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974.7 022h 1737634
M. E.
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02199 3917
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
https://archive.org/details/historyofnewyork00carp_1
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:
THE
HISTORY OF NEW YORK
FROM ITS
Earliest Settlement tu the Present Time.
BY
W. H. CARPENTER
T. S. ARTHUR.
.
.
840
PHILADELPHIA : LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. 1953.
1737634
223.05
.
LIPPINCOTT'S
CABINET HISTORIES.
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TRY VORK.
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Lippincott's Cabinet Bistories of the States.
NEW YORK.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by T. S. ARTHUR AND W. H. CARPENTER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON AND CO. PHILADELPHIA.
2964 ₹
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PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
THERE are but few persons in this country who have not, at some time or other, felt the want of an accurate, well written, concise, yet clear and reliable history of their own or some other state.
The want here indicated is now about being sup- plied ; and, as the task of doing so is no light or superficial one, the publishers have given into the hands of the two gentlemen whose names appear in the title-page, the work of preparing a series of CABI- NET HISTORIES, embracing a volume for each state in the Union. Of their ability to perform this well, we need not speak. They are no strangers in the literary world. What they undertake the public may rest assured will be performed thoroughly; and that no sectarian, sectional, or party feelings will bias their judgment, or lead them to violate the integrity of Listory.
The importance of a series of state histories like those now commenced, can scarcely be estimated. Being condensed as carefully as accuracy and interest of narrative will permit, the size and price of the volumes will bring them within the reach of every family in the country, thus making them home-read- ing books for old and young. Each individual will, 1* 5
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PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
in consequence, become familiar, not only with the history of his own state, but with that of other states : -thus mutual interest will be re-awakened, and old bonds cemented in a firmer union.
In this series of CABINET HISTORIES, the authors, while presenting a concise but accurate narrative of the domestic policy of each state, will give greater prominence to the personal history of the people. The dangers which continually hovered around the early colonists ; the stirring romance of a life passed fearlessly amid peril; the incidents of border war- fare; the adventures of hardy pioneers; the keen watchfulness, the subtle surprise, the ruthless attack, and prompt retaliation-all these having had an im- portant influence upon the formation of the American character, are to be freely recorded. While the progres- sive development of the citizens of each individual state from the rough forest-life of the earlier day to the polished condition of the present, will exhibit a pic- ture of national expansion as instructing as it is inte- resting.
The size and style of the series will be uniform with the present volume. The authors, who have been for some time collecting and arranging materials, will furnish the succeeding volumes as rapidly as their careful preparation will warrant.
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PREFACE.
THE history of New York, the wealthiest and, from its happy geographical position, the most important of all the confederated States, has hitherto been but imperfectly known even to its own citizens. This defective knowledge cannot be said to have originated from any want of interest on the subject, but rather from the difficulty of obtaining the requisite information within a moderate compass, and in a connected form ; the narrative of events being scattered through numerous volumes, all of which are in their nature fragmentary.
To supply this want-to place before the general reader a clear, succinct, and impartial history of the State, from its earliest settlement to the present day, is the object of this volume,
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PREFACE.
which will not be found a mere compilation, but a work originally treated, and elaborated with care and impartiality. Brief as it is, it yet contains every event of marked historical importance ; nothing being omitted but those obtrusive specu- lations, and dry legislative details, which, in a work intended for popular use, are neither valu- able nor interesting.
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Columbus-Voyages of the Cabots-John and Sebastian Cabot discover the Continent of North America-Voyage of Sebastian Cabot-Ifis exploration of the coast-New- foundland fisheries-Patent from James I. to the Virginia Companies-Settlement of Jamestown-Voyage of Verraz- zani, under the auspices of James I .- Sails from Madeira -Reaches America-Lands in North Carolina-Friendli- ness of the savages-Their humanity-A child kidnapped -- Arrival of Verrazzani at Sandy Hook -- llis description- Conference with the natives-Bay of New York-Harbour of Newport-Description of the natives-Exploration inland -Departure for Europe-Claims of France-Cartier and Roberval-First permanent French settlement- Quebec founded by Champlain-The Five Nations-Policy of Cham- plain-Joins a war-party of Hurons and Algonquins-Dis- covery of Lake Champlain-Defeat of the Iroquois-The
consequence. Page
19
CHAPTER II.
Voyage of Henry Hudson-Attempts to reach Nova Zembla -Is impeded by ice-Ranges the North American coast southward-Reaches Penobscot-Trades with the natives- Attacks and plunders them-Rounds Cape Cod-Is blown off the Capes of Virginia-Returns north-Discovers Dela- ware Bay-Enters Sandy Hook-Death of Colman-Disco- vers the Great North or Hudson River-Explores it-The Palisades -- West Point-The Catskills --- Tratlie with the natives-Their hospitality-The exploration continued- Hudson arrives in the vicinity of Albany-Is visited by numbers of the Indians -- Singular expedient to test their friendliness-Scene of intoxication-The Iroquois tradition concerning it-Return of Hudson-An Indian killed-Am- bush near Harlem River-Skirmish with the Manhattans -- Departure ... 29
CHAPTER III.
Hudson returns to Europe-Reaches Dartmouth-Communi- cates with his employers-Sails on a new voyage of disco- very-Enters Hudson's Bay-Reaches its southern limit -- Searches for an outlet-Is frozen in-Scarcity of his provi-
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CONTENTS. -
sions-Mutinous condition of his crew-He sails for the month of the bay -- Mutiny -- Abandonment of Hudson and his companions-Signal retribution-The Dutch traffic with the Indians-Captain Argall - New explorations -Blok coasts Long Island-Discovers the Housatonic and Con- necticut Rivers-Returns with Christiaanse to Manhattan -Fortified posts erectedl at Manhattan and Albany-May examines the Delaware Bay -Alliance with the Iro- Page 43 quois.
CHAPTER IV.
The English Puritans in Holland-First project of a settle- ment-Agents sent to England to treat with the Virginia Company-Embarkation at Delfthaven-The Mayflower- Accidents to the Speedwell-Arrival off Cape Cod-Ply- mouth settled-Dutch West India Company incorporated- Forts built on the Hudson and the Delaware -- Arrival of Governor Minuits-The first colonists of New Netherland- Increase of the fur trade-Commercial relations with New Plymouth-Embassy of De Razier-Dutch scheme of colo- nization - Provision concerning Patroons -Swanandael purchased-Pavonia-Rensselaerwyck-Colony of De Vries near Cape Henlopen-Its massacre by the savages-Return of De Vries-The colony re-established-Removal of Mi- nuits-Administration of Wouter Van Twiller -- Trading- post established on the Connecticut-Emigration to New England-Settlements on the Connecticut -- Dificulties with the Patroons-The manors of Pavonia and Swanandael re- vert to the company-Removal of Van Twiller-William Kieft appointed governor
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CHAPTER V.
Difficulties of Governor Kieft - Delaware settled by the Swedes-Arrival of Minuits -- Fort built on Christiana Creek -- Action of Dutch West India Company-Occupation of Long Island by the Puritans-Fort Nassau reoccupied- Indian disturbances-A retaliatory murder-Kieft demands the fugitive-Preparations for war-Failure of the first ex- pedition against the Raritans-Trouble with the Hacken- sacks -- Two Hollanders murdered-Indemnity offered and refused-Massacre of the Raritans and Hackensacks-Con- federation of the river tribes-Indian war-Deplorable con- dition of the Dutch-Long Island and Manhattan devastated -Unpopularity of Kieft-Attempt upon his life-Negotia- tions for peace-Speech of an Indian chief-Renewal of the war-Expeditions of Underhill -- Destruction of Indians at Tappan and on Long Island-Interposition of the Mo- hawks-Treaty of peace.
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
Close of the Indian war-Unpopularity of Kieft-His recall and shipwreck-Governor Stuyvesant-Condition of New Netherland-Beaverswyck-New Amsterdam-Negotiations with New England-Provisional treaty-War between Eng- land and Holland -- Prudent policy of Massachusetts-The Dutch solicit assistance from the Narragansetts-Reply of one of their chiefs-Swedish settlements on the Delaware --- Fort Cassimer erected-Contentions with the Swedes -- Cap- ture of Fort Cassimer-Reduction of the Swedish province by Stuyvesant-Flourishing condition of New Netherland- Internal dissensions-Arbitrary rule of Stuyvesant-Claims of Maryland -Sale of Delaware to the city of Amsterdam- Political privileges granted by Stuyvesant -- Patent of Charles II. to the Duke of York-English force sent to take possession of New Netherland - Surrender of the province Page
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CHAPTER VII.
New Netherland becomes New York-Colonel Nichols go- vernor-Meeting on Long Island-Incorporation of the city of New York-Arbitrary system of government esta- blished - Lovelace appointed governor-War with the Dutch-New York reconquered-Administration of Colve --- Retroce-sion of New York -- Government of Andros-Dif- feulties with Connecticut-Spirited conduct of the Puritans -- Disaffection of the people-A representative government demanded-Reply of the Duke of York-Description of the province-Its prosperity -- City of New York, its population and public building -- Character of the people -- Andros re- called-Dongan appointed governor-Concession of political privileges-Indian affairs-Convention at Albany-Designs of the French-Instructions of the Duke of York-Conduct of Dongan -- Invasion of the Five Nations by the French- Peace solicited-Speech of De la Barre-Reply of Garran- gula .... 90
CHAPTER VIII.
Canadian affairs-Denonville supersedes De la Barre-Pre- Fares for war-Marches against the Iroquois-Is attacked - Retires into Canada -- Fate of the French garrison at Nia- para-Retaliation of the Iroquois-Negotiations for peace -Reply of Governor Dongan-Speech of Garrangula- Council at Montreal -- Stratagem of the Dinondadie Indians -Renewal of hostilities-Dreadful massacre of the French -Affairs of New York-Disaffection in England-Landing of William, Prince of Orange-Flight of James-Revolu- tion in the provinces-Dongan recalled-Agitation in New
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CONTENTS.
York-The fort seized by Leisler-William and Mary pro- claimed -- Leisler governor -- Count Frontenac appointed governor of Canada-Negotiates with the Five Nations- War between England and France-Burning of Schenec- tady-Difficulties in New York Page 105
CHAPTER IX.
Invasion of Canada resolved upon-Failure of the expedition -Arrival of Ingoldsby at New York-The fort blockaded - Arrival of Governor Sloughter-Arrest of Leisler and his council-Leisler and Milbourne tried and sentenced to death-Their execution-Appeal to the king by the son of Leisler-Report of the commissioners-Appeal to parlia- ment-Reversal of the sentence against Leisler and Mil- bourne-Death of Sloughter-Fletcher appointed governor -- Ilis character-Frontenac invades the country of the Five Nations-His march from Montreal-Falls upon the Mohawk villages-Returns to Canada-Activity of Schuy- ler-Of Fletcher-His popularity with the Indians-Con- vention at Albany-Conduct of Fletcher toward the pro- vincial assembly - Resistance of the latter-Activity of Frontenac-Invades the Onondagas-Torture of an aged chief-Meugre results of the expedition
11S
CHAPTER X.
Arrival of Bellamont-Ordered to suppress piracy on the coast -Fletcher discountenanced-Exultation of the popular party -Captain Kidd commissioned to apprehend the pirates- Turns pirate himself-Appears in Boston-Is arrested and sent to England for trial -- Commotion in England-Address of Bellamont to the assembly-His popularity-Engages in a controversy with Frontenac-French treaty with the In- dians-Law passed by the assembly against Roman Catho- lic priests-Death of Bellamont-Nanfan lieutenant-go- vernor - Appointment of Cornbury - Ilis character - Attaches himself to the Royalists-Is granted a donation- Second intercolonial war-Money appropriated for fortify- ing the Narrows-Embezzled by Corbury-Difficulties with the assembly-Distrust of Cornbury-His protigate career -- Petitions for his recall-Arrival of Lord Lovelace -Cornbury arrested for debt-His return to England. 130
CHAPTER XI.
Lovelace demands of the assembly a permanent revenue-An annual grant substituted-Death of Lovelace-Administra- tion of Ingoldaby-Abortive attempt to invade Canada --- Discontent of New York-Address to Queen Anne-Colonel Schuyler repairs to England, accompanied by five Mohawk chiefs-Reception of the latter in London-Their interview
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CONTENTS.
with the Queen-Governor Hunter arrives at New York --- 'The assembly refractory-Expedition against Canada-Its shameful failure-Activity of De Vaudreuil -- The prozin- cial troops disbanded-Indignation of England and the co- lonies -- Charges brought against St. John and Harcourt --- Controversy between Hunter and the assembly in relation to a permanent revenue-The point carried by the governor -Gloomy condition of the province-Negro insurrection- Peace of Utrecht-Permanent revenue granted-Hunter's popularity-Ilis return to England. Page 140
CHAPTER XII.
Arrival of Governor Burnet-His character-Old assembly continued-Sale of Indian goods to the French prohibited -Mercantile opposition-Petition to the king-Reply of Colden and Alexander-Activity of the French-Indian policy of Burnet-Fort Oswego bailt-Administrative difü- culties-Alienation of Schuyler, Philips, and Delancey-New assembly demanded by the people -- Removal of Burnet to the government of Massachusetts-Montgomery appointed governor-Harmonizes with the assembly -- Meets the In- dians in convention at Albany-Fort Oswego threatened -- Burnet's Indian policy repudiated -Boundary fixed between New York and Connecticut-Seizure of Crown Point by the French-Cosby succeeds Montgomery -Ingratiates himself with the assembly-A free school established-Violent and arbitrary conduct of Cosby-Political quarrels-Imprison- ment of Zenger, printer of the Weekly Journal-His trial- Defended by Hamilton, of Philadelphia-Liberty of the press vindicated-Illegal career of Cosby-His sudden death-Bitter party feuds-Clarke appointed lieutenant- governor
CHAPTER XIII.
Character of Lieutenant-governor Clarke-His policy-Con- duct of the provincial party-Their reply to his opening address-Extraordinary issue of paper money-Disfran- chisement of the Jews-Snare laid for the popular leaders -- Its success-Permanent revenue refused-Negro plot in New York-Terror of the citizens-Evidence of Mary Bur- ton-The conspiracy doubted-Judicial murder of Ury -- Arrival of Governor Clinton-His quarrel with Chief Jus- tice Delancey-Difficulties with the assembly-War between England and France-Activity of the French-Capture of Louisburg-Settlements around Saratoga ravaged-Inva- sion of Canada projected-Assembling of the provincial levies-Boston menaced by a French fleet-Subsidence of the alarm-Political feuds in New York-The village of Saratoga burned-Peace of Aix-la-chapelle 2
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CONTENTS.
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CHAPTER XIV.
Treaty with the Six Nations-Shirley's conspiracy-Action of Clinton-His violent disputes with the assembly-De- mands a permanent revenue-Their able reply-Clinton appeals to the English government-Movements of Shirley and Belcher-Walpole's bill to strengthen the king's pre- rogative-Colonial protests-Its defeat in parliament- Cautious policy of New York-Dismissal of Colden-Clin- ton's letters to the Board of Trade-Taxation by parliament suggested-Encroachments of the French-Exploration of the Ohio valley-Attempt to restrict the limits of Acadia- Patent of the Ohio company-Trading house built at Brownsville-Indian council at Albany-Duquesne de- seends into the valley of the Ohio -- Alarm of the western Indians-Instructions from England-Sir Danvers Osborne appointed governor of New York-His character, conduct, and death. Page 178
CHAPTER XV.
Lieutenant-Governor Delancey-Royal instructions-Course of the assembly-George Washington-Movements of the French-First skirmish -- Death of Jumonville-Surrender of Fort Necessity-Congress at Albany-Franklin's plan of union-Rejected by the colonies-Disaffection in New York -Establishment of a college -- Liberal grants by the assom- bly for the defence of the frontiers-General Braddock ap- pointed commander-in-chief-Congress of governors at Alexandria-Plan of campaign-Success in Nova Scotia- Rout of Braddock's army-His death-Crown Point expe- dition-Fort Edward built-Approach of Dieskau-Skir- mish with the provincials-Battle of Lake George-Rout of the French-Capture of Dieskau -- Honours awarded to Johnson by parliament-Negleet of Lyman -- Inactivity of Johnson-Fort William Henry built-Niagara expedition -- Reverses and disappointments of Shirley-Sickness of troops-Fort Oswego built
CHAPTER XVI.
Sir Charles Hardy appointed governor of New York-His popularity-Congress of governor- - Expeditions agreed upon against Crown Point, Forts Niagara and Duquesne- Surprise of Ticonderoga proposed by Shirley-Rejected by New York-Action of the assembly-Taxation for revenne . resorted to-War formally declared against France-Ob- noxious acts passed in England-Arrival of Abercrombie- Assembling of the troops-Arrival of Loudoun-Activity of Montealm-Oswego attacked-Death of Mereer-Capitu- lation of Forts Ontario and Oswego-Loudoun abandons
190
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CONTENTS.
offensive operations - Quarrels with the citizens of New York-Campaign of 1757-Futile expedition to Louisburg -Siege of Fort William Henry-Spirited defence of Mon- roe-Surrender of the garrison-Indian outrages-Conduct of Webb- Of Loudoun-Campaign of 1758 -Energetic course of Pitt-Louisburg captured-Abercrombie repulsed before Ticonderoga-Fort Frontenac surprised and captured by Bradstreet-Forbes marches against Fort Duquesne- Page 204 Its abandonment by the French
CHAPTER XVII.
Campaign of 1759 -- Plan of conquest-Prideaux marches against Fort Niagara-Invests it-Is killed-Attempts of the French to raise the siege-Their defeat-Capitulation of the garrison-March of Amherst-Ticonderoga and Crown Point deserted-Wolfe sails for Quebec-Takes pos- session of the Isle of Orleans-Quebec-Its situation and defences - Defended by Montcalm - His encampment- Attempt to fire the British fleet frustrated-Occupation of Point Lovi-Wolfe eneamps on the east bank of the Mont- morenci-Battle of Montmorenci-The English repulsed- Murray ordered up the St. Lawrence-The Heights of Abra- Lain- Plan of attack-Daring movement of Wolfe-Its suc- Ce **--- Incredulity of Montcalm-Preparations for battle- The English victorious-Death of Wolfe-Montealın mor- tally wounded-Capitulation of Quebec-De Levi attempts to teraptare it-Capture of Montreal-Final conquest of Canada.
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CHAPTER XVIIL.
Retention of Canada determined upon-Spain joins France arab ! England-Treaty of Fontainebleau-Death of De- Lances-Administration of Colden-Monckton appointed Povetror-Orbred to Martinique-Independence of the Judiciary struck at-Aların of New York-Difficulties be- tween New York and New Hampshire-Financial embar- fasstnent of England-Action of the ministry-Stamp-tax Fased-Its reception in New York-Colden burned in effigy-Stamp-tax repealed-Townsend's scheme of taxa- tion-Action of the colonies-Pusillanimous conduet of the New York Assembly-Alexander Mc Dougal -- His imprison- tuent and popularity-Rapid increase of New York in popu- lation and wealth-Dunmore appointed governor-Removed to Virginia-Transfers the government to Tryon-Regula- tors in North Carolina-Their defeat-Disturbances respect- ing the New Hampshire grants -- Resistance to state authority -- Tea sent to America-Proceedings of the colonies-Con- gress at Philadelphia-Battle of Lexington
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
Effect of the battle of Lexington-Doubtful position of New York-Ticonderoga and Crown Point seized-Descent of Arnold upon St. John's-War formally declared-Acts of the Provincial Congress-Opposition of the loyalists --- Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces-Other appointments-Battle of Bunker Hill-Con- gress determines upon an effectual blockade of Boston- Washington assumes the chief command-Return of Go- vernor Tryon to New York-State of political parties- Seizure of military stores at Turtle Bay-Removal of guns from the Battery at New York-Unpopularity of Tryon -- Ile takes refuge on board the Asia man-of-war-Invasion of Canada-Surrender of Forts Chambly and St. John -- Capitulation of Montreal-Montgomery forms a junction with Arnold-Assault of Quebec-Death of Montgomery- Evacuation of Canada-Disturbances in New York-Riving- ton's Gazette-Lee ordered to assist in defending the city- Disaffection of the Johnsons-Joseph Brant -- Declaration of Independence Page 252
CHAPTER XX.
Evacuation of Boston-Washington at New York-His em- barrassments-Discovery of a plot to seize his person- Approach of General Howe-The British encamp on Staten Island-Arrival of Admiral Lord Howe with reinforcements -American defences at Brooklyn-Landing of the British on Long Island-Battle of Long Island, and defeat of Put- nam-Washington encamps at Harlem-Howe takes pos- session of York Island-Disgraceful flight of the American militia-New York evacuated-Skirmish at Harlem-Seri- ous conflagration in the city-Military and naval operations of the British-The Americans encamp at White Plains --- Defeat of MeDougal-Capture of Fort Washington -- Aban- donment of Fort Lee-Retreat of Washington through the Jerseys-Crosses the Delaware at Trenton-Situation of the northern army-Crown Point evacuated-Advance of Carleton-Battle on Lake Champlain
CHAPTER XXI.
New York Congress-State government established-Cam- paign of 1777-Howe's movements-Battle of Brandywine -- Of Germantown-Burgoyne's invasion -- His successful advance-Takes possession of Ticonderoga-Retreat of St. Clair- Evacuation of Skenesborough - Of Fort Anne- Weakness of the northern army under Schuyler-Fort Ed- ward abandoned-Schuyler crosses the Hudson-Advance of Burgoyne-Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Leger-Bloody
262
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CONTENTS.
skirmish with Herkimer -- Death of Herkimer-Arnold ad- vances to the relief of Fort Schuyler-Success of his strata- gem -- St. Leger deserted by the Indians-Breaks up the siege-Battle of Bennington-Defeat of Baum and Brey- man -- Schuyler superseded by Gates-Condition of Bur- - goyne-Crosses the Hudson-First battle of Behmus's Heights-Second battle of Behinus's Heights-Retreat of Burgoyne to Saratoga-Provisions captured on the Hudson -British council of war-Surrender of Burgoyne ...... Page 276
CHAPTER XXII.
Clinton's diversion in favour of Burgoyne-First meeting of the State legislature at Kingston -- France and the United States-Effects of Burgoyne's surrender-Conciliatory pro- positions from Lord North-Treaty of alliance between France and the United Colonies-Howe abandons Phila- delphia, and retreats to New York-Arrival of a French feet-D'Estaing offers to co-operate in the reduction of Newport-Puts out to sea-Americans retire from before Newport-War on the frontiers-Massaere at Wyoming- American expedition against Unadilla-Indian incursion into Cherry Valley-Campaign of 1779-Predatory incur- sions by the enemy-Capture of Stony Point by the British -Recapture by Wayne-Sullivan's expedition against the Indiaus-Exploration and destruction of the Indian villages in the Genesee Valley-Campaign of 1781-South Carolina overrun by the enemy-Defeat of Gates-Arrival of Rocham- beau at Rhode Island-Treason of Benedict Arnold-Exe- cution of Andre-Virginia ravaged by Arnold and Phillips -Operations of Cornwallis-Battle of the Cowpens-Battle of Guilford Courthouse-Greene recrosses the Dan-Corn- wallis enters Virginia -- Takes post at Yorktown-Siege of Yorktown-Capitulation.
289
CHAPTER XXIII.
A rational convention called-Influence of New York -- Action of the state in regard to the import duties-Meeting of the national convention-Adoption of the Federal Con- stitution-Action of the Anti-Federalist party in New York -- Popularity of Clinton-Fierce party feuds-Jay elected governor-Reception of his treaty with Great Britain- Hamilton insulted-Re-election of Jay-Foreign relations of the United States-Alien and Sedition laws-Clinton elected governor-Aaron Burr-His quarrel with Hamilton -- Death of Hamilton-Proscription of Burr-His western journeys-His arrest, trial, and acquittal-Subsequent life -Increasing foreign difficulties-British orders in council -Berlin and Milan decrees-American Embargo Act -- Col-
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