USA > New Jersey > Salem County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > New Jersey > Gloucester County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 1 > Part 2
USA > New Jersey > Cumberland County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 1 > Part 2
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Burt, Nathaniel C.
672 Elmer, Jonathan
562 Elmer, L. 4. C.
550
Buzby, B. F.
150
Eltuer, Theophilus.
Carman, C. B ..
135 Elmer, Timothy
Carpenter, T. P.
Elmer, William.
144
Carter, B. F.
128 Ewing, Charles
Champaeys, Benjamin ...
559
Ewing, Mashell.
Chapman, Thomas Chatham, B. F.
130 Ewing, Thomas.
147 Ewing, William B.
Chew. M. M.
279 Ferguson, J. B
Cluik, Charles
500 Ferrell, Thomas M.
2.
613
Elmer, Daniel, Jr.
Buckingham, Henry.
150 343
Elmer, Eli
Burchan, Richard
Elmer, George E.
Burgin, John.
699
Elmer, Jonathan
Butcher, Joseph, Jr.
564 672
Back, Henry, Jr.
Elmer, Daniel
Bowen, Joseph A ..
725
Dickeson, T. P
Dilks, Andrew,
349 000 550 567
721 628
556 345 267
464 154
356 311
Black, D. R
Davis, Elaxthan
557 556
Buck, Joseph
131 415 Erwin, Benjamin.
Carpenter, William
------
xi
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
PAGE
Hanngin, James H
628
Iszard, Jacob.
152
Hitcraft, Allen
Iszard, W. H.
150
Fisher, W. C
134
Jackson, Winslow
152
F.sler, Benjamin
567
Jeffers. W. X
344 626
Filer, J. T
14a
Jessup, J. S.
135
Fisler, L. F.
566
Jessup, West.
198
F .- ler. S. F
147
Johnson, James
556
Fithian, E. B
144
Johnson, J. II
155
Fithian, Epoch
Johnson, R. C ..
359 403
FithiAD, Hosea
562
Johnson, R. G
Fitbian, Joel
685
Jones, Thomas.
Fithian, Joel.
:25
Keasbey, A. Q ..
347
Fithian, Joseph.
145
Keasbey, E. Q.
355
Fithian, P. V
685
Keasby, J. B.
150
Fithian, Samuel.
685
Kienzle, Jacob.
Fithian, Reuben.
7:25
Kinsey, James
343
Fitzhugh, J. R
314
Kirby, J. C.
:59
Fort. J. H.
137
Ladd, W. W.
Foster, J. J
146
Laning, Richard.
Fox, George.
656
Lawrence, John.
Fox, Samnel MI
656
Lawrence, N. O.
674
Freeman, Jonathan
615
Lawrence, Samuel.
€86
Gandy, James G
662
Laws, G. C ...
Gardner, D. R.
152
Leak, Samuel.
342
Gardner, W. A
151
Leaming, E. B
136
Garrison, C. G ..
150
Lee, Thomas.
Garr.son, Charles
145
Ling, J. W
155
Garrison, J. F
146
Loper, William F
5€7
Garrison, Joel
657
Lord, J. J_
215
Garrison, William
366
Ludlam, J. W
564
Gibbon, John
724
Lummis, Dayton
144
Giles, James
551
Lommis, Willjam
144
Gilln.an, John
147
Macculloch, F. L
345
Gilman, Uriah
150
Matlock, Leaming.
131
Glover, Thomas
186
Matlock, R. K.
131
Green, G. G
186 184
Mc Bride, Lewis.
Haines, William.
212
McCalla, T. H.
Haley, B. F.
651
Hall, G. D
689
McGeorge, Wallace
152
Halsey, L. F.
146
McKelway, A. J
145
Halsey, L. M
150
Miller, Charles.
600
Hampton, I. H 565
Miller, S. T ..
Hampton, J. G.
552
Hampton, John P.
557
Minch, Francis B
630
Hannah, Charles ..
355
Moore, Alexander
€15
Hannah, J. M
347
More, Azariah
Harker, C. G.
Moore, James.
413
Harris, Samuel
558 Moore, Jonathan
557
Harris, T. U
592 Moore, Simnel.
Harrison, J. B
131
Moure, William
Harrison, Josiah.
343
Morris, John H.
Harsley, Ralph.
556
Mulford, Isaac W.
Heisler, Andrew
Mulford, David P.
Hepner, Jacob
Mnagrave, J. F
Heritage, J. D.
149
Newkirk, N. R
590
Herman, A. V
149
Nichols, Robert C
537
Hewitt, G. H
135
Norris, E. C
154
Hitchner, R. M
471 Ogden, Edo.
58 674 150
Hoover, Francis
140
Oliphant, E. T.
155
Howell, B. P
146
Packer, D. J
187
Howell, Ebenezer
353
Parker, B. W
564 56G
Howell, J. B.
134
Parvin, Holmes.
561
If-well, Richard
548
Parker, Joel
127 616
Hent, Jacob.
356 Patterson, Robert GIG
Hunt, Reuben.
Paulding, M. J.
150
Hunt, Thomas E
683 Peck, Benjamin 5.57
Hunter, Andrew, Jr.
686
Peck, T. W. 563
Hura, T. W
291 Pedrick, J. R.
$67 1:4 416 G78 629 152 565
Heritage, P.S.
149
Nichols, Isaac T.
Hud, Charlea.
551
Ogden, John
Hornblower, J. C.
126
Osborn, J. A
Howell, Lewie.
537
Parvin, J. B
Hunter, Andrew
69G
Parvin, Silas.
691
Green, L. M
Maul, Benjamin F
631 557 566
McCalla, W. H
Minch, Archibald.
154 354
Harrie, Isaac.
Moore, John P
623
155 676 131
Fidler. Jacob
151
Jerrell, William
722 703
xii
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
Perry, Belmont ...
135
Stratton, Nathan L
Perry, Samuel.
624
Sturdivant, Thomas,
Pierson, Azel.
55$
Swing, Charles,
Pierson, D C ..
564
Swing, Charles.
Pierson, Joseph
137
Synott. Martin.
15
Piersou, Joseph.
155
Synott, Miles
136
Porter, E. JL.
563
Thackara. Thomas
Potter, Divid.
616
Thompson, Hedge
35€
Potter, James B
626
Thompson, J. S.
137
Potter, Michael
470
Thompson, R. P.
34.
Potter, William
617
Trenchard, Albert
13.
Potter, William E.
553
Trenchard, James 1I
621
Potta, S. G.
120
Trenchard, John.
675
Rimbo, John.
243
Tuft, Jobo B
Rauibo, William
295
Turner, E. K.
201
Ramsay, William
675
Turuer, J. D
Read, Charles
618
Turner, Johu C
Reeve, Mark
686
Turner, W. H.
142
Reeves. J. J.
554
Turner, Joseph
150
Repp, Jolin
232
Tyler, John.
Richman, Isaiah W
700
Van Hook, B.
Roberts, M. H
155
Vau Hook, L
563
Robeson, A. L.
83
Van Meter. Edward
34.
Roe, J. B.
151
Van Meter, James.
354
Rulon, C. A
311
Van Meter, R. H
254 355
Salisbury, Samuel
242
Vanneman, W. S
Sanodera, T. J.
146
Voorhees, N. W
13;
Seeley, Ebenezer
619
Wales, E. L. B
Seeley, Ephraim
618
Ward, Samuel
556
Seeley, E. P
549
Ware, H. B
Sharp, Daniel
630
Ware, J. B.
Sharp, George S
250
Ware, R. M.
133
Sharp, John
651
Watson, 11. P
Sharp, John L.
644
Watson, J. M.
Sharp, J. S. T
356
Watson, Samuel
Sharp, Lorenzo.
701
Weatherby, I. Hurt
311
Sheppard, Daniel MI
690
Weatherby, J. C.
151
Sheppard, Philip G ...
692
Westcott, F. F.
552 Fri 5,52
Sheppard, C. Henry
726
Sheppard, Edward H
727
Whelpley, E. W
1.46
Shinn, W. J.
344
Whitacar, Richard
676
Shoemaker, John
Whitekar, D. B
632
Shute. S. M.
White, J. M ..
130 53.
Sickler, J. R
128
Whiting, Abijab
348
Sickler, John R.
146
Whitney, S. A
991
Sickler, Joseph T.
134
Wiley, Elijah
14:
Sinnickzon, Thomas
405
Wiley, George
14:
Skill, C. W
155
Wilkins, Hiram
564
Smith, Charles P
406
Wistar, Caspar
Smith, T. S
347
Wood, John S
Smith, Thomas S
349
Wood, Richard.
Sooy, Samuel T
266 566
Woodruff, C. P ..
Stambach, II. L.
152
Woodruff, E. D
130
Stanger, S. F
150
Woodruff, Israel
6,5:
Steellng, William
564
Woolman, Reuben
Strattam, E. S
135
Yarrow, Thomas
Strattam, J. H.
155
Yarrow, T. J 355
Stratton, Daniel.
413
Yorke, Thomas Jones.
Stratton, Daniel P
€20
Westcott, J. D.
Sheppard, Robert
618
Sheppard, Robert F
678
Westcott, J. D., Jr.
Westcott, Jehiel.
Shivers, Elgar
137
Whitaker, Ephraim
143 559
Shute, William
266
White, John M.
Smith, A. A.
148
Willetts, Reuben
Woodhull, G. S
Spratt, George.
Starr, John
134 Woodruff, Lewis.
659 12% 6.69
Reeves, Thomas,
151
Turner, T. B
41; 50%
PAGE
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
PAGE
Abbott, Samnel.
facing 442
Harris, Thomas U
facing 593
Hepner, Jacob
703
Allen, Ira.
310
Heritage, J. D.
149
Atkinson, C. P.
471
Hitchuer, R. M
between 470, 471
Bacon, Lewis.
.between 700, 701
Hunt, Reuben
688, 689
Barber, Henry
.facing 4-9
Hunt, Thomas E
688, 689
Eurton, George W
463
Patten, J M
404
Jerrell, William
626
Jessup, West.
188
Johnson, R. C.
358
Johnson. R. G
B,wen, William S
between 568, 569
Boaen, Joseph A
.facing 726
Brewster, Francis G
622
91
259
Laning, Richard
676
Erunyate, William
649
Lord, J. J. 295
Lore Homestead
650 1
"arpenter, William facing
415
Maul, Benjantia F 69I
McBride, Lewis .between 630, 631 =
690, 691
Miller, S. T facing 147
Minch, Archibald. 700
631
Coombs, Samuel M. between 626, 627
Cox, Stephen, Sr. .facing 631
Panzenbaker, T. F.
between 702, 703
Isare, Abel S. 676, 677
bare, James 692
Davidson, J. B. between 650, 651
650, 651
Davis, John T
702, 703
Davis, Smith
678,679
Dilks, Andrew
= 290, 291
boughty, Elias.
facing 553
Perry, Samuel between 624, 625
Potter, Jamie- B .facing 627 Potter, Michael between 470, 471
Potter, William E facing 5.4
Rambo, Jolin
296
Reeves, J. J. 555
Richman, Isaiah W between 700, 701
83
Rulon, C. A
311
Salisbury, Samuel 242
Sbarp, Daniel 6.10
260
Fithian, Reuben
725
Fitzhugh, J R
314
Flanagin, James H
between 628, 629
Fox, Samuel 3I
656, 657
Gandy, James G. 662
Garrison, Joel. .facing 657
Glover, Thomas. between 186, 187 Green, G. G facing 186
Green, L. MI 184
Green, L. M., Residence of.
4 185
Walnes, William. 212
l'aley, B. F
.between 650, 651
Hall. G. D. facing 690
Sooy, Samuel T.
.
xiii
1 1 2 2 2 7 € 6 6 2 0
3 1
I 4 1 0
7
7 2
- ) 5 6
Fox, George. .. 656, 657
Sheppard Homestead.
.facing €82
Sheppard, Robert F
..
678
Sheppard, C. Henry
1
7:27
Shinn, W. J.
341
Shute, Wilhanı .between 266, 967 fariug 404
Sinnickson, ThoDids.
Sinnickson, Thomas, Jr., Residence of
428
Smith, A. A
148
Fitbian, Joseph. 145
Fithian, Joel
724
Sharp, George S
651
Sharp, John ..
Sharp, Lorenzo ... 701
Sheppard, Daniel M .between 690, 691
187
Perry, Belmont. 136
Eastlack, J. C.
between 266, 267
Fastlack, S. A
facing 267
Elmer, George E
679
Elmer, James E
66
680
Elmer, Jonathan
629
Elmer, L. Q. C.
550
Ewing, William B
565
Ferguson, J. B facing
589
Ferrell, Thomas M.
232
Fithian, Enoch. 568
279
Clawson, I. D 356
Coles, Bartholomew
462
Compton, Charles.
650
..
Cook, Joseph. 357
Mincb, Francis B
584 Minch, Francis B., Residence of. facing
Moore, Jobn P
413
More, Jonas & More 500
Morris, John H
between 416, 417
Mulford, Isaac W 678,679
Dare, William lacing 625 Musgrave, J. F fariug 152 Nicbols, Isaac T
390
Davis, J. Burton
Nichols, Robert C
" 597
Old Stone Church 666 Packer, D. J. .facing
623
Bright, B. T.
6:28
Buck, Robert S ..
facing
596
Butcher, Joseph, Jr.
563
Map .. facing
facing 201
Black, D. R between 310, 311
Hle4, Lebman facing 624
Buline, J. F. 278
403 714
Jones, Thomas
Kienzle, Jacob.
Kirby, J. C.
Chew, M. M.
Miller, Charles
13 S it 14 17 17 19 16 12 8 13 19
- 20 70 55 67 540 27 55 32 16 50 21 ¡5 56
37 19 10
Wton, R. M
416
Hurff, T. W
Smith, Charles P
406
Sheppard, Edward I
Rambo, William
Robeson, A. L facing
xiv
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
South Jersey Institute
facing 592
Weatherby, I. Horff
between 310, 31:
Stratton, Daniel ..
412
Westcott, F. F.
Sturdivant, Thomas
570
Westcott, Jehiel
between 676, c :-
Turner, E. K
.between 200, 201
Whitall, Tatum & Co
facing 644
Turner, John C ..
.4
200, 201
Whitekar, D. B .:
Turner, Joseph
200, 291
Whitney, S. A
2:41
Turner, J. D
.facing 265
Wilkins, Hiram
Tyler, John
417
Wistar, Caspar ..
14:
Van Meter, Edward
348
Wood, John S.
between 290, 291
Wales, E. L. B.
24
569
Woodruff, Israel
. facing
Ware, H. B.
3.82
Woodruff, Lewis.
...
Watson, II. P.
between 688, 689
Woolman, Reubeu.
facing 47
Watson, Samuel.
688, 659
Yorke, Thomas Jones.
44
414
.facing 3.
PAGE
HISTORY
OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND
COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY.
CHAPTER I.
THE INDIANS OF NEW JERSEY.1
bution to the ethnology of North America, the writer would certainly have declined to undertake the task. The time has not yet come when a satisfactory ac- count of the aborigines of this country can be written. It is only very recently that anything like scientific investigation has been applied to this important sub- ject, and the earnest effort and diligent labor which are now being bestowed upon it have as yet only re- vealed the breadth of the field and the vast amount of research, comparison, and scientific reasoning which must be given to it before convincing and satisfactory conclusions can be reached. But the field is " white unto the harvest." Already enough is known to assure ns of another triumph not unlike that achieved during the last century in geological science. Once it was sufficient for men to know something of the nature of the rocks beneath their feet. The race was too young to have any traditions of the life of the everlasting hills ; no one dreamed of ascertaining facts and events in the history of the earth before a living man was there to see them. But the mineralogy and biology of the pre-ent, well observed, gave the key to the investigation of the past ; and practical science, through an amount of toilsome and patient study, of which men in general have no conception, now tells the story of primeval ages with greater accuracy than commonly belongs to the records of coeval historians. In the same way is the history of the original inhabitants of North America being investigated. We might almost as : well be without the scanty records of the Europeans who first came in contact with them. There was so
little human sympathy for them, so little interest in anything which did not yield material profit,-the contact itself so soon affected the original savagery,
IF this chapter had been intended to be a contri- . that we learn but little trustworthy from the first ex- plorers and settlers of our shores. We have practi- cally but two sources of reliable information. They are first, the remains of Indian life in the shape of weapons and domestic implements, which are sown more or less profusely over our fields and forests. and second, the observation of existing Indian life by trained and enthusiastic investigators. Until re- cently this second source of information was far from being satisfactory. He who now visits an Indian reservation in the West witnesses a transition life farther removed from its primitive condition than it is from modern civilization. He sees but little of what Lewis and Clark saw when they explored the Columbia River. of what Schoolcraft saw when he traversed the Missouri and Mississippi, or what Catlin saw when he made his home among the Man- dans, and even they were some removes from the purest types of aboriginal life. It was not until the more obscure recesses of the continent were explored, and its isolated tribes sought ont, not until these people were approached as human beings by men like Cushing, who could win a way into their bearts and homes, and be content to be one with them in closest fellowship, that the study became promising of fruitful results. It will not be until after years of ' exact study of the remains, the dialects, the myths, the customs, and the physical peculiarities of the various tribes, that there can be anything like a con- clusive science of American ethnology. Such study is being made by most competent men. The Smith- sonian Institution and the Peabody Museum are the centres of such investigations, and until these are further advanced it would be rash to deal with local 1 By Rev. J. Y. Burk. archæology with too presumptuous confidence.
1
1
2
!HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER. SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES.
The first settlers in New Jersey, and e-pecially in that part known as West Jersey, found there a very numerous population of Indians. This is not a mat- ter of wonder. There is scarcely a portion of the At- lantic coast so favorable to the exigencies of primitive life in the stone age. ( Nodisparagement intended as to the highest civilization.) The ocean on the one side, a miglity river on the other, hardly more than two days journey apart at the farthest. intersected by numerons streams swarming with fish, with a soil readily absorb- ing rain and easily cultivated by the imperfect tools of the savage, with forests and swamps, even now classed by botanists as southern rather than northern, and therefore abounding in game and fruit, with a drift formation furnishing every choice of pebble for working stone implements and the choicest clay for primitive pottery, West Jersey was not only the home of a larger population of Indians than perhaps any sim- ilar area in the Middle States, but was most largely visited by those who lived elsewhere. Many of the Pennsylvania clans were in the habit of making an- nual visits to the sea-shore along well-known trails across the State. There they may have enjoyed sea- bathing and social dissipations, but their chief object was to procure fish, oysters, and clams for drying as winter food, and partly for making and getting money. The celebrated wampum consisted of beads made out of the shells of the large clam found abundantly upon our coast. The larger and white part of the shell was drilled and ground into a cylindrical bead, which bore the same relation to their currency as our silver, the small blue portion, made into beads, corresponding with our gold. They were not strictly bi-metalists but bi-conchists in their financial economy, There is no record of any serious difficulty in adjusting the relative valne of the white and blue strings of beads, but all alike suffered some depreciation in the later years of Indian residence, for a certain Jacob Spicer, a sort of Cape May country storekeeper and trader, set all the country people along the shore to making
the Natehes the southern part. The tradition- of al concurred in their having had a different origin, au . of having reached the Atlantic coast by migration from the West. Just as in Ohio and other Western States there are numerous remains of forts and vil. lages, the construction of which indicates a people o: entirely different habits from those of either of the- families ; so among the stone weapons of our own State there is almost certain evidence of the relies o: an earlier people than the Delawares. So well marked is this distinction that collectors designate one arroy. head as a palmolith (old stone), and another neolith . (new stone), although both may be made of precisely the same material. The paleoliths include certain chipped stones, called, from their appearance, "tur- tle-backs," for which no certain use is known, and which were probably not a part of a Delaware's out- fit. The arrows, spears, etc., of this class have the rudest possible outline, their variety of shape is very little compared with that of the later weapons, and they generally indicate not so much the want of ability to give any desired shape to the stone as a! want of artistic perception and an indifference to the appearance and better qualities of the weapon. They were probably the remains of a people who had dis- appeared from these coasts before the advent of the Delawares. If they had been conquered and ex- pelled by the latter, we may be sure that traditions would have boasted of the victory rather than that such a name as "original people" should have been assumed. It has been suggested that the Eskimo once lived here at the end of the Ice Age, and have followed the northward retreating ice-belt until they reached their present location. Certainly the de- scription given by the Norse discoverer, of the conti- nent of the "Skrællings" corresponds better with the Eskimo than with any of our Indian tribes, but this would make their migration far too late to accord with the former theory. But whoever preceded them it is certain that the Lenni-Lenape were not the wampum during the winter, with the mean advan- original people of the country, and it is probable tage of civilized tools, which he took from them in that their existence in New Jersey did not antedate exchange for goods, and then paid it for pelts to the Five Nations on the Hudson River.
the arrival of the whites by more than a very few centuries.
These Indians were known as the Lenni-Lenape The Lenni-Lenapes were really a noble people. Too much of the judgment which has been formed about them and other Indians has been based upon obser- vations of them in the transitional and worst phase? of their national life. Destroy the original method- of Indian life, change all his natural surroundings. debauch him with all the vices of the whites, rob him on the one hand and pamper him with the other, cheat and insult him, and then by sheer force over- awe him, and he would not be human if he did no! display the worst vices of his nature and ours. Let him remain an Indian pure and simple in his sar- agery, or else convert him into and treat him as 3 (original people). The very name suggests a false- hood. What would ever induce such a boast as it implies except the existence of a doubt or contradic- tion ? And, as we shall see when we come to discuss the remains found throughout the State, there are witnesses in the very stones to the probable exist- ence of an entirely different people anterior to the Delawares. According to fleckewelder, a devoted Moravian missionary, who gathered his information from the Indians, whose language he perfectly under- stood, there were three distinct families of aborigines in North America east of the Mississippi. The Iro- quois, often called the Six Nations, occupied the , civilized Christian, and in either case you will have northern part, the Lenni-Lenape the middle, and | one who need not fear comparison with other races.
3
GENERAL HISTORY.
To ruin first and then to describe and judge has the warrior's pouch. Different styles of painting were . en too much the method used with the Indian. If w. turn to the records of those who came in con- tact with them at the very earliest, and above all of the missionaries who approached them a- friends, we shall learn something near the truth in regard to their original character. The Lenni-Lenape were a -trong, vigorous, and brave race. At the time of the wttlement of the shores of the Delaware they were occupying a peculiar position. By a singular strategy of the Iroquois they had been indneed to become "women," that is, "non-combatants," under treaty obligations which at the same time protected them from incursions. made them a barrier against in- vading tribes, and placed them in the position of umpires in times of disturbance. To this is partly to be attributed the peaceful charaeter which both Swedes and English found when they settled among them. Their politieal life was simple and patri- archal. Its foundations were reverence for elders and respect for each other's rights. From earliest childhood these were inculcated and praetieed, along with habits of activity, enduranee, and courage. Their religion was the filial acknowledgment of a Great Father, and the belief in a future life of re- wards and punishments, to which were added many superstitions coneerning evil spirits and occult forees in nature. The eonspienons traits in their character were a pride in their humanity, which gave dignity to speech and manners, a thoroughiness in love and hatred, which led to extreme faithfulness and self- -aerifice in one, and implacable vindictiveness in the other, and, in general, a singularly clear apprecia- tion of the virtues of truth and justice among them- selves.
adopted for festival or for war, and tattooing with charcoal for permanent beautifying and for inseribing the " totem" or representative animal or sign upon the individual. Their habirations were wigwams or tents made of skins stretched over a conical frame of light poles, or of the bark of the hemlock which they split off in large sheets and soaked in water to render pliable. Their food was principally animal. The forests and swamps of New Jersey abounded in game of every description. Onr statute books still offer bounties for the heads of wolves and catamounts, and the bear and deer are not even now altogether extinct. Our streams, then unpolluted, swarmed with fish ; they and the coast furnished oysters, clams, and mus- sels in abundance, and " Seheyichbi" was in Indian times as now the greatest food-producing region of the Atlantic coast. But their diet was by no means exclusively animal. Besides maize, pumpkins, and beans, which they cultivated rudely in little patches near their permanent homes, they were familiar with and used many of the wild roots, berries, and nuts which are now never thought of as food. There were no large granaries or storehouses, but each family made some provision of dried and smoked food for wintry or stormy weather, although in general they depended upon the hand-to-mouth principle, which is characteristic of savage life. They were almost en- tirely ignorant of the use of metals. About all that they ever possessed were flakes of natural copper from the lake regions which were occasionally found among them, generally rolled into little eylinders and strung as beads. Hence all the operations of life were con- ducted with implements of other material. Clay, wood, stone, shell, bone, and horn composed every tool or weapon which they possessed, and we may safely claim that they reached the highest pitch of civilization ever attained where these were the only resources for human instruments. Of these there re- main as relics of the departed race, after the lapse of over two centuries, only those which were made of stone and clay. As we examine them, which have been plowed up in enormous quantities and variety all over the State, but especially in these lower coun- ties, we read distinctly in them the mode of life of our predecessors here. We note the density of the population, encouraged by the natural advantages of the place. We detect the site of long-vanished vil- lages or of long-forgotten graveyards. We learn how they killed their game and fish, how they fought their battles, how they ground their grain and boiled their meat, how they barked the trees and excavated their eanoes, how they flayed and dressed and sewed the skins of animals for house and clothing, how they speared and scaled their fish, how they adorned their persons and smoked their tobacco, how tenderly they buried their dead,-all these are lithographed in the stones which their fingers have shaped and their hands used, along with yet hidden seerets which per-
On the testimony of the Europeans themselves we gather that the Indians were from the first their friends, that when kindly treated they were capable of devoted and enduring friendships, that they were extremely sensitive to contempt and injury, and that in the fatal difficulties which arose between them the Indians were not the aggressors. They had no written language. Important events were kept in memory by carefully- repeated traditions handed from generation to gener- ation with singular acenracy. Sometimes these events, or the terms of a treaty, or the memoranda of a mes- senger, were arbitrarily associated with particular arrangements of the beads of wampum (before men- tioned as money) embroidered on a belt, which was read by one who knew the memorial arrangement at councils. Their dress was chiefly made from the skins of animals, which they were very expert in Ire-sing into pliability and softness. They were very fond of personal ornament. The feathers of birds, the quills of porcupines, the teeth of bears and panth- ere, shells, perforated stones, and paint made from ochreous clays served for their adornment. The latter was ground in small stone mortars with little pestles of the size of a finger, and was generally found in
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