USA > New Mexico > History of New Mexico : its resources and people, Volume I > Part 3
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Otero, Mariano S .. 544
Otero, Miguel
Antonio (Governor,
1897-1906). 536; describes "White
Sands." 986; on irrigated lands of
New Mexico
.991, 992
Otero, Page B.
645
Otero. Pedro
5.36
Otero, Vincente
536
Otero County-Area, natural features, fruits and vegetables, 820; live stock,
Mascalero Apache Reservation, coun- ty officers, 821 : Alamogordo, 821- 823; New Mexico Institute for the Blind, 823 . Tularosa and its water privileges, 823; Cloudcroft and other resorts 824
Otero County Advertiser
479
Otero Family
536, 537
Orr, Ed
965
Our Lady of Belon.
485
Owen, Frank
645
Owen, John W
752
Ownby, J. P.
744
Ownby, B. B. 744
Pace, George James
705
Page, Gregory
842
Palen, Rufus J. (Judge) . 304
Paradise Lodge No. 2 (Santa
Fe),
I. O. O. F.
503
Parker, Frank Wilson
(Judge)
312
Parker, Thomas S.
935
Parks, B F
764
Paschal
731
Patterson, Richard C. 620
Paxton, J. H ..
344
Pearce, Dr. J. F. (Major) 447
Pearson, John, Sr ..
679
Pearson, John, Jr.
680
Peck, John C.
808
Pecos Irrigation Company.
997
Pecos Irrigation
and Improvement
Company
769
Pecos River Forest Reserve .. 1008
Pecos River Timber Reservation. 579
Pecos Valley Argus.
474
Pecos Valley Railway-769; goes into receiver's hands 770. 787
Pecos Valley & Northeastern Railway Company-770: description of. 899
Pegram & McMillen.
980
Pelphrey, Samuel E.
825
Peña Blanca
890
Pendleton. Granville
344
Penitentes -- 519-522:
threatened
11p-
rising of at Fernando de Taos. .... .. 597
xxii
INDEX
Pennsylvania Development Company ... 903
Penrose, J. H .. 947
Peralta-Reavis Grant Case. 210
Perez, Albino
60
Perez, Demetrio
60
Petroleum
985
Phillips, Bert
597, 601
Physicians.
(See Medicine and Sur-
gery.)
Picard, Father J. A. 485
Pickard (W. E.) Company. 429
Picuries Indians 359
Pierce, Frank M. 872
Pierce, R H.
828
Pike, Zebulon
39
Pino, Boleslo A.
621
Pinos Altos
725
Pinos Altos Mining Company.
946
Pipkin, J. K ..
875
Placer Mines-Elizabethtown
district,
Colfax county, 926; Santa Fe county 929 Plan of Iguala. (See Spanish and Mexican Rule.)
Plaza (Santa Fé) 636
Plemmons, John C. 762
Poe, John
797
Poe, John W.
426
Pollard, Amos Weber
334
Ponget, Father H. C. 485
Pooler, R. L.
699
Pope, William H. (Judge) ..
. . 312, 389
Population of New Mexico-Close of
seventeenth century, 28; in the eighteenth century, 31; Gregg's esti-
mate for 1841, 51, 52; in 1900-1904 .. 163 Portales 886
Portales Lodge No. 26, A. F. & A. M. 498
Porterfield, M. W 932
Poultry
. 1017
Pradt, George H. 609
Pratt, Captain John. 520
Presbyterian Board of Home Missions. 261
Prewitt. Joseph
870
Prewitt, R. C.
432
Price, Joseph 617
Price, Colonel Sterling J., Commands American Troops at Santa Fe. 90
Prichard, Colonel George W. 3.36
Provencher, Demas
606
Prude, J. W
753
Pruit, A.
805
Public Printers 268
Pueblo Indians. (See Indian Tribes.)
Pyramid, or Leitendorf 731
Quay County-Organization and offi- cers, 881 : physical features, 881, 882; Tucumcari 882
Queres Indians (see Acoma and La- guna Indians), 366; first white gov- ernor of ( Robert G. Harmon), 371 ; legends of 371, 372
Railroads-Advent of railroad era, legislative action, 896; Governor Otero's report (1903) 011, 896, 897 ; first passenger train into New Mex- ico, 897; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé system, 897-899; Southern Pacific, Denver & Rio Grande, Colorado & Southern lines, 900; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system, 900, 901 ; miscellaneous lines, 901, 902; Santa Fé Central Railway Company, 902 ; railway development of recent years, 902, 903; "bluff" railroads, 904; in- corporated railroads .904, 909
Ralston
723
Ramirez, Jose Serafin. 176
Ranchos de Taos. (See Taos Pueblos. )
Randall, Major B. W. 940
Raton-Founding of, 669; waterworks, 669; town government, 669, 670; the city .670, 671
Raton, Bloody Tragedy at .. 2.10
Raton Building and Loan Association. 434 Raton Coal and Coke Company. .. . 975, 977 Raton Comet 480
Raton Reporter
480
Raynolds Brothers
414
Raynolds, Frederick A 414
Raynolds, Henry 419
Raynolds, James Wallace 293
Raynolds, Jefferson
414
Raynolds, Joshua
414
Raymond, Numa
564
Raymond, R. W.
974
Reavis, James Addison. (See Peralta- Reavis Grant Case.) Reclamation Service, District Office
Roswell
790
Reed, W. M.
787
Reeves, Charles M., on New Mexico
of Todav
1046, 1047
Reeves. Reuben A ..
300
Reid, Captain William C.
293
Renehan, Alois B ..
339
Revolt of 1680-Popè, chief Indian agi- tator, 20; Indians assault Santa Fé and abandonment of capital by Gov- ernor Otermin, 21; Bandelier's ac- count. 21 ; narratives of priests, 22; twelve years of Indian rule. .22,
24
Rhea, John W.
430
Rhea, J. E.
430
Richards, "Linn" J. C .. 780
Richardson, Granville A. (Judge) .
.301, 335, 792
Richey, John
771
Ridener & Baker
607
Ridgeway Encampment No. I (Santa
Fé), I. O. O. F.
503
Riley, William M.
754
Riley, W. P.
780
Ringer, Harvey A ..
761
Rio Arriba County-Original bound- aries and present arca, 603; physical
xxiii
INDEX
features and resources, 603, 604; towns 604
Rio Arriba County Coal Field ... 982 Rio Grande Dam and Irrigation Com-
pany . 100I
Rio Grande Valley Woolen Mills Com- panv I040
Rio Grande Republican 476
Rio Hondo (Twining) Mining Dis-
trict
965
Rio Mimbres Irrigation Company. 993
Ritch, William G .. 505
Robert, Mrs. Sallie L 775
Robertson, A. M ..
799
Rodev, Bernard S., Plea of, for Admis-
sion of New Mexico as a State. 167. 168, 290
Rohr. Charles
690
Rohr, Frederick 698
Rolland, F. C. 827
Romero, Benigno
457
Romero, Dr. Felipe B. 456
Romero, Eugenio
656
Romero, Margarito
589
Romero, Rafael
650
Romero, Vicente
650
Romero Drug Company. 457
Roosevelt County-Organization of,
Urton Lake reservoir, Portales for-
est reserve. 885: resources, 885, 886; officers. 886; towns. 886, 887
Rosedale Mine
963
Ross, Edmund G. (Governor) 273
Ross, M
5.56
Roswell-Village of. 788, 780: city of, 789, 700 : public schools. New Mexi- co Military Institute, postoffice and land office. 790; work of Reclamation Service. 790, 791 : Commercial Club .. 790 Roswell Commercial Club. 790
Roswell Register
479
Roswell Record
479
Roswell Lodge No. 18. A. F. & A. M ..
408
Roswell National Bank.
420
Roswell Tribune
479
Roth, Frederick
714
Rudiselle, L. H .. 477
Rutffner. William F. 704
Rinvan, David W.
777
Ruppe, Captain B ..
465
Rush. Josialı A.
693
Russell, H W.
627
Rynerson. Colonel William L ..
317
Ryther, H. B.
478
Sacramento Lodge No. 24 (Alamo- gordo). A. F. & A. M .. 498 Safford, C. V .. 434
Salazar. Manuel M .. 600
Salpointe, Rt. Rev. J. B.
48.3
Salt
.985. 086
Sanchez, Patricia
661
Sanders, Jefferson J.
832
Sandoval, Antonio 177 Sandoval County-Creation of. popula-
tion, natural features, products, 889; officers, 800; towns 890 Sandoval County Coal Field. 983 Sangre, A. L .. 475
San Jose Mill
942
San Juan County-Area, natural fea- tures. 855, 856; irrigated and ir- rigable lands, irrigation ditches, 856- 858; resources, 858, 859; railroads and telephone connections, 860; scenery and ruins, 860, 861 ; county seat fight and county officers, 861, 862; school districts, 862: towns and villages, 862, 863; history of county, 863-867 ; Mormon settlements. 864
San Juan County Bank : 432 San Juan County Coal Field. 983 San Juan Lodge No. 25 (Aztec), A. F. & A M. 498
San Marcial Land and Improvement Company 173 San Marcial, Titles of, in Armendaris Land Grant 173, 614
. .
San Miguel Church (Santa Fè)
636
San Miguel County-Area, physical features and products, 579; Pecos river timher reservation, 579; original boundaries. 580: county officers, 580, 581 ; Las Vegas 581-589 San Miguel National Bank. 415 San Pedro and Cañon del Agua Com- pany 176
Santa Fé Central Railway Company. 902
Santa Fé Cathedral. 639
Santa Fé-Population (1630-1799), 16; capture of by Indians, 21; recapture by De Vargas, 25; population of, at last of eighteenth century, 35: estab- lishment of Santa Fé trade and "trail," 44, 45; Gregg's description of (1841), 51; schools in 1905, 252; first banks. (See Santa Fe County. ) 412, 413
Santa Fé County-Present area, orig- inal bounds, physical features and re- sources, 630, 631 ; turquoise mines, 631, 632 ; placer mining. 632; officials, 632-634; repudiated its railroad
bonds. 635; city of Santa Fé, 635- 640; Cerrillos, 640; coal mining, 641 ; meaning of name, 635: charter as city, 635: ancient buildings, 636; be- comes supply station for overland emigrants, 636; occupied by Gen- eral Kearney, 637; appearance of, when it first became the capital, 639; religious establishments. 639. 640 ; territorial library and penitentiary, educational institutions. 640
Santa Fé County Coal Field. 982
Ross. Robert L. M ..
591
Santa Aña County ..
523
xxiv
INDEX
Santa Fé Republican, First English
Newspaper in New Mexico. . . .. ....
467
Silver City-Jail escape, 243; first schools, 253; first banks. 420 Silver City Lodge No. 8, A. F. & A. M. 496
Silver City National Bank. 421
Silver City Tribune 474
Simpson, A. B .. 884
Sims, Charles H. 888
Sisters of Loretto 260
Slaughter (C. C.) Cattle Company I021
Slaughter, George M. I021
Sleyster, B. A 506
Slough, John P. 307
Sloan, Dr. John H. 453
Small, William H. 745
Smith, Dr. Charles D.
463
Smith, Hugh H .. 706
Smith, Hugh N., Elected by Santa Fé Convention First Delegate to Con- gress II2
Smith, Colonel Paschal 850
Smith, Thomas J. (Chief Justice) . 307, 314 Smithsonian Institution, Expedition of (1879), to Study Zuñi Pueblo. 374
Smyth. O. R .. 747
Snow, Oscar C. 1028
Snyder, Karl A.
342
Socorro Chieftain 478
Socorro (city)
.613, 614
Socorro County-First schools, 253; original bounds and present area, 6II ; officers, 611, 612; physical geog- raphy and resources. 612, 613; city of Sccorro, 613, 614; San Marcial, 614, 615 : other towns 615
Socorro County Coal Field. 982
Socorro Daily Sun. 478
Socorro Lodge No. 9, A. F. & A. M .. 497
Socorro State Bank. 424
Soda
987
Solicitors General
Southern
(Carlsbad)
Canal
Sys-
tem
.996, 997
Southern Canal, Eddy County. 768
Southern Pacific Railroad. .899, 900 Southwestern Coal and Iron Company 944 Southwestern Copper Company. 948 Southwestern Savings, Loan and Build- ing Association 434
Spanish-American War-"Rough Rid- ers" organized, 146; land near San- tiago de Cuba, 147; Colonel Leonard Wood assumes command, 148; battle of Fl Caney, 148; assault of San Juan hill. 149: roster of New Mex- ico Rough Riders, 150: "Big Four" Regiment 153
Spanish Conquest Under Oñate-Peti- tion to found colony of Rio del Norte, 12; preparations, 12, 13; con- vention of native chiefs, 14; final ex- ploration, 15; Benavides' report on missionary work among New Mexico Indians 16-
267
Shelton, William T. 874
Shepherd, Wilmer S. 479
Sheridan. Jo E.
935
Sherry, Judge Byron
332
Sheridan, T. J ..
629
Shipley. James A.
737
Shoemaker, Ed. W. I30
Shoemaker, Samuel E .. 130
Shoemaker, Captain William R. 129
Shuler, Dr. J. J .. .. 449
Sierra County - Area, population,
formation, physical features, 757;
mining history, 757, 758; officials, 758; towns .759, 760
Sierra County Advocate 480
Sierra County Bank 424
Sierra Blanca Lode. 952
Sierra Grande Mining Company
069
Silva, Jose Felipe
891
Silver Cell Mines 946
Silver City
727-730
Silver City Bank. 421
Silver City Eagle. .
474
School of Mines. (See New Mexico School of Mines.) Schools. (See Education.)
Schwarten, John 878
Schweizer, Herman 550
Scott, Owen L.
740
Scully, James
678
Seaberg, Hugo
332
Seay, E. S ..
Secretaries (Territorial) 809
Sedillo, Antonio Abad 266
337
Seeds, Edward P. (Judge)
Seligman, Arthur 300
Seligman. Bernard 642
642
Sellers. Colonel
558
Sena, Major Jose D. 295
Sena. Mariano F.
295
Seven Rivers 771
Sewell, Captain Thomas C. 958
Shakespeare
723
Shakespeare. George L .. 474
Shamrock Gold and Silver Company ... 946
Shaw, John 429
Sheep and Wool (see Stock Raising by Counties) 013
Santa Fé Trail (original)-Gregg's table of distances, 45; trade over, I822-43 (statistics from Gregg's "Commerce of the Prairies"), 47; overland freight trains described. . 47, 49
San Felipe Hotel, Albuquerque. 535
Santistevan, Juan
600
Santa Rita .
731
Santa Rosa
817
Santa Rosa Sun.
475
Sayers. Joseph D., Account of Con-
federate Invasion of New Mexico ... Scheurich, Aloys IOI
I28
Silver City Enterprise
474
19
INDEX
XXV
Spanish and Mexican Rule-Spanish
constitution proclaimed in Mexico
(1812), 56; Iturbide and Mexican independence, 57, 58; plan of Iguala. 57 Sparks, Isaac 646
Spechmann, P. A. 480
Spence, Charles A .. 756
Spiess, Charles A., Proceedings Against for Unprofessional Con- duct
323
Springer
671
Springer, Frank 300
Springer, Manuel R .. 543
Stackpole, Richard
625
Stalcup, William K ..
827
Stapleton, Colonel Robert. 173
Stapleton, Edward S .. 623
Statehood Movement (See Territorial
Organization, 112-115)-Later at-
tempts to form state government, 156; petitions to Congress, 156, 157; state constitutional convention, 158, 159; renewed efforts in Congress, 159, 160; joint statehood for Arizona and New Mexico, 160-163; New Mexico and Arizona compared, 163- 167; plea of Congressman Bernard S. Rodey. 167, 168; Arizona votes against joint statehood 169
State National Bank of Albuquerque .. 418
Stein's Pass 950
Stephens, Dwight B. 848
Stephens, Henry F. 50I
Stephenson, Horace F ... 563
Stephenson-Bennett Consolidated Min- ing Company 951
Stephenson-Bennett Mines.
950
Sterry, Captain Clinton N 327
Stevens, Chester D. 705
Stevens, J. E.
875
Stevens, N. E.
506
Stewart, Donald 883
Stinson, Alfred
810
Stinson, Joseph, Killing of. 235
Stitzel, Dave
966
St. John, Orestes 958
St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Company 975
St. Michael's College, Santa
Fé- Founding of, 246; sketch. 259
St. Vrain, Ceran 136
Stock Raising-Persons engaged in
and value of live stock, 1013; sheep and wool, 1013; Angora goats, 1014- 1017; horses, 1017 ; live stock interests hy counties, 1017-1024; cattle organ- izations and "White Caps" 1026
Stockton, Mathias Broyles. 707 Stockton Brothers 863 Storms 1011-1012
Stover, Elias S. 530
Street, J. A ..
88.2
Strickler, Willard S ..
417
Stringfellow & Tannehill. 805
Strong, Richard Parr
662
Strong, Charles Ulick. 663
Strong, Dr. S. Merideth 852
Stroup. A. B .. . 265
Stubbs, George W.
964
Stump, A. F.
868
Sulphur
988
Summers, James A.
546
Summers, Melville R.
547
Sunnyside Sun
475
Superintendents of the Penitentiary 267
Superintendents of Public Instruction. 267
Superior Lumber
and Planing
Mil
Company
1040
Surgeons.
(See Medicine and Sur-
gery.)
Swartz, A. C.
$38
Swartz, J. W.
.837, 838
Swastika
406-4II
Swislier, Dr. Edwin 460
Taliaferro, Jones
755
Tamme, Charles
590
Tannehill, C. C.
805
Tanner, O. R ...
814
Tansill, Robert Weems.
780
Taos - Population of,
at
last
of
eighteenth century, 37; its annual record, 596, 597; description of ...... 598 Taos County-Present area and popu- lation and original boundaries, 594; records open with revolution, 594; officials, 594, 595; turbulent Taos valley, 595, 596; pioneer settlers, 596; erection of church at Fernando de Taos, 596; physical features and re- sources .597, 598
Taos Indians
358, 359, 598
Taos Revolution-Governor Bent's at- tempted pacification, go; is assassi- nated, 92; killing of other Ameri- cans, 92, 03: relief expedition under Colonel Price, 93; Father Martinez, one of its chief authors, 95; indict- ments . for treason against Antonio Maria Trujillo and Juan Antonio Garcia, 100, IOI; Taos county rec- ords, regarding .. 594
Taos &' Mora Mountain Road Com- pany 1039
Taxable Property
165
Taylor, John C .. . 700
Temke, Arthur A .. 344
Temple Lodge No. 6 (Albuquerque), A. F. & A. M. 497
Tenney, W. A. 74I
Territorial Capitol 638
Territorial Organization - Status of Mexican under, 109; petition to Congress for, III; convention at Santa Fé (September, 1849) adopts plans and elects congressional dele- gate, 112; agents for formation of state government, 112; state constitu-
xxvi
INDEX
tion framed and election held, 113; meeting of New Mexico State Legis- lature, 115: Congress passes act es- tablishing Territory, and conflict be- tween state and military governments ends. 115; boundaries of new Terri- tory, 117; John S. Calhoun, first gov- ernor, 118; first militia, 118; list of military commanders, 120; Gadsden purchase 120
Territorial Penitentiary, Provided for. 638 Terry, John W 616
Texas Santa Fé Expeditions-Inva- sion of New Mexico under Colonel
William G. Cooke, 63; surrenders to overwhelming force of Mexicans, 65 : second expedition, under Colonel
Snively
67
Thayer, Benjamin B. 937
Thayer, Charles Lawrence 642
Thompson, George 863
Thompson, W. O. 480
Thornton, William T. (Governor) 277 Three Bears Mining Company 972 Tierra Amarilla 604
Tight, Dr. W. G., 255, 918; geological history by. . 910-918
Tilton, Harry H.
556
United
States
Registers
of
Land
Tipton, Jesse E.
665
Offices
268, 269
Tipton, S. E. 664
Tipton, Will M. 216
Tipton, W. D. 831
Tison, Albert 660
Tolby, Rev. Mr., Murder of. 235
Tomlinson, Dr. James A. 883
Topham, Thomas J. 989
Torpedo Mine
951
Torrance County-Organization, Es-
tancia valley, 892, 893 ; railroads, offi- cials, 893; towns .893, 895
Torrance (town) 894
Torres, Jose E. 618
Towndrow, John Henry 702
Tracy, James H.
848
Traveling Auditor and Bank Ex-
aminer
268
Treadway, John A ..
214
Treasurers (Territorial) 267
Truitt, J. T.
772
Trujillo, Luciano 597
Tucumcari
882
882
Virden Brothers
866
Wade, E. C .. 326
Wade, Edward Clemens. 575
Wagner, Peter 946
Wagon Mound 651
Waldschmidt. Dr. Charles H. 464
Wallace
890
Walling, Wayne
873
Walters, Price
876
Walton, W. B.
340
Turquoise Mines-Santa Fe County,
931; Burro mountains, near Silver
City, 931, 932, 948; Jarilla moun- tains, Otero county 971
Twitchell, Ralph E.
300
Twitty, Eugene G.
675
Uhlfelder, Julius 509
Ulrich, George L. 433
Union County-Area, population, rail- roads, formation of county and nat- ural features, 716; stock raising and agriculture, 717; chief towns. ... . 717, 718 Union Lodge No. 4 (Watrous), A. F. & A. M. 496
United States Attorneys 271
United States Bank and Trust Com- pany 414 United States Collectors of Internal Revenue 268
United States Court of Private Land Claims, Creation of, and Work. . 200, 209 United States General Hospital. .. . .... 443 United States Marine Hospital Sana- torium for Tuberculosis 444
United States Marshals 271
United
States
Receivers
of
Land
Offices
268, 26¢
United States Surveyors General. 268 University of New Mexico. 254
Upson, M. Ashe 530
Upton, James N. 854
Urton, George R .. 1022
Utes. (See Apaches) 390
Utton, John
701
Valencia
County-Original bounds,
present area, population and re- sources, 605-606; towns, 606; early settlers 606
Van Houten, John 1027
Van Patten, Colonel Eugene. 127
Vann, Samuel 505
Vanghan, Boone C. 876
Vaughn, J. H. 325
Vert, Dr. Edmund J. 256
Victorio Mining District. 731, 966
Troy, Oscar
708
Victorio.
(See Apaches)
392
Vigil, Donaciano
III
Vincent, Hon. William A .. 299
Voorhees, Abram Crawford 345
Tucumcari Commercial Club
Tucumcari Lodge No. 27, A. F. & A. M. 498
Tucumcari News 478
Tucumcari Wool Scouring Mills. 1040
Tularosa 823
Tularosa Land and Cattle Company. .1008
Tuley, Murray F. (Judge) . 326
Turner, John W. . .
1027
Turner, R. Marvin 333
Turner, W. P.
802
Ward, A. G ..
957
INDEX xxvii
Warren, Henry L. (Judge) 327
Warren, Orange Scott 735
Warren, W. E. 826
Water Users' Association of Dona Ana County 568
Watrous 651
Watson, Dr. T. W. 459
Weber, Frank 652
Webster, John M. 763
Wedgewood, Tom
1015
Weightman, Richard H .- First regular delegate to Congress I18
Weltmer. Jacob 643
Welch, Dr. J. W. 944
Werner, Major Melchior 529
Westlake, Dr. O. J. 459
West, Noah S.
813
Wharton, S. M. 477
Wheaton. Theodore 321
White. Elza
804
White, Dr. W. H. 459
White Mountain mining district. (See White Oaks.)
White Oaks 752
White Oaks Outlook 477
White Oaks mining region 95I
White Sands
986
Whitehead, E. S. 344
Whitehill, Cornelius C .. .. 734
Whitehill, Harvey Howard .. 732
Whiteman. William Henry (Judge) 317
Whiting, Major Harry Rees. ..
5.30
Whitney, James G. and J. P .- Canada de Cochite grant assigned to. 174
Willard
894
Willburn, W. P. B.
779
Williams, Frank
810
Williams, Col. William H 432
Williams, W. W. 970
Willson, Col. J. W 258
Wilson, Andrew
832
Wilson, George
952
Wilson, Percy 342
Wilson, Thomas-On the Swastika. .
406, 41I
Winters, D. C. 590
Winters, Jack
952
Wiseman, S. A. 694
Wolf, Michael
628
Wolford, J. A .. 749
Wolford, John F .. 718
Woods, Robert H .. 873
Wooster, Henry S. (Judge) 592
Wootton, Richard L .. 102
Wright, Frank J. 344
Wrigley, William Courtland 301, 330
Wroth, Dr. James H ..
447
Wylder, Dr. Meldrum Keplinger.
462
Wyman, Dr. Walker
445
Yarberry, Milton J.
240
Yater, Dr. C. M ..
456
Young, Daniel-Murder of. 235
Young, E. M ..
741
Young, John R.
865, 879
Y. M. C. A. of Las Vegas
587
Yunker, P. N.
626
Zunis-Religion and superstitions of, 375-378; dances, 378; government, 378; houses and domestic life, 379; blankets, 380; fraternities, 381 ; his- toric summary of 381, 384
History of New Mexico.
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY
It was the "impious lust for gold" that brought the region that forms the territorial basis of this volume into the light of history. The succession of events preceding the discovery is interesting. In 1519 Alvarez de Piñeda, a Spanish explorer, having followed the gulf coast from Florida to Mexico and thence back to the mouth of the Mississippi, was, as it seems, the first European to sail upon that broad river, but more important than that to our present discussion is the fact that he was author of the report that the Indians dwelling on the banks of that river wore gold orna- ments. No doubt this statement was a fiction, but, without regard to its truth or the subsequent career of its author, the report became an origin of a series of historical incidents.
Panfilo de Narvaez, aroused by Piñeda's mention of gold ornaments on the Mississippi Indians, and eager to outrival the conquest of the great Cortez, obtained permission to conquer and govern all the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. His expedition, which left Cuba in March, 1528, resulted in complete failure, the ships being wrecked and scattered and all but four men losing their lives. One of these four was Cabeza de Vaca, whose narrative of his wanderings has preserved his name and deeds to history. After many strange wanderings and terrible sufferings, he and his companions-namely, two other Spaniards, Dorantes and Castillo Mal- donado, and a negro, named Stephen or "Little Stephen," crossed Texas and Chihuahua and Sonora, finally reaching the Spanish settlement at Culiacan, in May, 1536.
According to Donaldson, Cabeza de Vaca passed in his journey through Taos, Laguna, Acoma and Zuñi, and thence to the Gila, touching almost all the now known pueblos. However, Donaldson's authority for this line of march is quite vague, even if it be admitted that he has any authority whatever. De Vaca made no notes during his journey, and the stories told by him and his company did not agree in many essential particulars. The stories of the experiences of de Vaca and his companion are now regarded by the true student as grossly exaggerated, possibly for some personal reason. They had been made slaves by the Indian tribes among whom they sojourned. and for years had suffered from all sorts of privations. That they were the first Europeans to cross the continent is unquestioned ; but there is absolutely no evidence to show that they traveled further north in the Rio Grande Valley than the site of El Paso, and it is ex- tremely improbable that they struck the Gila. Why, when they were in search of their own race, should they select a mountainous rather than a comparatively level country? The most natural course for them to have
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HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO
taken in their search for the Pacific Coast was through the northern part of Sonora.
De Vaca did not pass through New Mexico, but his journey disclosed the existence of a vast unexplored territory north of the land of the Monte- zumas. This territory at once became the land of mystery and the seat of all the fabled kingdoms which the widening course of exploration and discovery was continually disproving and pushing across the bounds of the known into the domain of the unknown, where the unbaffled romanticism of the age would reconstruct anew its cities of golden splendor. De Vaca and his companions to quote the narrative of Castañeda, historian of Coronado's expedition, gave the viceroy an extended account of some powerful villages, four or five stories high, of which they had heard a great deal in the countries they had crossed, and other things very different from what turned out to be the truth. In this vague region imagination placed the Seven Cities of Cibola, whose luxuriance and wealth invited to spoliation. These Seven Cities, about which rumor had come to Spanish cars, were probably none other than the seven pueblos of Zuñi in New Mexico. The mystic number seven had long figured in historical romance, and while discovery was still at the borderland of the western world the existence of seven inland towns would naturally excite the wildest specula- tion. Even before de Vaca returned to civilization, bearing his wonder tales, the Spaniards of Mexico had heard of these cities to the north. An Indian in the possession of the governor of New Spain, Nuño de Guzman, often told of some very large villages to the north which he had visited in company with his father. "He had seen seven large towns which had streets of silver workers. It took forty days to go there, through a wilderness in which nothing grew except some very small plants about a span high." In search of this country, already named "The Seven Cities," de Guzman had arranged an expedition, but in consequence of the obstacles interposed by the mountains and desert, got no further than Culiacan.
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