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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE JACOB H. SCHIFF ENDOWMENT FOR THE PROMOTION OF STUDIES IN HUMAN CIVILIZATION 1918
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History of Oneida County, New York : fro
olin 3 1924 028 832 462
Overs
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Y 998L
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ED
Cornell University Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
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HISTORY OF
ONEIDA COUNTY
NEW YORK
From 1700 to the Present Time
-
BY HENRY J. COOKINHAM
-
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1912 Lo
1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
The Indians-Iroquois-Oneidas
1
CHAPTER II
French-English-Indian War
CHAPTER III
Revolutionary War
25
CHAPTER IV
Organization and Geography
40
CHAPTER V
42
Geology
CHAPTER VI
47
Mineralogy
CHAPTER VII
Botany
Forestry
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
Animals-Birds-Fish
59
CHAPTER X
70
Political History 1698-1812
CHAPTER XI
82
1813-1823
CHAPTER XII
1824-1839
CHAPTER XIII
104
1840-1859
CHAPTER XIV
118
1860-1869
CHAPTER XV
134
vii
49
54
87 1
1870-1879
21
viii
CONTENTS
1880-1889
CHAPTER XVII
1890-1899
CHAPTER XVIII
,
156
Public Officials and Statistics
CHAPTER XIX
167
Municipal Corporations and Statistics
208
Courts, Bench and Bar
CHAPTER XXI
230
Financial Institutions
CHAPTER XXII
273
Press and Publications
CHAPTER XXIII
280
Religious Institutions
CHAPTER XXIV
297
CHAPTER XXV
Educational Institutions
354
Libraries
CHAPTER XXVI
377
CHAPTER XXVII
.391
Eleemosynary and Charitable Institutions
428
CHAPTER XXIX
Reformatory and Penal Institutions
431
CHAPTER XXX
Industries and Commerce
433
CHAPTER X
XXI
.457
Fraternal Orders-Societies-Clubs
CHAPTER XXXIII
Historic Places and Buildings
505
CHAPTER XXXIV
Eminent Men and Women
.513
141
CHAPTER XVI
149
1900-1912
CHAPTER XX
Medical Profession and Institutions
CHAPTER XXVIII
Transportation-Routes of Travel
CHAPTER XXXII
464
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Aborigines of New York. 1
City Hall, Rome
108
Academy, Rome (old) .372
City Hall, Utica
104
Academy, Rome (new) 372
City Hospital, Utica 414
Academy, Utica (old) .378
City Hospital, Rome
.420
Academy, Utica (new)
.344
Clarke, H. S. N.
304
Alden, Gustavus R.
298
Alden, Mrs. G. R.
546
Assumption Academy
344
Bacon, William J.
236
Bailey, Alexander H. .168
Bailey, E. Prentiss .292
Bagg, Dr. M. M.
.400
Bagg's Hotel
.510
Baptist Church, Rome
.348
Barn of Colonel Sanger
300
Barneveld Library
.380
Battle of Resaca, Georgia
.526
Beach, Bloomfield J.
274
Beardsley, Samuel
244
Beecham, Rev. William
.304
Bentley, Henry W.
168
Bethune, George W., D.D. 334
Bill, Dr. Earl
396
Bissell, Dr. Daniel P.
.392
Bleecker Street Baptist Church
312
Brant, Joseph (the Great Mohawk Chief). 14 Brigham, Dr. Amariah .422
Brown, E. D.
542
Brown, Dr. Matthew, Jr.
.391
Bussy, Mrs. Mary
.546
Butler, J. Milton
278
Butterfield, Major General Daniel
.526
Butterfield, John
. 458
Butterfield House
.510
Campbell, Samuel
.434
Canal at Forestport
112
Carnahan, James
.334
Caswell, H. A.
228
Central New York Institute for Deaf Mutes, Rome 96
Chamberlain, Ephraim 550
Chancellor Square, Utica
502
Childs, Silas D.
.460
Christ Reformed Church
.308
Church of the Redeemer, Utica
.308
Church of Reconciliation
308
Churchill, Dr. Alonzo
400
Daggett, Gen. Rufus
126
Dauphin of France
12
Davis, John C.
236
De Angelis, Pascal C. J.
266
Delta Dam (the Great) 462
Denio, Hiram
244
Dering, N. H.
400
Devereux, John C.
552
Didymous, Thomas Library at Remsen
.380
Doolittle, Charles H.
236
Douglass, Dr. I. H.
400
Elmer, O. E.
70
Erwin Library at Boonville.
380
Ethridge, Alfred
274
Farwell, Samuel
460
Faxton, Theodore S.
460
Faxton Hospital, Utica
415
First Methodist Episcopal Church, Utica. . 308
First Moravian Church, Utica
.312
First Presbyterian Church, Utica
.308
First Presbyterian Church, New Hartford. 297
Cleveland, Grover
513
Cleveland, Rose Elizabeth
.546
Coggeshall, Henry J
236
Comstock, Calvert
226
Comstock, Edward
226
Conkling, Roscoe
240
Conkling, Mrs. Roscoe
.556
Cookinham, Henry Jared
1
Corey, Daniel G.
304
County Clerk's Office (old) in Utica
.178
Court House at Rome (before it was re-
built)
.232
Court House at Rome (after it was re-
built)
.232
Court House in Utica (first)
212
Court House in Utica (second) 212
Court House in Utica (third or last)
.216
Coventry, Dr. Alexander
.392
Coventry, Dr. Charles
392
Coxe, Alfred C ..
266
ix
x
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fisher, Samuel W. 304
Flandrau, Dr. T. M. 422
Floyd, Gen. William .520
Ford, Dr. Willis E 422
Fort Bull (site of)
24
Fort Schuyler
24
Fort Schuyler Club, Utica 500
Fort Stanwix (map of) 505
22
Fort Stanwix (site of)
Foster, Henry A.
246
Foster, Mrs. Henry A
556
Fowler, Philoman H.
304
Frazier, Dr. Robert
408
Furbish, Edward B.
298
Ga-ka-ah, or skirt
18
Gansevoort, Colonel
28
Gaynor, William J.
516
Genesee Street, Utica
510
Gibson, William, D.D.
304
Gillette, Samuel
.226
Glass, Dr. James H.
422
Golden, David V. W.
.550
Grace Protestant Church of Utica
312
Gray, Dr. John P.
392
Gridley, Philo
266
Grindley, Gen. J. G.
126
Group of Ministers of the first church
organized in Oneida County
298
Grove, Dewitt C.
.292
Guiteau, Dr. Luther
391
Guiteau, Dr. Luther, Jr
400
Halleck, Major General H. W.
524
Hamilton Academy
358
Hamilton College, 1912 362
Herkimer, General Nicholas
.522
Historic Stone of the Oneida Nation or their altar 8
Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church.
318
Home for Aged Men and Couples
96
Murphy, Aloysius, D. D.
304
Home for the Homeless (for women) .. 428
Homeopathic Hospital
.416
Homestead of Gen. Collins, New Hartford. 82
Hopper, Thomas
.552
House of the Good Shepherd .428
Hunt, Montgomery
.278
Hunt, Ward
246
Huntington, Edward
274
Huntington, Henry
278
Hutchinson, Dr. Edwin.
422
Iroquois Indian Young Man Da-ah-de-a in Costume 18
Iroquois Girl Ga-hah-no in Costume
18
Iroquois Indian House Ga-no-sote.
18
Iroquois Ornamental work Gos-to-weh or
Headdress
18
Jenkins, Timothy .168
Jervis, John B. .534
Jervis Library, Rome 380
Johnson, Alexander B
552
Johnson, Alexander S
244
Kellogg, Spencer
552
Kelly, Jane, Preceptress of Utica Female
Academy
546
Kernan, Francis, U. S. Senator
250
Kernan, Mrs. Francis
.556
Kessinger, A. R.
228
Kimball, Charles C.
298
Kingsbury, Oliver A.
.298
Kingsley, W. J. P.
.228
Kirkland, Samuel, D.D.
354
Knox, William E., D.D.
.304
Laird, Dr. Frank F
422
Lawrence, Lewis
460
Lynch, Dominick
. 554
Lynch, Mrs. Dominick
.554
McCall, Dr. John
392
McMillan, Andrew
370
McQuade, Brigadier General James.
126
Making Charcoal at Boonville.
56
Map of Oneida County showing Land
Grants
40
Matteson, Orsamus B.
168
Maynard, Isaac
.460
Merwin, Milton H.
266
Middleton, Robert
550
Millar, Charles
.550
Miller, Addison C.
552
Monument of General William Floyd.
.520
Mohawk River at foot of Genesee Street near old Ford 144
Mohawk River at foot of Genesee Street as it now exists. 144
Morse, Jonathan B.
542
New Century Club.
500
New York Central
Utica
156
Railroad
Station,
New York State Hospital (approach) as it now appears 404
New York State Lunatic Asylum as Orig-
inally Built
. 404
Ninde, Bishop W. X
334
Nock, Thomas
228
Odd Fellows Temple
428
Old Fashioned Surgical Instruments
396
Old Horse Car of Utica.
457
Olmsted, Rt. Rev. Charles T.
334
Oneida County Hospital, Rome.
96
Oneida County Jail
.431
Oneida Historical Building, Utica
.506
Oriskany Monument on Day of Dedication 34 Oriskany Monument Tablets 74 State Custodial Asylum, Rome. 428 State Masonic Home. 96
Orphan Asylum, Utica 428
Payson, Elliot H.
298
Peabody, H. H., D.D.
.304
Police Office, Utica
100
Pope, Dr. H. H.
.400
Postoffice, Rome
.108
Postoffice, Utica
136
Presbyterian Church and Cemetery
at
Westernville
.530
Presbyterian Church, Rome
.348
Prescott, Cyrus D.
.168
Presidents and Mayors of Utica.
220
Residence of Senator Roscoe Conkling.
.. 508
Residence of General William Floyd.
82
Residence of Senator Francis Kernan
.150
Residence of Senator Elihu Root.
82
Residence of Governor Horatio Seymour. 508
Residence of Vice President
James
S.
Sherman
150
Residence of Baron Steuben
88
Robert Fraser Store
118
Roberts, Ellis H. 292
Rogers, P. V.
278
Rome Club
22
Rome in 1802
224
Root, Elihu
514
Rutger Street, Utica
502
Scripture, William E
266
Scudder, Dr. Samuel O. 408
Seiboth, Joseph
542
Seymour, Dr. George
392
Seymour, Horatio
260
Seymour, Mrs. Horatio
.556
Sherman James
.256
Sherman, Mrs. James S
538
Sherman, Richard U.
.292
Sicard, Rear Admiral Montgomery
.530
Skenandoah
8
Skinner, Adolphus, D.D.
334
Snowdon, Rev. E. H.
298
Soldiers' Monument, Rome
.130
Soldiers' Monument, Utica
130
Soldiers' Monument, Verona
130
Soldiers' Monument, Waterville
130
Sprecher, Samuel P.
334
Spencer, Joshua A.
168
Spriggs, J. Thomas
168
St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Utica
412
State Custodial Asylum, Rome.
96
Statue of Colonel Gansevoort in park at
Rome
30
Steuben, Baron
10
Steuben, Baron (monument)
88
Stevens, Edward L.
226
Stevens, James
226
Stevens, S. B.
226
Sutton, Dr. Harry
420
Sutton, Dr. R. E.
408
Talcott, Charles A
168
Taylor, James H.
334
Terry, Dr. M. O.
426
Thorn, John
460
Townsend, S. E.
228
Trenton Falls
44
Trenton Gorge
44
Trinity Church, Utica
312
Utica in 1802.
.208
Utica City Library
380
Van Deusen, Edward M., D.D.
.334
Walcott, William D
434
Walker, Colonel Benjamin.
78
Walker, Edyth, Opera Singer
546
Wardwell, Samuel
274
Waterville Library, interior view
380
Watson, Dr. W. H.
426
Wells, John ]
.552
West, Dr. M. C.
.420
Wetzel, Andrew, D.D.
334
Wheelock, General Charles
126
White, A. S.
228
Wiley, George
.550
Willett, Lieut. Col. Marinus
28
Williams, Rev. Eleazer
12
Williams, E. Stuart
.226
Williams, Robert S.
.278
Williams, Stalham
278
Wilson, Dr. Claude.
408
Wolcott, Dr. Samuel
408
Wood, Thomas
502
Young Men's Christian Association Build-
ing, Rome
496
Young Men's Christian Association Build-
ing, Utica
496
Zion Episcopal Church, Rome
.348
Henry Hookinham
HENRY J. COOKINHAM
HENRY J. COOKINHAM, son of John D. and Diantha L. Cookinham, was born at Prospect, Oneida county, New York, October 1, 1843; was educated in the Prospect Academy and Whitestown Seminary; was a student in the law department of Hamilton College, also in the law office of United States Senator Roscoe Conkling, at Utica, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. He immediately formed a partnership with Arthur M. Beardsley for the practice of his profession in Utica. In 1874 Francis M. Burdick, now dean of the law school of Columbia College, was admitted to the partnership. This partner- ship was dissolved by the retirement of Mr. Cookinham in 1880, when he formed a partnership with James S. Sherman and John G. Gibson. Later Mr. Gibson retired from the firm and Richard R. Martin was admitted as a part- ner. Later the firm became Cookinham, Sherman & Cookinham, the junior partner being Mr. Cookinham's eldest son. In 1908 Mr. Sherman was nominated and elected vice-president of the United States, and gave up his law practice. The firm then became Cookinham & Cookinham, consisting of the father and two sons, Henry J., Jr., and Frederick H., which firm has continued to the present time.
In 1873 Mr. Cookinham was elected special surrogate of Oneida county, and in 1880 was a member of the Assembly of the State of New York, and served on important committees. In 1884 he was the candidate of the Republican party for representative in Congress, but was defeated, owing to a division in that party caused by the quarrel between James G. Blaine, then Republican candidate for the presidency, and Roscoe Conkling, of Utica, United States senator from New York who opposed Mr. Blaine's nomination and election. In 1894 Mr. Cookinham was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, and was a member of the committees of judiciary, suffrage, and privileges and elections. At the adjournment of the convention he was ap- pointed chairman of a special committee to prepare an address to the people of the state, explanatory of the new constitution. He was a member of the board of commissioners for the erection of a new court house in the city of Utica for Oneida county, and for several years served as its chairman. He is a member of the State Bar Association, the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, the Bar Association of Oneida County, the Utica Law Library Association, and for several years was its president, the Oneida
xiii
Historical Society, the Sons of the Revolution, the American Scenic and Historical Preservation Society, and was for many years a director of the Young Men's Christian Association, and is a member of several other clubs and organizations. He was for many years a director and counsel for the United Glass Company, and is at present a director of the Utica Industrial Company, Troy Public Works Company and New Hartford Canning Company, Limited. He has been engaged in many important suits in the United States courts, and was retained to argue, in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of the United States against Rothchilds, a test case involving duties upon leaf tobacco, and was counsel for the importers in the cases in the United States courts involving the question of countervailing duty on wood pulp imported from the Dominion of Canada. He is author of a memorial volume of President James A. Garfield, "Recollections of the Oneida County Bar" and "History of the Judiciary of Oneida County."
In September, 1872, he married Mary Louise, daughter of General Richard U. Sherman, and sister of James S. Sherman, vice-president of the United States. They have six children, one daughter and five sons.
xiv
PREFACE
The historian, who does not endeavor to impress his own opinions upon his readers, but records events as they actually occurred and leaves others to draw their own conclusions, writes the truest history. As history is, after all, little more than the record of men's deeds, the writer who admires his subject or who is a partisan in any cause, is liable to give unmerited praise to those whom he esteems, and he who holds adverse opinions censures too frequently when praise is merited. Would it not be wiser for all who undertake to write his- tory to endeavor to record only what men have said and done as the best means of transmitting to posterity a correct knowledge of past events? It has not been the intention of the writer of this work to embellish with figures of speech or flowery language, but to present, as far as possible a correct state- ment of the natural wealth and advantages of the county, and to record what the inhabitants of the county have done in all fields of thought and action.
Few localities in the entire country have furnished more exciting history than Oneida county. Situated in the very heart of the great Empire State, having for its early settlers a people intelligent, industrious and of high moral character, it is not surprising that it furnished men who, by their capacity and energy, did their full share to make New York the Empire State of the Union. It is not extravagant to say that the sons of Oneida were foremost among the statesmen, lawyers, doctors, educators and merchants who worked out the problems that have given to the state its more than nine million inhab- itants and more than one-sixth of the wealth of the nation.
It is not expected that this work will escape severe criticism, but, when all the critics have passed judgment upon it, the writer wishes to assure them that he can point out many other imperfections which have been apparently un- observed. It is true that much more could have been written on the subjects embraced in the work, and many more subjects might have been written upon, but the line was drawn according to the writer's best judgment, and, so far as this book is concerned, from that judgment there is no appeal.
In explanation of the plan adopted the writer wishes to say that the en- deavor has been to treat quite fully the subjects which other writers have
XV
PREFACE
passed lightly over, and to treat sparingly those which they have written upon elaborately. Most sincerely does the author acknowledge his obligations to many friends who have rendered him valuable aid in the enterprise. Among these are Hon. Andrew S. Draper, commissioner of education of the state of New York; Hon. Rudolf Ruedemann, state geologist; Dr. Tarlton H. Bean, state fish culturist; Hon. Ellis H. Roberts, Rev. Dana W. Bigelow, D. D., Lieutenant William G. Mayer, Rev. William Harden Squires, Ph.D., of Hamil- ton College, Hon. Garry A. Willard, Mr. Rudolphus C. Briggs, A. M., Mr. Egbert Bagg, Dr. T. Wood Clarke, Warren C. Rowley, Miss Caroline M. Under- hill, librarian of the Utica library, Miss M. Elizabeth Beach, Miss Alice B. Jones and Miss Eugenie Stevens.
xvi
History of Oneida County
CHAPTER I
THE INDIANS-IROQUOIS-ONEIDAS
The Empire State! New York! The most extraordinary civil division of the earth's surface! Can there be any doubt about the truthfulness of this statement? If so, why is it that we have grown so great ?
Consisting of little more than 47,000 squares miles of territory, New York has one-tenth of the population and more than one-sixth of the wealth of the entire nation, and the United States is the richest nation in the world.
It does not seem that there is any accounting for this extraordinary de- velopment in New York except upon the theory that the natural advantages of the state are superior to those of any other country, and that it is inhabited by an unusually able and energetic people.
At the mouth of the Hudson river is one of the finest harbors in the world. On its shores has grown up the second, and soon to be not only the first city in the world, but the greatest city that has ever existed upon the face of the carth. Northward and along the picturesque Hudson thrive many cities and villages, and the scenery is unsurpassed by any of its kind. Near the western shore are the Catskill mountains, and, although they are not so magnificent as many others, yet they are as picturesque as any mountains in the entire country. Farther northward are Saratoga Springs, which send forth their healing waters for many ills of the human family, and close by lies the peerless Lake George, by many called the most beautiful sheet of water on earth. Little farther northward lies Lake Champlain, into which could be poured the waters of all the Scottish and English lakes without raising its surface an inch. West- ward lie the Adirondack mountains with their many lakes and mountain peaks, and consisting of territory nearly equal to all of Switzerland. While north- ward on its way to the sea the magnificent St. Lawrence flows through its more than sixteen hundred islands. Stretching along the central part of the state are the valleys of the Mohawk and Genesee, teeming with the products of their
1
2
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY
fertile soil. The interior is adorned by such lakes as Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Skaneateles, Seneca, Chautauqua and others, any of which would be world famed if they were in any European country. On the northwest and westerly confines lie two of the Great Lakes, and between them is the natural wonder of earth, "Niagara."
In the very heart of this most remarkable commonwealth lies Oneida county, one of the choicest gems of the state. It is to this subject that this volume is devoted.
Whether or not there existed at some time in the past a prehistoric race in the territory now called the state of New York it is not the purpose here to discuss, nor is it intended to give a complete history of the savage tribes which occupied this part of the country before the white man made his ap- pearance upon the scene of action in central New York. It is proposed, how- ever, to give a general history of the Confederation and of the tribes of aborigines more particularly identified with the territory from which Oneida county was carved and for one of which tribes it was named.
Prior to the time that the white man made his way to this region it was the land of the Iroquois,-"People of the Long House" or "People of Many Fires," by them called Ho-di-no-sau-nee. This was a remarkable race of sav- ages, far superior in many respects to any other of the American Indian.
The term "Iroquois" was first used to designate the confederated five and afterwards six nations known as the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras. The Indian names of these nations were :
Mohawks-Gä-ne-ă'-ga-o-no.
Oneidas-O-na'-yote-kä-o-no.
Onondagas-O-nun'-da-ga-o-no.
Cayugas-Gwe-u-gweh-o-no.
Senecas-Nun-da'-wä-o-no.
Tuscaroras-Dus-ga'-o-weh-o-no.
By the French they were called "Iroiquois," by the English "The Con- federation," by the Dutch "Maquas," and by themselves "Mungoes," all meaning the "United People."
Each nation was divided into tribes named as follows: Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Turtle, Deer, Snipe, Heron, Hawk.
Bloomfield, in his work entitled "The Oneidas," states that this nation had only three tribes, the Wolf, Bear and Turtle.
Reference is sometimes made to the nations composing the league as "tribes." This is not correct. The term "tribe" has reference to the sub- division of the nation, somewhat as the term "county" designates a subdivision of a state.
The date of the formation of the Iroquois confederacy is unknown. Some place it as early as 1459; others fix a much later period. Lossing gives 1539 as the year when it was formed. There is no doubt that it had existed many years before white men came among them. Statistics attainable do not sus- tain the general impression as to the numbers included within the League. It is stated by Morgan that the confederation consisted of the greatest numbers
3
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY
about the year 1650. Bloomfield says that it reached its culminating point about 1700; but other writers with Morgan place it earlier, by, at least, half a century.
At the beginning of the Revolutionary war it was estimated that, all told, they numbered between 9,000 and 12,000; that 1,580 warriors took sides with the British, and 230, mostly Oneidas, joined the colonists. Governor Tryon in 1774 estimated their numbers to be 10,000, with 2,000 warriors. Dillon, a captain in the United States army, in 1786 estimated that 150 Oneidas joined the British. He also says that of all the Indian tribes in the country, 12,690 warriors were the allies of the king.
The country occupied by the different nations of the league was as follows : On the east were the Mohawks, next the Oneidas, then, in order, the Onondagas, Senecas and Cayugas. After the admission of the Tuscaroras into the con- federation, that nation was given territory to the southward of the Oneidas and Onondagas. The Council House of the confederation was at Onondaga, and the general assembly occurred annually.
In his book entitled "The League of the Iroquois," Morgan says that "by the year 1700 the Iroquois had subdued and held in nominal subjection all the principal Indian nations occupying the territory which is now embraced in the states of New York, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the northern and western part of Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, northern Tennes- see, part of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, a portion of the New England states, and part of Upper Canada."
Halsey says that it was at about this time that the Confederation was at the height of its power. From that time until the English-French war began no great changes occurred among the people of the Long House.
The Iroquois were loyal to the English, and they were an important factor in the struggle between England and France for supremacy in the New World. England still owes to them a debt of gratitude that it can never pay. Not until the war of the Revolution was the friendship between the English and the Six Nations broken, and, even then, all, save the Oneidas and a part of the Tuscaroras, remained the allies of the British crown. The Confederates had lost none of their glory until the introduction among them of fire arms and intoxicating liquors.
When the colonies declared their independence, the question of joining the Americans or remaining loyal to the Crown came before the General Council. The Oneidas, supported in part by the Tuscaroras, favored neutrality, and as a unanimous vote was required to decide such questions, no action was taken that committed the entire confederation one way or the other, but it was determined to allow each nation to act its own pleasure. The result was that all but the Oneidas and part of the Tuscaroras cast their lot with England.
Many conferences were held in regard to the political situation between the representatives of the Six Nations and commissioners authorized by Con- gress to act on behalf of the colonies. A conference was held at German Flats, August 15, and another at Albany, August 23, 1775, but nothing definite was accomplished. In 1776, Governor Tryon wrote that all the Indians of the Six Nations were favorable to the king, but in this he was sadly in error. It is true, however, that, in 1780, a number of Oneidas and Tuscaroras went over
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