History of the city of Paterson and the County of Passaic, New Jersey, Part 13

Author: Nelson, William, 1847-1914
Publication date: 1901
Publisher: Paterson : Press Printing and Publishing Co.
Number of Pages: 466

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6 In the dying speech of Ockanicbon, about 1681-2, at Burlington, N. J., he is reported to have said : " Whereas Sehoppy and Swanpis were appointed Kings by me in my stead, and I understanding by my Doctor, that Sehoppy secretly advised him not to cure me, * and *

* I see that they were given more to Drink, than to take notice of my last words, * * * therefore I refused them to be Kings after me in my stead, and have chosen my Brother's son Iahkurosoe in their stead to succeed me. "-Budd's Good Order, etc., 66; Smith's N. J., 149.

10 In 1731, Sassoonan or Allummapees or Alommabi, King of the Del- awares, stabbed and killed bis nephew, Sam Shakatawlin, bis presump- tive successor, because be was suspected of favoring the whites too much .- Penn. Col. Records, III., 403-5 ; Moravian Memorials, I., 121, I27.

INDIAN GOVERNMENT-INDIAN RHETORIC.

verdict of history is that their sway was quite as wise and firm as that of the sterner sex.1 The position of woman among the Indians was far from unfavorable ; she was secure in the possession of her property and of her children, and had a voice in the selection of Chiefs. This independence was due largely to the gentile organization of the tribe ; a woman had the support of all the members, male and female, of her gens. 2 .

The Council of each tribe was composed of the Sachem and the other Chiefs, either experienced warriors, or aged and respected heads of families, elected by the tribe. 3 The ex- ecutive functions of the goverment were performed by the Sachems and Chiefs, who were also members of the Coun- cil. The latter body was legislature and court combined, having a strict and most decorous proccdure.4 Here mat- ters pertaining to the welfare of the tribe were discussed, whether of peace or of war ; offences against good order in the tribe were considered, and the accused tried with de- liberation and the utmost fairness. As already remarked, crimes committed against individuals were not regarded as sins, or torts against the tribe ; they were usually settled between the persons or families concerned, or in the gens, upon the principle of lex talionis.5 The evolution of the crude law of the gens and then of the tribe went on for cen- turies and perhaps for ages ere there arose upon its base the fair fabric of moral obligation, of ethical compulsion -of Right, as distinguished from Expediency.6 The rela- tions with other tribes and confederations were talked over in the Council, and a course of action formu- lated. As the whites became more numerous, they in various ways undermined the authority of the Chiefs,7 who were compelled to admit that they could not alway restrain the impetuosity of their warriors, wauwapiesjes, or of their

1 " In the New England Pocanoket, Mount-Hope, or King Philip's War, anno 1675, there is mentioned the squaa-sachem of Pocasset, and a squaa-sachem among the Naragansets."-Douglass 1., 160. Shaumpi- shuh, sister to Momaugin, the Chief of the Quinnipiacs, was the sachem- squaw of Guilford, Conn. See De Forest's Indians of Connecticut, p. 52. In 1650, there was a Squaw Chief living at Catskill, N. Y. See N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII. , 26.

2 See report of address by Prof. Otis T. Mason, in American Anthro- pologist, July, 1888, pp. 295-6.

3 Morgan, Ancient Society, 71 ; Loskiel, 130; I Penn. Archives, II., 214.

4 J. W. Powell, Proceedings American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, 1880, pp. 687-8 : Budd, Good Order, etc., 62 ; N. Y. Col. Docs., XII., 380 ; Zeisberger's Diary, II., 199, 214.

5 Historical Collections of the Indians in New England, by Daniel Gookin, written in 1674 and published in 1792 in Collections of the Mas- sachusetts Historical Society, I., 149; Loskiel, 15-16 ; Kitchi-Gami, 269 ; Zeisberger's Diary, II., 525.

6 " A rigor di termini la morale comprende anche il diritto, come il tutto la parte; ma nell' evoluzione dell' umana condotta, considerata sotto l' aspetto fisico, biologico, psicologico e sociologico, il diritto pre- cedette la morale come manifestazione esteriore dei modi di giudicare essa condotta : modi concretati dapprima in vaghe consuetudini, poscia in norme fisse o leggi." See paper by Dr. Vincenzo Grossi on Law and Morals in Ancient Mexico, Compte-Rendu Congrès International des Americanistes, at Berlin, 1888, pp. 350, 372; and Sir Henry Sumner Maine, on Ancient Law, as cited.

7 Kitchi-Gami, 270.

young men-the "barebacks ;"1 but in theory the decision of the Council was absolutely binding upon every member of the tribe, and a breach of its mandates was punishable with death. Describing a Council which he attended, William Penn says : "Their order is thus : The King sits in the Middle of a half-moon, and hath his Council, the old and wise on each hand ; behind them, or at a little distance, sit the younger Fry in the same Figure ; having consulted and resolved their business, the King ordered one of them to speak to me. *

* During the time that this person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the Old Grave, the Young reverent in their deportment : They do speak little, but fervently and with elegancy."2

Their rhetorical figures were mostly suggested by natural objects, at times rising to flights of genuine eloquence. At a conference with the whites, in 1649, Pennekeck, the "Chief behind the Col," that is, of the Hackensack Indians, said the tribe called the Raritanoos, formerly living at Wiquaesskeck, had no Chief, therefore he spoke for them, in the Indian tongue. "I wish you could see my heart," he exclaimed, as he threw down two beavers, "then you would be sure that my words are sincere and true."3 At a confer- ence held at Easton, in 1757, Teedyescung, Chief Sachem or King of the Delawares, said : "By this Belt of Wampum I take you by the hand and lead you up to our Council Fire, and desire you will not listen to the singing of Birds in the Woods,"4 -that is, give no heed to the tales of enemies. In 1758 Governor Francis Bernard, of New Jersey, persuaded the Minisink Indians to come to Burlington for a conference, instead of to Easton as was their wont. The spokesman for the dusky statesmen told the Governor : "It is not agree- able to Our Chief Men and Counsellers to have a new Council fire kindled or the Old one removed to this side of the River from Pennsylvania, where it hath always been kept Burning. The Reason is this : we know the Strength of the Water, and that when the Wind and tide is strong it Roars that we cannot hear ; so that it is proper we should have the Council fire on the other Side of the River nearer to us."5 The Indians were fond of referring to the "covenant chain" between them and the whites. "Since a Chain is apt to rust, if it be not oiled or greased, we will grease it with Bevers grease or Fatt yt the smell thereof will endure for a whole year."6 The Delawares havingin 1725 be- come subordinate to the Five Nations, were not allowed to make war without the consent of the latter ; wherefore they were called "women."7 When they won their independence,

I N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 167, 172.

2 Quoted in Robert Blount's Present State, etc., as cited, 102-3, and in Proud's Hist. Penna., I., 257.

3 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 25.

4 I Penn. Archives, III., 216.

5 Penn. Col. Records, VIII., 158.

6 N. Y. Col. Docs., V., 663.

7 Loskiel, 125-6; Heckewelder, 58-70 ; Gallatin, Transactions Am. Antiq. Soc., II., 47, 48, 78; I Penn. Archives, III., 216; Penn. Col. Records, III., 334 ; IV., 481, 579 ; VI., 37; VIII., 156; N. Y. Col. Docs., V., 623. The subject is exhaustively treated by Dr. Brinton, in his Lenâpe and their Legends, Chap. V.

HISTORY OF PATERSON.

there was a curious ceremony, "the taking off of the petti- coat," in 17561 and again in 1795.2

Bishop Ettwein tells us that the "Chief of the Tortoise is the Head." He was commonly spoken of by the whites as the "King" of the Delawares. The earliest Chief who stands out pre-eminent above his fellows is Tamanend or Tamanee, whose name first appears in a deed dated the 23d day of the 4th month (June), 1683, for lands in Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania. 3 In 1694 he was present with other Delaware Indians at a meeting of the Governor and Council of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, when he said, as quaintly recorded in the of- ficial minutes : "Wee and the Christians of this river Have allwayes had a free rode way to one another, & tho' some- times a tree has fallen across the rode yet wee have still re- moved it again, & keept the path clean, and wee design to Continou the old friendshipp that has been between us and you."4 Three years later (July 5, 1697) he joins in a deed for a tract of land near Neshaminy, "Extending in Length from the River Delaware, so farr as a horse can Travel in Two Summer dayes." The instrument begins thus : "Know all Men That we Taminy Sachimack and Wehee- lano my Brother and Weheeqneckhon alias Andrew, who is to be king after my deatlı, Yaqueekhon alias Nicholas, and Quenameckquid alias Charles my Sonns," etc. 5 Although these are the only actual glimpses we have of the man, tradition supplies all that would else be lacking, and declares that he "never had his equal. He was in the highest degree endowed with wisdom, virtue, prudence, charity, affability, meekness, hospitality, in short with every good and noble qualification that a human being may pos- sess. He was supposed to have had an intercourse with the great and good Spirit ; for he was a stranger to everything that is bad."6 Countless legends have grown up about his name, and, in a spirit of drollery, he has been dubbed a Saint, in emulation of foreign heroes with less claim to a place in the calendar, and as "St. Tammany" is the first of his race to be thus lionored." Having attained to a great age- he was spoken of as "the Tamanend of many days"-he is believed to have found a final resting place at or near Doylestown, Bucks county, Penn. 8

1 N. Y. Col. Docs., VII., 119; Memoirs Penn. Hist. Soc., I. (ed. 1864), 99. In 1758 the Delawares still acknowledged that they were a "woman nation," and could not act without the Senecas .- 1 Penn. Archives, III., 505. The Minisinks were at the same time declared to be "women," who could not make treaties for themselves .- Penn. Col. Records, VIII., I 56.

2 Zeisberger's Diary, II., 409.

3 I Penn. Archives, I., 64. In the Walam Olum it is recorded : Weminitis tamenend sakimanep nekohatami.

All being friendly, the Affable was chief, the first of that name.

It is impossible to conjecture with any approximation to accuracy when this first Tamanend became the Sachem of the Lenape. The Chief of the same name in William Penn's time was the third of the name. See the Lenape and their Legends, 196-7, 229. Heckewelder says the name means "affable."

4 Penn. Col. Records, I., 447.

5 I Penn. Archives, 124.

6 Heckewelder, 300.

7 See "The History of Tammany Society," in Valentine's Manual for 1865, pp. 849 et seqq.

8 Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time, etc., by John F. Watson, Philadelphia, 1870, II., 172; History of Bucks

In 1716, Sheekokonickan was the Chief of the Nation, and is the second mentioned as such in the early records. 1 It does not appear when, where or how he died, but in 1718 the honor was borne by one whose name is variously written Allomabi, Allummapees, Alomipas, Olomipas, Olumpies, who was also called Sassoonan, "one who is well wrapped up. " He was even then an old man, and sickly, and prob- ably wore extra clothing on that account. In 173I, as al- ready stated, he stabbed and killed his nephew, in a drunken brawl. His grief and remorse were so great that he refused to eat for a time, and his life was in danger.2 For many years he represented his people in their conferences with the English, by whom he was held in high esteem. His death, in 1747, seems to have made quite a stir not only among the Delawares, but among the Six Nations and the whites as well. 3

Teedyescung or Tadeuskund was born near Trenton about the year 1700, one of a family of spirited sons. About 1730 they located at the forks of the Delaware, going further west until they joined their kinsmen, the Munseys. Coming under the Christian influence of the Moravian Brethren, he was baptized in 1750. But in 1754 the Munseys came down and urged him to become their King and lead them to war. After the defeat of Braddock, amid the general uprising of the savages, Teedyescung was swept into the war by an ir- resistible impulse of race pride, patriotism and ambition, and during 1755 and 1756, as King of the Delawares and Munseys, led his dusky warriors in many a destructive foray upon the white settlements. In July, 1756, he attended a Council at Easton, with the Governor of Pennsylvania. At this time he declared that he represented not only the Dela- wares, as their King, but the Six Nations and three others, making ten in all. This was explicitly contradicted, how- ever, by the Six Nations, at Easton, in 1758. In February, 1758, he attended a conference held "in the Great Meeting House at Crosswicks, N. J., between the Government of New Jersey, and the Indians inhabiting within the same," when the Cranbury, Crosswicks, Ancocus, Raritan, "South- ern " and " Mountain " Indians presented their claims for lands thien occupied by the whites.4 He was a brave warrior and a sagacious counsellor, impatient of control, yet a subject of the Indian's worst enemy-the " fire water " of the whites, and died a miserable death, being burned in his lodge, April 19, 1763.5 There were those who believed his wigwam was purposely set on fire by the Iroquois, who hated him for his influence with the English, and who also feared he might restore the Lenape to their pristine dignity and power.

County, Pennsylvania, by W. W. H. Davis, Doylestown, 1876, pp. 63, 73; Magazine of American History, XXIX., 255.

1 Penn. Col. Records, II., 613. Is this name derived from Schiku, orphan, and Ockonickan, the name of the Indian King who died about 1681-2 at Burlington ?

2 Penn. Col. Recorós, III., 404-5.

3 Penn. Col. Records, III., 318-321, 334, 404 ; IV., 53-4, 443-6, 742 ; V., 212, 222, 533 ; I Penn. Archives, I., 224, 266, 772 ; Moravian Memorials, 121,127.

4 I Penn. Archives, III., 341-6.

5 Penn. Col. Records, VII., 199, 204-20 ; VIII., 96, 190-195 ; Moravian Memorials, 217-226, 359-364.

SUB-TRIBES OF THE NEW JERSEY INDIANS.

It was a curious coincidence that he had been baptized Gideon, and that as he went to and fro with his retinue of warriors he was often styled the "War trumpet."1 He was the last of the Delaware Kings east of the Allegheny moun- tains.

An amusing but very important feature of the conferences with the Indians was the exchange of presents. The wily savages saw no sense in giving valuable skins of beaver, · otter or deer without receiving a corresponding return. If their presents were not reciprocated they quietly picked them up and carried them off-whence the expressive plirase, "Indian giver." The authorities soon learned the full signi- ficance of the custom. When an Indian ambassador from his tribe presented a bundle of furs in token of his good faith, he naturally expected the whites to give a like token of their sincerity. So it came to be a regular practice at such conferences for the Governor to cause the value of the Indians' gift to be carefully computed, and then to make them a present of like or greater worth. 2

When the Delawares went to war, they were painted hideously, to strike the utmost terror into their enemies. 3 How then could they distinguish friend from foe, when thus disguised ? By their totems. "The totem is a symbolic device, generally an animal, which represents that all those having it have descended from one common ancestor. It has developed into the heraldic device of the family."4 The

practice seems to have been universal among North American tribes,5 if indeed it was not prevalent throughout the world. When an Indian built a hut he painted on the outside in a ·conspicuous place a rude figure of his totem, and any passing Indian of the same tribe (and hence of the same totem) was privileged to claim aid as of a brother. Their bodies were painted or tattooed with the same symbol, and so were their war-clubs. 6 Among the Delawares, "the Turtle warrior draws either with a coal or paint here and there on the trees along the war path, the whole animal carrying a gun with the muzzle projecting forward, and if he leaves a mark at the place where he has made a stroke on his enemy, it will be a picture of a tortoise. Those of the Turkey tribe paint only one foot of a turkey, and the Wolf tribe, sometimes a wolf at large with one leg and foot raised up to serve as a hand, in which the animal also carries a gun with the muzzle forward."7

The three principal tribes of the Lenape inhabiting New Jersey were subdivided into very many smaller tribes or

1 Heckewelder, 302-305; Loskiel, II., 124, 182.

2 Acrelius, 53, 103 ; Penn. Col. Records, II., 555, 559; N. Y. Col. Docs., XII., 524; 2 Penn. Archives, VII., 769. Many other instances could be cited.

3 Loskiel, 147.

4 Dorman, 237. "In the Ojibwa dialect the word totem, quite as often pronounced dodaim, signifies the symbol or device of a gens; thus the figure of a wolf was the totem of the Wolf gens."-Morgan, Ancient Society, 165. And see Brinton, American Hero Myths, 40; Abbott's Primitive Industry, 72, 384.

5 Brinton, Myths of the New World, 231 ; Second Annual Report U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, 166.

6 Heckewelder, 54.

7 Ib., 253.

clans, who generally settled along the rivers and bays, and were usually called by the whites after the streams on which they were located, instead of by any proper tribal or family designation. Hence the names which have come down to us are descriptive of localities rather than of tribes. Some of these sub-tribes mentioned by early wri- ters and in the old records are as follows :

Kechemeches, 500 men, above Cape May.

Manteses, Ioo bowmen, twelve leagues above the former. (Doubtless the Mantas or Mantes, on Salem creek.)

Sikonesses, six leagues higher up.

Asomoches, Ioo men.

Eriwoneck, 40 men.

Ramcock, 100 men, five miles above the last. (Probably living on Rancocas creek.)

Axion, 200 men, four miles higher up. (Probably As- siscunk creek.)

Calcefar, 150 men, "tenne leagues over land."

Mosilian, 200 men, below the Falls. 1

Raritans, Raritanoos, Raritangs, 1200 men, with two sachems.2 This tribe formerly lived at Wiquaesskeck (near Dobbs's Ferry, Westchester county, N. Y.)3 but we have no account of why or when they removed to the fertile valleys of Central New Jersey. They were a warlike people, diffi- cult to placate. In 1634 the Dutch made a treaty of peace with them, but hostilities broke out at intervals, and in 1640 the savages attacked a sloop sent up their river with sup- plies, and tried to kill the crew and capture the vessel and cargo.4 Foiled in this attempt, they made a raid on Staten Island, killing four tobacco planters and firing the buildings. The exasperated Dutch authorities at New Amsterdam thereupon passed an ordinance (in 1641), offering the other Indians ten fathoms of wampum for every Raritan's head, and twenty fathoms for the head of each of those who had killed the Staten Island planters.5 Perhaps another reason for this barbarous act of reprisal was the greed of the whites for the fertile fields and meadows of the Indians, a writer in 1650 declaring that " the Raritanys had the handsomest and pleasantest country that man can behold ; it furnished the Indians with abundance of maize, beans, pumpkins and other fruits. "6 Harrassed by the Manhattans and the Dutch, and tempted by the offers of would-be purchasers, the thrifty savages seem to have sold their fair domain in 1650 and again in 1652, to two different parties.7

Neighbor to the Raritans were the Newesinghs, also called Na-ussins, Newasons, Neversinks or Navesinks, who

1 Letter of Master Robert Evelin, who was in New Jersey about 1635, quoted in Smith's N. J., 29. For notices of the Mantas, see N. Y. Col. Docs., XII., 345, 414, 462 ; and De Vries, as cited, 253.

2 A Description of the Province of New Albion, etc., 1648, by Beau- champ Plantagenet, quoted in Smith's N. J., 30. This little pamphlet, . on account of its extravagant statements, is not worthy of implicit cre- dence.

3 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 25.

4 Ib., 7.

5 Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 28.

6 N. Y. Doc. Hist., IV., 22.

7 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 28-34.

HISTORY OF PATERSON.

were said to own the land from Barnegat to the Raritan. 1 In 1650 they were but few in number ; their Sachem thien was Ouz-zeech.2 In 1660 the Dutch demanded the surrender of some Indians accused of murdering the whites, and who had taken refuge with the Raritans and Newesings, but the Sachems replied that "they could not seize and surrender the delinquents, without placing themselves in danger of being massacred by their relations,"3 which was regarded by the Dutch authorities as merely an evasion, but was never- theless the truth, punishment for murder not being an affair of the tribe, but only of the family or gens, as already shown. The English and the Dutch eagerly sought to buy the lands of the Newesings in 1663, and in Decem- ber of that year the latter succeeded in persuading the Indians to sell only to the Director-General and Council of New Netherland. This agreement was made by the " chiefs Matanoo, Barrenach, Mechat, brother to and deputed by Pajpemoor, empowered by Pasachynom, Menarhohondoo, Sycakeska and the aforesaid Pojpemoor, all chiefs and owners of the lands in the Newesinghs ;" also Piewecher- enoes alias Hans. To this important document Matano, Mechat, "Pieweherenoes, alias Hans the savage," and Bar- renach affixed their marks, that of the last-named being a very fair outline of a tortoise, indicating that the chief be- longed to the Unami tribe.4 There were still a few of the Newesings in their old hunting grounds in 1670.5

Naraticons, occupying the southern part of New Jersey. Sanhicans, inhabiting the country about Trenton. Dr. Brinton says the name is a contraction of assan-hican, a stone implement, referring to the manufacture of such arti- cles so extensively carried on in that neighborhood.6

Hackensacks .- The Raritan country extended northerly to Weequahick (Bound or Dividing) Creek, the dividing line between Newark and Elizabeth. The country north of this creek, and from First Mountain to the Hudson river, was occupied by the Hackensack Indians, who were principally settled along the river of that name. Being in such close proximity to New Amsterdam, they naturally came much in contact with the whites, and we find numerous references to them in the early records. They appear to have been peaceable, for the most part, and were frequently interces- sors for the warlike Raritans on the south, and the Esopus, Tappan and other Indians on the north. The first convey- ance on record by the Hackensack Indians was made in 1630, for "Hobocan Hacking," the grantors being Arro- meauw, Tekwappo and Sackwomeck. The site of Jersey City (Ahasimus and Aressick) was sold about the same time by Ackitoauw and Aiarouw, for themselves and the other proprietors, Winym, Matskath and Camoins.7 These con- veyances were doubtless made by some villagers living on

1 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 311. 2 Wolley, 54. 3 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 163, 190.

4 Ib., 314-316.

5 Denton, 15.

6 Lenâpe and their Legends, 44 ; De Vries, 253 ; Acrelius, 57. 7 N. Y. Col. Docs., XIII., 1, 2.

these tracts, as it does not appear that the deeds were auth- orized by the tribe. The Hackensack Indians seem to have" been quiet and comparatively industrious. They raised large quantities of provisions, probably manufactured wam- pum, had their principal seat in the neighborhood of the present village of Hackensack, and an important settle- ment at Gamoenipa (Communipaw), whence they were ready to trade with the Dutch, or to make war upon Manhattan, whichever the inhabitants of that island pre- ferred. It is not unlikely that they were in the habit of holding their weird " Kinte-Kaey" at Yantacaw, or Third River. (Where the Dutch first saw this Indian dance, up- among the Highlands, the place is still known as the Dans. Kammer, or dancing hall. Rip Van Winkle was mistaken when he imagined he saw there the ghosts of Captain Kid's pirates ; they were the spirits of departed Indians, revisit -- ing the " pale glimpes of the moon, " to indulge once more in their mystic " Kinte-Kaey. ") Undoubtedly the Hacken- sacks taught the first settlers many things about fishing, hunting, the cultivation of maize and its subsequent utiliza- tion in the favorite form of suppaen, which soon became fa- miliar to every Dutch youngster in the land. We may well believe, too, that the thrifty Dutch vrouws learned many a. new thing in domestic economy from the squaws, expe- rienced in housewifery peculiar to the New World. The farmers who yearly burn the grass off the Hackensack meadows learned that practice and its benefits from the " Wilden. " The cupidity of the early settlers led them to sell liquor to the Indians and countless evils ensued. One day in 1643, over at Pavonia, an Indian who had become in- toxicated through the Dutch plying him with liquor, was asked if he could make good use of his bow and arrow in that state ? For answer he aimed at a Dutchman thatching a house and shot him dead. An Englishman had been killed a few days before by some of the Indians of the Achter Col village. The whites were exasperated and de -- manded the surrender of the murderers, which, of course, was refused, being contrary to the Indian custom. Some of the whites trespassed on the Indians' cornfields, and when - resisted shot three of the savages dead. A war seemed im- minent, and in alarm many of the Indians fled for protection to the neighborhood of the Fort on Manhattan Island. The Dutch took advantage of this opportunity, and on the night of February 25, 1643, one party slaughtered their unsuspect- ing guests on the Island, while another party went over to. Pavonia and attacked the Indian village there, when the women and children were asleep.1 The ferocity displayed by the whites was never exceeded by the savages. Says a con- temporary chonicler : "Young children, some of them. snatched from their mothers, were cut in pieces before the eyes of their parents, and the pieces were thrown into the fire or into the water ; other babes were bound on planks and then cut through, stabbed and miserably massacred, so that it would break a heart of stone ; some were thrown into the river, and when the fathers and mothers sought to save them, the soldiers would not suffer them to

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History of the city of Paterson and the County of Passaic, New Jersey, Part 13

Author: Nelson, William, 1847-1914 Publication date: 1901 Publisher: Paterson : Press Printing and Publishing Co. Number of Pages: 466

Author: Nelson, William, 1847-1914
Publication date: 1901
Publisher: Paterson : Press Printing and Publishing Co.
Number of Pages: 466