USA > New York > New York City > History of New York City : embracing an outline sketch of events from 1609 to 1830, and a full account of its development from 1830 to 1884, Volume I > Part 1
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Gc 974.702 N422.Los v.l 1753002
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
m 3 1833 01145 1645
E
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
https://archive.org/details/historyofnewyork01loss 1
HISTORY
OF
-
NEW YORK CITY
EMBRACING
AN OUTLINE SKETCH OF EVENTS FROM 1609 TO 1830, AND A FULL ACCOUNT OF ITS DEVELOPMENT FROM 1830 TO IS84.
BY
BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D.,
AUTHOR OF
" Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution," " The War of ISI2," and " The Civil War in America ;" " Mount Vernon and its Associations ;" "Illustrated History of the United States ;" " Cyclopedia of United States History ;" " Our Country ;" " Story of the United States Navy, for Boys." etc., etc.
SHustrated with Portraits. Views of Parks, Buildings, elc.,
ENGRAVED ON STEEL EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK
BY GEORGE E. PERINE.
VOLUME I.
!
V.1 1
NEW YORK :
THE PERINE ENGRAVING AND PUBLISHING CO.
840
1753002
GC . 5
OLD NEW YORK
History of new York City.
Benson & Lossing
PREFACE.
Tuts work is designed to be an outline picture of life in New York and of the city's material progress during the past sixty years. It is prefaced by a brief history of the city from the date of its foundation until 1830, when the impetus which produced its most marvellous development began to be power- fully felt.
No attempt has been made by the author to give details of the commerce, finances, mechanic arts, and manufactures of the vity, for the scope and limits of the work would not permit. A few notices of particular commercial, manufacturing, and other establishments have been given, only as illustrations of the enormous expansion of all kinds of business within the period of a quarter of a century.
The work is essentially a social history of the city of New York. it contains an account of society there in its various aspects of home life, business activities, and social organizations, during a period of two generations. In it may be found brief records of the growth of the city in area, from time to time ; changes in its architectural features ; its amusements; its increase in population, commerce, manufactures, and other industries ; the transformations in the aspects of society and in municipal affairs; its judiciary, educational systems, and its government ; its politics and its journalism ; its inventors and discoverers ; the disturbances and disasters which have afflicted it, and other events which have made it famous; the origin and work of the principal educational, religious, scientific, literary, artistic, benevolent, and charitable institutions with which the city abounds, together with the names of the projectors, corporators, and present officers of the various institutions.
In this work may also be found the portraits and brief bio
iv
PREFACE.
graphical sketches of nearly one hundred citizens, who by their enterprise, intelligence, and character have materially assisted in the promotion of the prosperity and good name of New York, and in its elevation to the high position of the metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. They are the portraits of men whom their fellow-citizens delight to honor. These portraits and the materials for the biographical sketches have been obtained only through the earnest solicitations of the author.
There are also numerous views of parks, public and private buildings, and other objects. These, like the portraits, are en- graved on steel in the best manner, expressly for the work. The backgrounds of all the plates are of uniform size, causing an unique symmetry in the illustrations, particularly noticeable. The vignette views are after original India-ink drawings by Mr. J. Lawrence Giles. The illustrations are uniformly distrib- uted through the work at equal distances apart, for the sake of regularity, and therefore could not, as a rule, be inserted where reference is made to them in the text. The reader, by referring to the list of portraits and other illustrations, may readily find their places in the work indicated ; and by a reference to the general index will as readily find the relevant biography or description sought.
It has been observed that the scope and limits of this work would not permit minute details; only a general view of the topics introduced. This, it is believed, will be more acceptable to the general reader than a narrative overburdened with the dry details of statistics, methods, and technicalities. The pub- lisher has projected another work, in which will be given a full account of the commerce, finances, mechanic arts, manufactures, and other industries, statistical and technical, in the city of New York from its foundation until now. That work will be a complement to this.
The author gratefully acknowledges the uniform kindness and courtesy of the managers of institutions and of all others who have cheerfully aided him in gathering the materials for this work, and to these be tenders His sincere thanks.
.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
STEEL PORTRAITS.
ADAMS, ALVIN facing page 262
HOE, PETER S .. 306
APPLETON, DANIEL 226
HOE, RICHARD MI. 306
ASTOR, JOHN JACOB. 30
HOE, ROBERT
306
BARKER, FORDYCE.
600
HOYT, JOSEPH B. 770
BARNARD, F. A. P.
170
HUGHES, JOHN (Archbishop) 254
BAIES, LEVI MI.
342
IVISON, HENRY.
582
BEACH, MOSES Y 634
JAY, WILLIAMI. 22
BERGH, HENRY.
280
JESUP, MORRIS K. 444
BLACKFORD, EUGENE G 572
KURTZ, WILLIAM 842
BLISS, CORNELIUS N. €18
LEE, GIDEON.
54
BROWN, JAMES
90
LEGGETT, FRANCIS H. 696
BREWSTER, JAMES B 556
LOSSING, BENSON J title plate
BRUCE, GEORGE
Low, ABIEL A 272
C'ESNOLA, L. P. DI
852
MCKESSON, JOHN
546
CLINTON, DE WITT
6
MCCLOSKEY, JOHN (Cardinal). 360
762
COLTON, G. Q.
738
MACY, WILLIAM H. 414
COOPER, PETER.
116
MARTIN, CHARLES J 460
C'BOLIUS, SR., CLARKSON
816
MOTT. JORDAN L
484
CROSBY, HOWARD
298
CUMMINGS, THOS. S
216
DALY, CHARLES P
468
DAVIS, NOAH
316
OTTENDORFER, OSWALD 388
PACKARD, S. S.
652
PIERREPONT, EDWARDS 188
PRIME, S. IRENEUS 452
RAYNOR, SAMUEL 730
RENWICK, JAMES
378
RIDLEY, EDWARD.
704
ROGERS, JOHN 778
ROBERTS, MARSHALL O
334
STARIN, JOHN H.
510
STEINWAY, HENRY.
518
STEPHENSON, JOHN
660
STURGES, JONATHAN
66
TAYLOR, MOSES.
180
THOMPSON, JOHN
406
THORNE, JONATHAN
396
TIFFANY, CHARLES
L.
324
TYNG, STEPHEN H.
162
VALENTINE, LAWSON
714
VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS
144
HENDERSON, PETER
796
198
ECKERT, THOMAS
688
FABER, EBERHARD 786
FIELD, BENJAMIN H.
476
FIELD, CYRUS W
236
FISH, HAMILTON
82
FRANCIS, JOHN W 38
FREDRICKS, C. D. 754
GERBY, ELBRIDGE T. 536
GRACE, WILLIAM R.
608
GREEN, NORVIN.
352
GRINNELL, MOSES H 98
HARPER, JAMES 152
HATCH, G. W
528
HELSEUTH, WILLIAM TOD
624
MOTT, VALENTINE 46
Moss, JOHN C. 746
MUNN, O. D. 590
DE WITT, THOMAS
438
DE PEYSTER, FREDERIC
74.
DODGE, WILLIAM E.
108
Dex, R. G ..
DURAND, A. B.
668
MACY, R. H.
CLARK, EMMONS.
678
VAN NOSTRAND, DANIEL.
824
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS.
WALES, SALEM H. facing page 492 WEED, THURLOW 832
WEBB, JAMES WATSON 126 WINSTON, FREDERICK S. 2.44
WEBD, WILLIAM H. 424
VIEWS OF PARKS, BUILDINGS, Etc.
ACADEMY OF MUSIC. facing page 208
AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY BUILDING . . 642
ASTOR LIBRARY. . 208
BAPTIST HOME FOR THE AGED.
288
BARTHOLDI STATUE OF LIBERTY .. . . title plate
BATES, REED AND COOLEY'S BUILDING. 806
BATTERY AND CASTLE GARDEN 500
BELLEVUE HOSPITAL 13.1
BIBLE HOUSE 288
BLOOMINGDALE ASYLUM. 131
CALVARY BAPTIST CHURCH. 134
CENTRAL PARK.
432
CHEMICAL BANK
561
CHARLIER INSTITUTE
208
CITY HALL, COURT-HOUSE, AND PARK 564
COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
208
COOPER UNION
208
CUSTOM-HOUSE
564
DAKOTA APARTMENT HOUSE.
612
ELEVATED RAILROAD
tille plate
EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF WASHINGTON.
564
EVENING POST BUILDING.
642
FIVE POINTS HOUSE OF INDUSTRY ..
288
FRAUNCE'S TAVERN, WHERE WASHINGTON
PARTED WITH HIS OFFICERS. . . frontispiece FULTON FERRY. 561
FULTON STREET DAILY NOON PRAYER- MEETING 134
GRAMERCY PARK. 500
HERALD BUILDING 642
HIGH BRIDGE
tille plate
HOWARD MISSION.
288
JOHN STREET METHODIST CHURCH
134
LENOX LIBRARY.
208
MADISON SQUARE .. 500
MAP OF NEW YORK IN 1728 14
MASONIC HALL IN 1830. .frontispiece
MASONIC TEMPLE. . 288 METHODIST BOOK CONCERN 288 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART 208
MILLS BUILDING 642
MOUNT MORRIS PARK 500
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE ARTS OF
DESIGN
208
NEW YORK IN 1776.
frontispiece
HALL
; NEW FULTON MARKET
facing page 564
NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 208 NEW YORK HOSPITAL. 134 NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE. title plate
NEW WASHINGTON MARKET.
564
NEWSBOYS' LODGING- HOUSE
288
NIEUW AMSTERDAM IN 1659 frontispiece NORMAL COLLEGE 208
OBELISK, THE
564
OLD CITY HALL. frontispiece OLD GOVERNMENT HOUSE IN 1810 frontispiece OLD STONE BRIDGE, CANAL STREET AND BROADWAY IN 1812. frontispiece
POST OFFICE
56-4
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, FIFTH AVENUE. . 134 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL. 134
PRODUCE EXCHANGE
642
RESIDENCE OF MRS. A. T. STEWART 642
R. HOE & Co.'s BUILDING.
722
ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL. 134
ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL 370
SEVENTH REGIMENT ARMORY 564 SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUEL- TY TO ANIMALS" 288
STAATS-ZEITUNG BUILDING 642
STOCK EXCHANGE.
6-12
STUYVESANT SQUARE 500
SUN BUILDING
6-12
TEMPLE COURT
564
TEMPLE EMANU-EL
134
TOMBS, THE
564
TIMES BUILDING.
642
TRIBUNE BUILDING. 612
TRINITY CHURCH.
134
TOMPKINS SQUARE.
500
UNION SQUARE
500
UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
564
UNITED BANK BUILDING
642
VANDERBILT MANSIONS
612
WASHINGTON SQUARE
500
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH BUILDING. . 612
WINDSOR HOTEL
564
WORTH MONUMENT
504
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION
.
-
A
HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
OUTLINE HISTORY, 1609 -- 1830.
CHAPTER I.
TT was a warm day in early September, 1609, when the yacht Iulf- Moon, of ninety tons burden, the hull of which bore many scars of wounds received in battle with ice-floes in polar seas, anchored in a bay now known as the harbor of New York. She had a high poop after the fashion of the times, strong masts, and ample spars and sails. She was commanded by Henry Hudson, an expert English navigator, then employed by the Dutch East India Company in searching for a passage through arctic waters to far-off China and the adjacent islands of the sea.
Hudson had failed to penetrate the polar ice, and now sought the " strait below Virginia," spoken of by his friend Captain Smith, which might bear his vessel to the " South Sea" or Pacific Ocean. He had failed to find it ; but now, looking up the broad stream northward from his anchorage, in which the tide ebbed and flowed, his hopes revived, and he ascended the smooth waters toward the high mountains dimly seen in the hazy distance. But as he drew near these lofty hills, and the water freshened more and more, he was satisfied that it was a great river and not a connecting strait between the two oceans.
Hudson sailed up the river to the head of tidewater, more than one hundred and fifty miles, finding dusky inhabitants everywhere. He was charmed with the beauty of the country and its promise of wealth and renown to whatever people should occupy it. Returning to the ocean, he sailed away for Enrope to tell his employers what a magnifi- cent prize he had won for them. He had not reached India by the way of the Arctic Circle, but he had discovered a great river running through a magnificent country heavily timbered, abounding with fur- bearing animals, and occupied by half-naked barbarians only.
Hudson's wonderful story aroused the commercial cupidity of the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam, who had already established a very profitable fur trade with the northern Russias. Very soon Dutch ves- sels from the Texel, among them the discovery yacht, appeared in the waters where Hudson first anchored the Half- Moon : and not long afterward Captain Christiansen, as agent for the merchants, accom-
1
HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
panied by expert trappers and traders, built a redoubt, four log huts, and a storehouse on the slope west of (present) Broadway, just above the Bowling Green. This was the seed of the commercial metropolis of America, planted in 1612, at the southern extremity of a long, rocky, and swampy island which the barbarians called Man-na-hat-ta.
Among the bold Dutch navigators who came to Man-na-hat-ta or Manhattan was Adrien Block, in the schooner Tigress. When she was laden with bear-skins and was about to depart for the Texel late in 1613, she took fire and became a blackened wreck. Before the next . spring, oaks that had sheltered bears where Wall Street " bulls" now contend with financial bruins, were fashioned into a trim-built yacht of sixteen tons, which was filled with skins and sailed for the Texel. She was named the Onrust-the " Restless"-a prophecy of that unresting activity which now marks the island of Manhattan. Such was the be- ginning, in 1614, of the vast merchant marine of the city of New York.
In accordance with an ordinance lately passed by the Goverment of Holland. the Amsterdam merchants hastened to obtain a special license for trading in the newly discovered region. They procured a charter which gave them the monopoly of the trade for four years, and the region was named New Netherland. They enlarged their storehouse at Manhattan, built forts as trading stations near the site of Albany. and the little seed planted at the mouth of the river by Christiansen germinated into a thriving plant of empire-a village which they called Manhattan. Finally, in 1621, these merchants and others obtained from the States-General (the Congress) of Holland a charter for a Dutch West India Company. It made it a great commercial monop- oly. possessing almost regal powers to colonize, govern, and defend. not only that little domain on the Hudson, but the whole unoccupied coasts of America from Newfoundland to Cape Horn, and from the Cape of Good Hope far northward along the coast of Africa. The charter contained all the guarantees of freedom, in social, political, and religious life, necessary to the founding of a free state, and which characterized the institutions of Holland. No stranger was to be ques- tioned concerning his nativity or his creed. " Do you wish to build, to plant, and to become a citizen ?" was the sum of the catechism when a new-comer appeared.
Before the company was fairly organized. the menacing growls of the lion of England induced them to adopt measures for making a perma- nent settlement in New Netherland, and place an industrious colony there who should found a state. In 1623 the company sent over the Var Netherland, a stanch ship of two hundred and sixty tous, bearing
5
OUTLINE HISTORY, 1609-1830.
thirty families of Walloons, Protestant refugees from (present) Belgium, who spoke the French language and who had settled in Holland. They consisted of one hundred and ten men, women, and children. They brought with them agricultural implements, cows, horses, sheep, and swine, and a sufficiency of household furniture to make them com- fortable. Captain May, who commanded the New Netherland, was constituted their first or temporary governor.
These immigrants-the first of a vast multitude who have come to our shores in the course of more than two hundred and fifty years -- landed from the New Netherland in small boats, at the rocky point on which Castle Garden now stands, and is the receptacle of thousands of emigrants who enter the harbor of New York every year. It was a beautiful morning in May, 1623, when they ascended the bank in their picturesque costumes, every man carrying some article of domestic use, and many of the women carrying a baby or a small child in their arms. They were cordially received by the traders and friendly Indians, and were feasted under a tent made of sails stretched between several trees. A Christian teacher accompanied them, who, before they partook of their first meal, offered up fervent thanks to Almighty God for his pre- serving care during their long voyage, and implored his blessing upon the great undertaking before them. Captain May then read his com- mission as governor of the colony and the country ; and so the germ of the city and State of New York was planted in a fruitful soil.
These immigrants were immediately scattered to different points to form settlements. Some founded the city of Brooklyn on Long Island. and near what was known as the Wallabout (now the Navy-Yard). Sarah Rapalje, the earliest born in New Netherland of European parents. first saw the light of life. Some went up the Connecticut River and built Fort Good Hope, just below the site of Hartford : others planted themselves at Esopus, in Ulster County, N. Y., and on the site of Albany ; and four young married couples went to the Delaware and began a settlement on the New Jersey side of that stream, a few miles below Philadelphia. New Netherland was constituted a county of Holland, its official seal bearing the figure of a beaver with the coronet of a count for its crest.
When the New Netherland returned to the Texel with furs valued at over $10,000, and her commander reported the colonists in good heart and prosperous, there was as much excitement as was possible in the staid Dutch towns in Holland. People longed to go to the pictured paradise. The members of the West India Company we're delighted. They commissioned Peter Minuit, one of their number, First Director
6
HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
or governor ; sent other ships with emigrants, stock, and agricultural implements ; and when the new governor arrived, in 1626, he opened negotiations with the barbarians for the purchase of Manhattan Island. It contained, it was estimated, about twenty-two thousand acres of land, and it was bought for the sum of twenty-four dollars, which was paid in cheap trinkets, implements of husbandry, and weapons. Each party was satisfied, for each felt it had made a good bargain.
When the purchase was completed, an engineer staked out the lines of a fort at the southern extremity of the island, near the site of the modern " Battery." The specification called for a work " faced with stone, having four angles," by which the Bay in front and the Hudson and East rivers on its flanks might be commanded by cannon. The fort, which was nothing more than a strong redoubt surrounded by cedar palisades, was finished the next year, and was named Fort Amsterdam. Each settler protected by it owned the house he lived in, kept a cow, tilled the land, and traded with the Indians. There were no idle persons. The traders delivered all their furs at the trading- house of the company (a large stone building thatched with reeds), and the year when the fort was completed furs were sent to Holland vahied at almost twenty thousand dollars. As yet there was neither a clergyman nor a schoolmaster in the colony, but there were two appointed " consolers of the sick, " whose duty it was to read the Script- ures and the creeds to the people on Sundays, who were gathered in a large loft of a horse-mill. A tower was erected, in which were hung Spanish bells captured by the company's fleet at Porto Rico the year before-the first " church-going bells" heard on Manhattan Island.
It was during the building of the fort that an event occurred which caused much embarrassment and misery to the colony afterward. An Indian. his nephew, and another barbarian, members of a tribe in Westchester County, came to Manhattan with beaver-skins to barter with the Dutch. The beaten trail of the Indians from the Harlem River was along the shores of the East River to Kip's Bay, and then diverging westward passed by a large pond where the halls of justice, or The Tombs, now stand. At that pond they were met by three farm servants of the governor, who robbed and murdere I the men with the peltries. The boy escaped. . This deed was long unknown to the Dutch authorities, and the guilty men probably escaped punishment. But the young barbarian vowed he would avenge the murder of his uncle. ' It was done with fearful usury years afterward. This atrocious deed made the surrounding Indians, who were disposed to be friendly with the Europeans, jealous, suspicious, and vengeful.
7
OUTLINE IHISTORY, 1600-1830.
The little colony flourished, and the village which grew up under the protecting wing of -the fort was called Manhattan, which name it retained until Stuyvesant came in 1647. The community at Manhattan twvarme cosmopolitan in its composition, as New York now is, because of the freedom enjoyed there, and finally gave to the State and nation a face in whose veins course the blood of Teuton, Saxon, Celt, and Their passion for far-reaching commerce and adventurous enter- prise has been a characteristic of the inhabitants of Manhattan Island from that time until the present, through all their social and political vicissitudes.
Within twenty years after Hudson's discovery of the island the prople there turned their attention to ship-building, and in 1631 they actually completed a ship, named New Netherland, of six hundred or eight hundred tons, and sent it to Holland. It was probably one of the greatest merchant vessels then in the work. It was a costly experiment, and was not repeated ; and it was nearly two hundred years afterward when the shipwrights of Manhattan began to build merchant vessels of such large proportions.
The West India Company, in order to encourage emigration to New Netherland and increase the population and strength of the colony, granted to some of the directors large tracts of land, and invested each with the privileges of a "lord of the manor," on condition that he should, within a specified time, have on his estates fifty bona-fide settlers. These proprietors were called patroons. One of the most extensive landholders among these directors was Killian Van Rens- selaer, a pearl merchant in Amsterdam, whose domain lay on each side of the Hudson River at or near Albany.
In the warehouse of the company at Amsterdam was a clerk named Van Twiller, who had married Van Rensselaer's niece. He was harrow-minded and inexperienced, but he had served Van Rensselaer well in shipping cattle to his American domain. Through that director's influence Van Twiller was appointed governor of New Netherland, to succeed Minuit. He was a sleek, rotund, bullet-headed Dutchman, who loved ease of mind and body ; was dull of intellect, vet shrewd and cunning ; always courageous where there was no danger, and undecided and wavering. He came to New Amsterdam in 1633. and was a dead weight upon the prosperity of the colony for four years : yet it flourished in spite of him. With him cante Everardus Bogardus, the first clergyman who appeared in the colony ; also a o boolmaster.
Bogardus was an able, carnest, and bold man. Faithful to his
8
HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
mission, he did not hesitate to reprove Van Twiller for his short- comings in his official, moral, and religious duties. On one occasion he called him a " child of the devil " to his face, and told him that if he did not behave himself he would "give him such a shake from the pulpit" the next Sunday as would make him tremble like a bowl of jelly. Van Twiller lost the respect of all the citizens, and was recalled. This was a severe disappointment to him, for he had dreamed of living in ease and dying in New Netherland. He had bought Nutten Island, in the harbor, and there he proposed to retire when the cares of government should become too burdensome for him, and vegetate in luxurious comfort. That little domain has been known as " Governor's Island " ever since.
Van Twiller was succeeded by William Keift, an energetic, rapacious, and unscrupulous man, who brought serious trouble upon the colony. He endeavored to concentrate all power in his own hands, and began a tyrannous rule. A small colony of Swedes had settled on the Dela- ware. With these Keift quarrelled. He incurred the enmity of the English on the Connecticut, and of the Indians all around. Under a flimsy pretence he sent an armed force to attack the Raritan Indians in New Jersey. Many of them were killed. Savage vengeance did not slumber long. The Raritans ravaged outlying plantations and murdered their occupants. Keift prepared for war. The colonists, alarmed, boldly opposed him. They held him responsible for their troubles. Hitherto they had lived peaceably with their barbarian neighbors ; now these were all hostile. Keift yielded to popular clamor for the moment. He requested the inhabitants to choose twelve men, heads of families, with whom he might consult on public affairs. It was done, and this was the germ of representative govern- ment in the State of New York. The Twelve not only refused to sanction Keift's war schemes, but took cognizance of public grievances, when he dismissed them.
Some River Indians fled before the fiery Mohawks and took refuge with the Hackensacks at Hoboken. Keift, burning with a cruel desire to " chastise savages," sent over a body of armed men at midnight in February, 1643, who fell upon the sleeping fugitives and before the dawn massacred a hundred men, women, and children, and returned to New Amsterdam with the heads of several of the slain. By this savage act the fierce hatred and thirst for vengeance of all the surround- ing barbarians were aroused. A furious war was kindled. Villages and farms were desolated, and white people were butchered wherever the Indians found them. For two years the colony of New Netherland
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