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OUTE AND CITY
FUIDES 0
CITY OF
NEW YORK
TAINTOR BROTHERS,
678 Broadway, New York.
Insure while in health. The sense of security is worth the cost.
Economy only second to security.
Atlanti Mutual IFE INSURANCE COMPANY.
ALBANY, N. Y.
The Officers of the " ATLANTIC" take especial pleasure in call- ing the attention of the public to their
REGISTERED POLICIES.
Parties insuring in the "ATLANTIC" may have their policies REGISTERED WITH A STATE DEPARTMENT CREATED FOR THIS PURPOSE : and all policies so registered are guaranteed under the official hand aud seal of the Superintendent of Insur- ance, an officer created by, and acting for the State, as
"Secured by pledge of Public Stock, or Bonds and Mortgages."
This Company offers liberal inducements to first-class Agents. It will always render them the most substantial tokens of appreciation, and afford thein every encouragement in sustaining a successful and honorable competition.
OFFICERS : ROBERT H. PRUYN, President. JAMES HENDRICK, Vice-President. LOUIS B. SMITH, Secretary.
SEND FOR A CIRCULAR.
All men think all men mortal but themselves.
SEYMOUR DURST
Insure now! Present action will secure future comfort.
PEABODY Life Insurance Company, 317 Broadway, New York City.
DANIEL SICKELS, Pres't. HENRY H. HADLEY, Vice-Pres't. CHAS. MOORHEAD, Sec'y.
This Company has the most popular and easy working features of the day, among which are the following :
Thirty days' grace in the Payment of Premiums ; no re- strictions on Travel ; no Permit required ; no extra rates on the lives of Females ; no extra rates charged on any Policy issued.
Each policy has an absolute definite cash surrender value endorsed in figures on the Policy, making it a BILL OF EXCHANGE for the amount endorsed upon it.
Active Agents, and parties desiring Insurance, are requested to send for the prospectus of the Company.
PHELPS, DODGE & CO.,
13 to 21 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK,
IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN
META
TIN PLATES, ROOFING PLATES,
SHEET IRON, COPPER
ZINC,
WIRE,
BRASS,
LEAD, AND
AVERY DURST
PIG TIN.
THE HARTFORD
Life and Annuity
ANN
HARTFORD LIFE
INSURANCE
CO
HART
R
Insurance Company,
HARTFORD, CONN .. CASH ASSETS OVER HALF A MILLION!
A new system, originally introduced by this Company, entitled Life Insurance on the INTEREST -- BEARING PLAN, securing to the assured the advantages of a Savings Bank, combined with Life Insurance. Also issues all the well known forms of Life and Endowment Policies, on either the MUTUAL or STOCK PLAN.
C. C. KIMBALL, Prest. D. F. SEYMOUR, Vice-Prest. J. P. TAYLOR, Sec'y.
CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF HARTFORD, CONN.
ASSETS OVER
.
$800,000
PRUDENCE in the selection of risks ; ECONOMY in the management of its business, and SECURITY in investments, are the aim of the Managers of this Company.
- The Hartford Evening Press says :- " The Company may be strongly recommended as worthy the entire confidence of those seeking Insurance upon their lives."
From the Hartford Daily Courant.
Without entering into comparisons between the many companies in this city of insurance, we can, without partiality, say that the CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY is one of the soundest and safest in which to invest.
E. W. PARSONS, President. T. W. RUSSELL, Secretary.
Have Manufactured over 10,000 BRADBURY PIANO FORTES.
ESTABLISHED 1854.
No. 427 Broome Street, near Broadway.
BRADBURY!
JON. OBR.N.Y.
TRIUMPHANT SUCCESS.
Seven first-class Premiums received within four weeks.
Never in the history of the trade were so many FIRST PREMIUMS known to be given within so short a space of time.
In addition to this we have the strongest endorsements of nearly all the well-known musicians of New York, who have personally and carefully examined our Pianos. We are also receiving. similar testimonials from first-class Teachers and Professors of other cities and towns.
The testimonials from GOTTSCHALK, MASON, SANDERSON, PATTISON, BERGE, ZUNDELL, HELLER, FRADEL, and others, were only given after thorough and repeated trials for several months.
PECULIAR CHARMS OF THE BRADBURY PIANO.
Its ADAPTATION TO THE HUMAN VOICE as an accompaniment, owing to its pecuHar sympathetic, mellow, yet rich and powerful tone.
From personal acquaintance with the firm, we can endorse them as worthy of the fullest confidence of the public. We are using the Bradbury Piano in our families, and they give entire satisfaction.
Persons at a distance need feel no hesitation in sending for their Illustrated Price List, and ordering from it. They are reliable.
Mrs. U. S. GRANT, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C.
Chief Justice SALMON P. CHASE, Wash- ington, D. C.
Vice-Admiral D.D.PORTER,Annapolis, Md Commander N. B. HARRISON,
Hon. COLUMBUS DELANO, Washington, D. C.
M. SIMPSON, Bishop M. E. Church, Phila. E. S. JANES, Bishop M. E. Church, N. Y.
ED. THOMSON, Bishop M. E. Church, Evanston, III.
Rev. DANIEL CURRY, Editor Christian Advocate.
Dr. DE PUY, Assistant Editor Christian Advocate.
Dr. JOSEPH CUMMINGS, President Wes- leyan University, Middletown, Ct. Rev. Dr. MCCLINTOCH, Drew Theological Seminary.
Hon. A. J. CRESWELL, Postmaster Gen- eral, Washington, D. C.
DAN'L WISE, Ed. Sunday School Advocate THEODORE TILTON, Editor Independent D. D. LORE, Editor Northern Advocate. ROBERT BONNER, N. Y. Ledger.
Rev. JOHN COOKMAN, Pastor Bedford St. M. E. Church, N. Y.
W. G. FISHER, Prof. Music, Girard Col- lege, Philadelphia.
Rev. A. J. KENETT, D.D., Corresponding Secretary, Church Extension.
A liberal discount to Ministers, Teachers, Colleges and Schools.
F. C. SMITH. H. T. McCOUN.
F. G. SMITH & CO.,
Late Superintendent, and Successor to WM. B. BRADBURY,
No. 427 Broome Street, New York.
.
Are You Interested in Life Insurance ?
Which would be the greatest loss to your Wife and Children,
OUR LIFE,
or your Merchandize, House, or Furniture ? Are they of more value to your fami- ly than your Life ? Do our sharp, prudent, calculating men ever think of it in this light ? If so, and you wish Insurance, get the
LOWEST RATES
compatible with perfect security. This can only be done by application to the
HOMEOPATHIC MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., 231 Broadway, New York,
which has a Cash Capital of $150,000, all invested in Government Securities.
The business of the Homoeopathic Mutual Life Insurance Co. is conducted upon the Cash Plan.
ALL ITS PREMIUMS AND DIVIDENDS ARE CASH,
thereby avoiding the payment of compound interest upon premium loans or notes, and at the same time securing all the benefits of the MASSACHUSETTS NON-FOR- FEITURE LAW, which is the only one worth anything to the assured.
Women taken at the same rates as men. Stock or mutual rates lower than any other company. Don't insure in any company before looking at our low rates.
KG A FEW CAPABLE CANVASSERS WANTED.
D. D. T. MARSHALL, Pres't.
JAMES CUSHING, JR., Vice-Pres't. ELIZUR WRIGHT, Actuary.
E. A. STANSBURY, Sec'y. A. HALSEY PLUMMER, Ass't Sec'y. STEWART L. WOODFORD, Counsel.
EDWIN M. KELLOGG, M. D., } Medical Examiners. JOHN W. MITCHELL, M.D.,
DIRECTORS.
D. D. T. MARSHALL, 157 East 34th St.
Hon. S. L. WOODFORD,. Lt. - Gov. State New York.
JAMES CUSHING, JR., of Leroy W. Fair- child & Co.
EDWD. F. EAMES, of H. B. Claflin & Co. ELISHA BROOKS, of Brooks Brothers, 468 Broadway.
Hon. R. B. CONNOLLY, Comptroller of New York City.
ROBERT SEWELL, of Sewell & Pierce, 62 Broadway.
GEORGE G. LAKE, of Lake & McCreery, 47 Broadway. Hon. RICHARD KELLY, President of 5th National Bank.
GENERAL
REYNELL & CLEVELAND, 231 Broadway, New York and New Jersey.
E. B. HOLMES, M.D., Saratoga Springs, Northern and Central New York.
S. H. MILLARD, West 124th St., Harlem. DR. JOHN TURNER, 725 Tremont Street, Boston.
CHARLES G. WIGHTMAN, Bristol, Conn. IRVING VAN WART, JR., Pittsfield, Mass. JOHN M. SABIN & Co., with D. Ransom & Co., Buffalo.
JORN G. DREW, 221 Broad St., Eliza- ·beth, N. J.
JOHN SIMPKINS, 20 WALL Street.
W. C. DUNTON, of Bulkley, Dunton & Co., 4 John Street.
PETER LANG, of Lang & Clarkson, 4 Front Street.
W. B. KENDALL, of Bigelow Carpet Co., 65 Duane Street.
H. W. WARNER, late Warner & Loop, 332 Fifth Avenue.
CHARLES L. STICKNEY, 209 Bowery. WM. RADDE, Publisher, 550 Pearl St. THOMAS B. ASTEN, 124 East 29th Street. G. B. HAMMOND, Tarrytown, N. Y. ED. A. STANSBURY, Haledon, N. J. AUGUST T. CHUR, 45 Cliff Street. H. H. ROBERTSON, Mott Haven, N. Y.
AGENTS.
J. W. SHEPARD, St. Paul, Minn.
S. B. ROCKWELL, Middlebury, Vt.
JOHN V. HOGAN & Co., St. Louis, Mo. JOHN W. MARSHALL, Aurora, IIL.
E. A. LODGE, M.D., Detroit, Mich.
M. B. LUKENS, M.D., Northern Ohio, E. Cleveland, O.
W. J. MOLYNEAUX, Charleston, S. C.
JOHN F. BOONE, M. D., Baltimore, Md., Delaware & District of Columbia.
THOS. HASTINGS, News Depot, Albany. AMOS JONES, Dubuque, Iowa.
EMPIRE MUTUAL Life Insurance Company
OF NEW YORK, Office, 139 Broadway,
CHARTERED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
$100,000.00
deposited with the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York as special security to Policy-holders.
Success the Criterion of Excellence.
The Empire has achieved a success without a parallel in the history of Life Insurance.
3,394 Policies issued in twelve months, insuring $8,000,000, which is the largest commencement business ever done by any Company in the world.
AND WHY NOT?
Notice the following liberal features, the most favorable to the insured and unexcelled by those of any other company :
Ordinary Whole Life Policies absolutely non-forfeitable from the payment of first annual premium.
All other Policies non-forfeitable after two annual payments.
All Policies incontestable for usual causes, and absolutely incontestable after two annual premiums.
All restrictions upon travel and residence removed, and no permits required. One-third of the Premiums Loaned to the insured, if desired, and no notes required.
No accumulation of interest on Defined Premiums, and no increase of an- nual payment on any class of Policies.
Dividends Accumulative, the surplus being returned to the Policy-holders equitably, each receiving thereof whatever he may have contributed thereon.
The Business of the Company conducted upon the Mutual Plan.
GUARANTEE INTEREST PLAN .- An Entirely new Feature.
Number of Annual Premiums limited, varying from five to twenty-three, according to age.
Six per cent. Compound Interest guaranteed from the commencement to the end of the paying period on all the payments, until the sum insured shall have been accumulated.
The monetary value of the Policy, during the paying period, averages more than twelve per cent. compound interest; and subsequently, during the whole of life, the policy will probably pay an income on its face equal to about six per cent., and at death the amount insured passes unimpaired to the repre- sentatives of the insured.
The Policy (maturing at death) is issued at the time of the first payment for the full amount insured, thus combining the advantages of both Life In- surance and Savings Bank.
First-Class Agents wanted in all parts of the country. Apply at the HOME OFFICE, 139 Broadway.
OFFICERS :
G. HILTON SCRIBNER, President. LEMUEL H. WATERS, Actuary.
GEORGE W. SMITH, Vice-Prest. THOS. K. MARCY, Med. Examiner.
SIDNEY W. CROFUT, Secretary. EVERETT CLAPP, Supt. of Agencies.
STEAM
FIRE-PROOF
SAFES
SANBORN'S PATENT.
THE BEST SAFE IN THE WORLD.
PERFECTLY DRY IN USE-ACTUALLY FIRE-PROOF.
The special excellence of this Safe consists in a lining of copper vessels con" taining water between the bookcase and the walls, whereby, in case of fire steam is generated, which carries out the heat as it comes in ; and thus protects the contents through the longest and severest fires that ever occur. It is thoroughly made, and furnished with the best burglar-proof lock.
The vessels are sealed, so that the water cannot evaporate to dampen the Safe. The solder that closes the opening melts below boiling heat, to let off the steam. "Return Pipes" prevent the water from escaping, in case the Safe overturns when burning. It is entirely dry in use ; never needs a new supply of water ; is very strong, and will resist several times as much fire as ordinary Safes.
All persons needing fire-proof Safes should send for a pamphlet, and learn all about the STEAM SAFE, before purchasing.
Perfectly satisfactory information furnished to all inquirers.
AGAIN TRIUMPHANT!
NASHUA, N. H., April 22, 1870.
AMERICAN STEAM SAFE CO .- Gentlemen :
The Steam Safe you sold us passed triumphantly through the great fire here on the 16th inst. In one of the largest buildings burned, it was severely exposed till the floor gave way, when it fell into the cellar amidst burning timber, oils, varnish, rosin, and other combustible material, and remained in the most intense heat for hours. When opened, its contents were in perfect condition, showing no effect of fire whatever. The caps melted off the sealed water-vessels, as designed, letting the steam around the book-case, thus keeping out the heat, and though the safe overturned in falling, the water was not spilled, and only a part of it was evaporated, showing a reserved power that would have withstood the exposure much longer.
-- The Safe proved itself in the fire, what you represented it to be, operating to our entire satisfaction, and to the surprise and gratification of those who saw it opened.
You will please send us another like it, and oblige, Truly yours, BARR & CO.
AMERICAN STEAM SAFE CO.,
Manufacturers of the SANBORN PATENT STEAM SAFE, and PATENT WELDED STEEL AND IRON BURGLAR PROOF WORK. SAFE-MAKERS FOR THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. SALESROOMS: 300 Broadway, N.Y .; 60 Sudbury St., Boston.
THE
CITY OF NEW YORK.
A COMPLETE GUIDE.
WITH
DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF OBJECTS AND PLACES OF INTEREST.
WITH MAP.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., la the Clerk'e e mce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York
NEW YORK : TAINTOR BROTHERS, 678 BROADWAY.
CLASSIES AA 735 NY
C4331 S
THE
TRAVELERS
INSURANCE COMPANY OF HARTFORD, CONN.,
CASH ASSETS
Over $1,250,00 O,
INSURES AGAINST
ACCIDENTS
By Railroad, Steamboat, Stage Coaches, or other modes of travel, or occurring in the street, on the farm, in stores, offices, shops, or manufactories, or in any of the usual and lawful avocations of daily life, at rates within the reach of all. Accident Poli- cies written by Agents, insuring $1,000 to $10,000 against death by accident, or $5 to $50 weekly in- demnity for wholly disabling injury, at an annual cost of $5 to $10 per $1,000, except for hazardous risks. The TRAVELERS has paid over One Million Dollars in benefits to policy holders.
This Company also issues LIFE and ENDOWMENT policies, uniting ample security and cheapness of cost under a definite contract. All policies non-forfeit- able. Its premium system is the favorite Low Rate Cash Plan.
Agencies in all principal Cities and Towns of United States and Canadas.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
American Institute.
IO
Amusements.
.28
Assay Office
8
Ferries
32
Astor Library
IO
Five Points House of Industry
14
Five Points Mission
15
Fort Columbus
I
Bellevue Hospital
Good Fellows.
27
Governor's Island.
I
Gramercy Park.
I7
Greenwood Cemetery
20
Bowling Green
4
Broadway.
3, 6
Broadway Bridge
4
Buildings around Park.
6
Castle Garden
4
Castle William
I
Central Park
17
Charitable Institutions
13
City Hall.
5
City Hall Park
5
City Prison
9
Clubs ..
28
College of the City of New York
.12
College of St. Francis Xavier
.12
Columbia College.
II
Literary Societies.
24
Location of Streets
3
Madison Square
8
Masonic Societies
27
Medical Colleges
12
Dispensaries.
Mercantile Library.
23
Druids
27
Mount Olivet Cemetery
27
Hall of Records
5
Hebrew Societies
27
Historical Sketch
2
Hotels
28
Institution for the Blind.
14
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 14
Islands
19
How to go to Central Park.
18
How to see the Islands.
19
Law School of Columbia College.
.12
Leake & Watt's Orphan Asylum .. . 14
Libraries.
23
Columbia College Law School
12
Cooper Union.
IO
Court House (new).
5
Custom House
8
Educational Institutions
Ellis Island.
I
Battery
3
Bedloe's Island.
I
Benevolent Societies.
26
Bible House
Blackwell's Island
I
Hack Fares
29
Hall of Justice.
9
PAGE
PAGH
National A .ademy of Design .II New Court House. 5 New York Bay Cemetery .. 22 New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. 12
New York Historical Society.
11
New York Lunatic Asylum
.13
New York Orphan Asylum. 13
Odd Fellows.
27
Police Headquarters
9
Post Office.
8
Public Buildings
8
Public Parks.
16
Railroads.
69
Turnverein.
27
Randall's Island.
19
Religious Societies.
.24
Reservoir Square.
17
Rotunda
6
St. John's Park.
16
Ward's Island .
19
St. Paul's Church.
4
Scientific Societies
.24
Secret Societies
.26
Society Library.
. II
Sons of Hermann
27
Sons of Liberty.
.27
Steamboats
.71
Stock Exchange
9
Stuyvesant Square
17
Sub. Chiefs of Exalted Masonry
.27
Temperance Societies
28
Theological Seminaries.
13
Tompkins Square
16
Topography of the City
3
Trinity Church.
4
Trinity Church Cemetery.
22
Union Square
7
University Medical College
12
University of the City of New York. 12
United States Treasury.
8
Washington Square
16
Woodlawn Cemetery
Travellers Directory
Street Directory
GREAT EMPORIUM FOR STEREOSCOPES AND VIEWS OF ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD,
Photographic Albums, and Photographic Materials. E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO., 591 Broadway, New York, opposite Metropolitan Hotel.
CHROMOS.
These beautiful pictures, that cannot be distinguished from the finest Oil Paintings at one-tenth their cost, we import largely from Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna, and Rome, and supply the trade at the lowest rates.
THE GUARDIAN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. No. 251 Broadway, N. Y. ORGANIZED 1859.
ASSETS, OVER $2,000,000
All Policies Non-Forfeitable.
The ENTIRE PROFITS of the Company divided equitably among the POLICY HOLDERS.
Immediate, Annual Dividends upon Cash Policies.
WALTON H. PECKHAM, President
WM. T. HOOKER, Vice-President.
LUCIUS MCADAM, Secretary and Actuary.
barter
Bak Life
nsurance
ompanp,
HARTFORD,
CONN.
-
ASSETS
$7,500,000,
ANNUAL INCOME $3,500,000,
and rapidly
and constantly
increasing.
enlarging.
Policies issued, nearly 40,000. Losses paid, $1,750,000. Dividends paid, $1,500,000. Annual dividends paid, commencing with first renewal. J. C. WALKLEY, Pres. Z. A. STORRS, Vice-Pres. S. H. WHITE, Sec'y.
N. S. PALMER, Gen'] Agent for New York, 183 Broadway. GEO. HUDSON, " for Long Island, Riverhead, L. L.
COLTON DENTAL ASSOCIATION.
This association originated and introduced the use of nitrous oxide gas for painless extraction of teeth in June, 1863, and have done nothing but extract teeth ever since, having given the gas to over
40,500 PATIENTS !
Without a single failure or accident. The name of each patient is written by their own hand on a scroll in the office, and each name is numbered. Patients having a number of teeth to be extracted, often come 300 or 400 miles to avail themselves of our skill in extracting, and of our long expe- rience in the use of the gas.
We often extract twenty teeth or stumps with one dose of gas, and we do it positively without pain. To some patients it is a pleasure to have teeth out with the "Laughing Gas."
PRICE-$2.00 for first, and $1.00 for each subsequent tooth at same visit.
COME TO HEAD-QUARTERS. No. 19 Cooper Institute, New York.
CONTINENTAL LIFE R R 0
0 1862.
Insurance
NI TED Company
OF HARTFORD, CONN.
SAMUEL E. ELMORE, President.
F. D. DOUGLASS, Sec'y,
JAMES S. PARSONS, Vice-Pres.
H. R. MORLEY, Actuary.
P. M. HASTINGS, M.D., Medical Examiner.
THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
New York City, the first city of the Western Hemisphere in population, wealth, and commerce, and destined to be the metropolis of the civilized world, is situated on Manhattan Island, fifteen miles in length, and from one to two miles in breadth. On the west is the Hudson river, and on the east the East river, which latter is in fact only a strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island sound; the northern boundary of the island is formed by the Har- lem river and Spuyten Duyvil creek, two names for different portions of the same narrow creek, which unites the Hudson river with the East river. At the southern extremity of Manhat- tan island is the Bay of New York, universally acknowledged to be one of the finest harbors in the world. Stand- ing on the Battery and looking south- east, the view is one of exceeding beauty, as well as of unsurpassed bustle and activity. Directly in front of the spectator, and about two-thirds of a mile from the city, is Governor's Island, a nearly circular piece of land, about half a mile in circumference, and con- taining seventy-two acres of land. It belongs to the Federal Government, who use it as a military station. It is a beautiful spot, sloping on all sides towards the water. Fort Columbus
occupies the centre of the island, mounting 120 heavy guns. Castle William, a circular tower, sixty feet in height, and 600 feet in circumference, is on the north-west border of the island. It has three tiers of port-holes, and is well supplied with cannon. A battery on the south-west part com- mands Buttermilk channel, between the island and Long Island. A garri- son is constantly kept up here. 19 visit this island, go to the South Ferry, at the foot of Whitehall street, and take passage in a small boat, numbers of which are constantly in waiting for that purpose. To the south-west, and about one mile and a half from the Battery, are Ellis and Bedlow's Islands, both of which are strongly fortified. Five and a half miles southward is the beautiful Staten Island, dotted from end to end with elegant residences and tasteful grounds and gardens. Looking eastward, the spectator be- holds the city of Brooklyn, sitting proudly on its far-famed heights, and westward the Jersey shore, with Jersey City to the northward .. With such natural beauty of location and remarkable facilities for commerce, what wonder that New York should have distanced all its competitors on the Atlantic coast of the new world ?
I
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Manhattan Island was first discover- ed by Jean Verranzani, a skilful Flo- rentine navigator, whom Francis I. nad despatched in 1524 to explore the coast of North America. As he did not stop here, the honor of the discovery of the island was awarded to Hendrick Hudson, a navigator in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, who, in a yacht called the Half Moon, en- tered New York bay in the fall of 1609, and subsequently sailed up the river which now bears his name. The name Manhattan is said to signify " the place where we all got drunk," and to have been bestowed upon the island to com- memorate the festivities which took place on the first reception by the In- dians of the white explorers under Hendrick Hudson. (It is not impos- sible that more recent visitors to the city may have recollections of con- vivialities of a similar nature.) The Dutch claimed the new territory by right of discovery ; and a few years later a company was formed in Holland to encourage emigration hither. In 1625, a permanent settlement was made ; and in 1626, Peter Minuit, the Director of the New Amsterdam Company, pur- chased Manhattan Island for 60 guil- ders, or $24. On the 4th of April, 1652, a "burgher government " was established, and the city was then incorporated under the name of New Amsterdam. Twelve years later the English captured it and changed its name to New York, in honor of the Duke of York; in 1673 it was recap- tured by the Dutch, and its name changed to New Orange ; but a year later it reverted to the English by treaty, who held it until 1783, when the
independence of the United States was established. At this time the popula- tion of the city was 23,000. In 178g Washington was inaugurated as first President of the United States at the old city hall, the site of the present office of the assistant-treasurer of the United States, Wall street, north-east corner of Nassau street. Free schools were established in the city in 1797, and incorporated in 1805. In 1807 steam navigation was first accomplish- ed on the Hudson river; the first steam-ferry to Brooklyn was establish- ed in 1814 ; in 1817 the first regular line of packet-ships to Liverpool was start- ed, and in 1819 the first savings-bank was opened. Gas was introduced into the city in 1825, and water from the Croton river in 1842. The first clergy- man was Everardus Bogardus, and the first schoolmaster was Adam Roeland- sen, both of whom arrived from Hol- land in April, 1633. In this connection. is given the following table of census returns of the population of the city from 1653 to 1865 :
1653 1,120
1661
1,743
1675
2,580
1696
4,455
1730 8,256
1756
10,530
1774
22,861
1786 23,688
1790
33,131
1800
60,489
1805 75,587
1810 96,373
1820 123,706
1825 166,136
1830 332,589
1835 270,089
1840 312,710
2
¥845 371,280
1850 515,394
$855 629,810
:860 813,669
1865
726,386
The census returns of 1865 are uni- versally acknowledged to have been inaccurate, and it is believed that the present population of the city is at least 7,000,000.
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