6s., 8d. They also stole a mare 6 years old, worth £16. He was destined to suffer repeated losses of much greater amounts during the War.
John Elias Vreeland got off lightly, comparatively, losing only "I Bay horse 14 hands high & 3 Inches 5 years old, £20; I Bay Stallion 15 hands & 3 Inches 4 years old, & half blooded, £30; I Load of Good hay, £I."
They got a larger variety from John Vreeland, including "two horses, 7 Cows with Calf, 4 Swine at 30s., 9 Sheep at 15s., 3 Barrels of Cider at 12S., 3 Hives of bees, ££3 (what a pity the bees could not have been aroused of their winter sleep to sting the thieves!), 16 Shirts & Shifts at 6s., £4, 16s .; II new Pillow Cases at 9s. pr Pair, £2, 9s., 6d .; 2 Sheets at 14s." John's good wife Gouda certified to this list, and no doubt she knew to a penny what was taken.
Jacob Vreeland attested that on this same eventful November 26 he had property "taken & destroyed by the British troops or their adherents" as fol- lows: "I Mare 4 Years old, £20; I Mare 6 Years old, £30; 3 Horses 7 Years old, £62; I Horse 6 Years old, £12; 2 Saddles & 2 Bridles, £8; 2 Working Stears, £20; I Waggon, £17; 31 Sheep, £21, 14s. ; I Bed, bolster, Pillows, 2 Rugs, blanket & Coverlet, & 2 Sheets, £20; 2 Set of Geers, 40s .; 2 Pair Stockings at Ios .; 3 Swords, 30s .; Bullet Mould, 6s .; 5 Calves, £ 10; I Negro Man, £95; 20 Ells tow Cloth, 6os .; Tub & Milk Vessel, 8s .; 2 Aprons & Short Gown, 18s .; 5 Caps & handkerchief, 20S."
Two days later he had another visitation, when the men carried off or destroyed : "6 Tons English hay, £9; 600 Sheaves of Oats, £5, 5s .; 500 Do. Wheat, £5; 9 Hives of honey, £9; 8 Shirts, 96s .; 5 Barrels Cyder, £4; 30 Bushels Turnips, 30s. ; 3 Bushels Potatoes, 7s. 6d .; 13 Gallons Metheglin,
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£2, 12s .; 100 Cabbage Heads, 25s .; 50 Barn fowls & 7 Geese, £3, 4s .; Cash, £4, 8s .; 3 Shirts & 2 Pair Stockings, £2, 16s .; 3 Handkerchiefs, IOS .; I Gun, 40s. Total for the two days, £ 381, 9, 6."
Lucas Wessels also had cause to remember November 26, as on that day he lost "100 Cwt of flax, £5; 7 Tons of English hay, £21; 100 Chest- nut rails, £2; 20 five hole Posts, 13s., 4d .; I Horse, 4 Years old, £20; I Mare, £20." Total, £68, 13s., 4d.
Cornelius E. Vreeland unwillingly furnished forth many a camp mess with "2 Loads of Cabbage, £1, 15s., 4d .; 6 Turkeys, 15s .; 10 Barn Fowls, Ios .; " besides "I Pair of Buckskin breeches with Silver buttons, £2, IOS .; New Broad Cloth Coat, Vest & breeches, £9."
As the soldiers marched down the River road below Passaic, in the neighborhood of the present Brook avenue they came to the modest home of Captain Daniel Neil, then with Washington's army, and here they stole a horse worth £ 15; 21/2 tons English hay, worth £7, IOS .; half a load of flax, worth £2, and 120 panels of fence, worth £6, 12s. Two years later Mrs. Neil had another horse stolen from her worth £25.
Just below Mrs. Neil lived Richard Ludlow. His dock at Acquackanonk Landing was piled up with loads of staves, etc., which all went for fuel for the soldiers, who destroyed "20,000 Staves & Heading, £ 100; 10 Cords of Walnut Wood, £15; I Boat with Sales &c., £60." At his house they de- stroyed or carried off three copper kettles, worth £7; a brass pie pan, 20s .; an iron pie pan, Ios .; a brass tea kettle, 20s., and a "Washing of Linnen," valued at £3. That visitation of the British cost him ££ 187, IOS.
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