USA > New York > The history of New York from its earliest settlement to the present time > Part 19
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The rapid numerical increase and conflicting preferences of the Bucktail, or, as it now called itself, the Democratic, party, in the winter of 1823, threatened its own destruction. For the presidential nomination of 1824, Mr. Crawford was warmly sustained by the "Albany Regency," while many others of the Democratic party formed
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327
ERIE CANAL COMPLETED.
1825.]
a junction with the friends of General Jackson, or with those who supported the respective claims of Adams, Calhoun, or Clay. The custom of making presidential nominations in a congres- sional caucus was by this means broken down; while, to weaken the influence of Mr. Van Buren and the Albany Regency upon the legislature, by whom the presidential electors were then chosen, a new faction was organized, which, calling itself " the People's party," advocated the right of the people to choose the presidential electors by a direct vote. To this new party Clinton and his friends immediately gave in their adhesion.
At the legislative session of 1822 a bill was reported by the house, making the presidential electors elective by the people ; but it was thrown out by the senate. The defeat of this popular measure, being attributed to the influence of the Albany Regency, produced a storm of indigna- tion throughout the state; which was increased by the removal of Clinton from the office of ca- nal commissioner, the duties of which he had faithfully performed without remuneration for a number of years. This proscription tended to elevate Clinton in the popular regard. At the election in November, 1824, he was chosen go- vernor by a majority of sixteen thousand, over Young, the orthodox Democratic candidate. The following year Clinton had the satisfaction of witnessing the completion of the Erie Canal,
328
HISTORY OF NEW YORK. [1826.
In 1826 he was again elected governor, though by a greatly diminished majority.
It was a few weeks previous to this canvass that the United States were thrown into a con- dition of excitement so fierce and vehement, as led soon after to the entire subversion of the old political parties. This intense fervour arose from the abduction and supposed murder of Wil- liam Morgan, a member of the Masonic frater- nity, by certain unknown persons, believed to belong to the same association. The evidence submitted at the subsequent trials showed that Morgan, a native of Virginia, took up his resi- dence in the town of Batavia in the summer of 1823. Ranking high in the Masonic fraternity, his knowledge enabled him to prepare a book purporting to be an exposition of the secrets of that order. After several attempts had been unsuccessfully made to divert him from this his avowed design, a small party of Masons con- spired together to remove him; and partly by force, and partly by the connivance of certain civil officers, themselves Masons, they succeeded in seizing Morgan and carrying him to old Fort Niagara, from whence, after a confinement of three days in the magazine, he disappeared sud- denly. The fate of Morgan was never positively known; but although this mysterious abduction, with its dark result, was the work of a few reek- less Masons only, its criminality attached itself
1828.] VAN BUREN CHOSEN GOVERNOR. 329
to the whole fraternity. At the local elections of 1827 the question of "Mason or Anti-Mason" sprang up, and in a little while the Anti-Masonic party swayed the political complexion not of New York alone, but of the whole confederacy.
The old parties being thus broken up, new or- ganizations were attempted. Portions of the Federalists, Bucktails, and Clintonians coalesced for the purpose of advocating the nomination of General Jackson for the presidency. Other frag- ments of the same parties supported the preten- sions of Adams and Clay. New titles were respectively assumed, and from this period arose the Jackson, or National Republican, and the Whig parties.
On the 11th of January, Governor De Witt Clinton expired suddenly, while sitting in his library. The customary testimonials of public respect were paid to his memory-a weak and very inadequate expression of gratitude to one whose able and earnest advocacy led to the adop- tion of those grand measures of internal improve- ment which have since added so greatly to the wealth and importance of New York.
The election for governor in 1828 terminated in favour of Mr. Van Buren. Early the follow- ing year, being selected to occupy a seat in the national cabinet, the duties of the office thus left vacant devolved upon Lieutenant-Governor Throop.
28*
330
HISTORY OF NEW YORK.
[1836.
One other political party was organized during the year 1830, which fulfilled its purpose, and then was dissolved as suddenly as it arose into notice. This was called the "Workingman's party," under whose auspices Throop was re- elected governor. In 1832 William L. Marcy, the Democratic candidate, was chosen governor, and again elected to the same office in 1834.
In the course of the ensuing summer, the "Equal Rights party" was organized. It con- sisted of a detachment from the Democratic party, professedly opposed "to all monopolies, to bank-notes, and to paper currency as a circu- lating medium." By the Whigs it was soon designated as the Locofoco party, a title which was subsequently conferred upon the whole De- mocratic party when, in 1837, that wing of the latter which had proclaimed Equal Rights as a rallying cry reunited with those from whom, two years before, they had seceded.
In 1836 Governor Marcy was again continued in office, by the large majority of thirty thousand votes over Mr. Bull, the Whig candidate.
During this year occurred those- fearful finan- cial embarrassments which resulted in the ruin of so many mercantile men, and in an utter stagnation of all kinds of business. This ter- rible crisis was charged, by the Whigs, to have grown out of the opposition of General Jackson to a recharter of the United States Bank ; to his
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1844.]
PARTY FLUCTUATIONS.
331
removal of the treasury deposites ; and to his specie circular of 1836, by which all moneys due the government were to be paid in gold and silver.
Whatever may have been the cause of the dis- tressed condition of the country, as it occurred during a Democratic administration, it led many persons to join the ranks of the Whigs. In New York, the latter party, after maintaining for many years an unsuccessful contest, at length succeeded in electing their candidates. The Democrats throughout the state were everywhere defeated, William H. Seward being elected go- vernor, over Marcy, by some ten thousand ma- jority.
Still gathering strength, the Whig party ac- chioved a greater triumph in 1840, by the elec- tion of General Harrison to the presidential chair, and in New York by the re-election of Governor Seward.
The death of Harrison in the early part of 1841, by placing Vice-President Tyler in the executive chair, proved seriously injurious to the Whig cause. In New York, the Democratic party, at the election of 1842, reassumed its old ascendency, Bouck and Dickinson being elected governor and lieutenant-governor, over Bradish and Furman, the Whig candidates. In the elec- tion of Wright and Gardiner to the same offices in 1844, the Democratic party still evinced an undiminished strength.
332
HISTORY OF NEW YORK.
[1844.
Shortly after this election, the peace of the state became seriously disturbed, in several of the counties, by popular tumults of an alarming · character. These tumults had their rise in the resistance offered by certain tenants of lease- hold estates to the civil officers empowered to en- force the payments of rents. The cause of this serious outbreak had its origin in the carly colo- nial times. It has been recorded in what way, during the Dutch supremacy, the manors known as Pavonia, Swanandael, and Rensselaerwyck were acquired. Similar grants were subse- quently obtained from the British crown. Some of these large proprietors partitioned off their lands and sold them, either to speculators or to actual settlers. Others established manors, and claimed the customary manorial rights and privi- leges. As lords of the soil, they granted per- petual leases of their lands, in preference to sell- ing them in fee, reserving certain annual rents, payable partly in produce, and partly in labour. The right to restrain was generally made a part of the contract, and the patroon or landlord re- tained by express stipulation the ownership of all water-powers and mines. For a long time these regulations were submitted to by the te- nants. At length, however, they began to grow restive under the restrictions by which they were encumbered. Some few acts of violence occurred in the years 1812 and 1813, which resulted in
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ANTI-RENT DISTURBANCES.
1844.]
the death of the sheriff of Columbia county ; but the agitation partially subsided, and with the ex- ception of occasional petitions to the legislature, asking for a change in the tenure of the lands, no absolutely violent disruption took place until 1839. In this year, an attempt to collect the arrearages of rents due to the estate of Stephen Van Rensselaer, resulted in a combination of the tenants to resist the execution of process by the sheriff. The organization becoming of a mena- cing character, Governor Seward called out the military, and the tenants, ceasing to resist, con- sented to have their complaints adjudicated by the legislature. Nothing, however, was done by the members of that body, either on behalf of the tenants or to enforce the existing laws. Thus matters remained, with but little variation, until the winter of 1844; various bands of Anti-Rent- ers, disguised as Indians, having, during the in- termediate period, successfully impeded the exe- cution of the laws, though without resorting to actual violence. The contest now began to as- sume a political complexion. Certain newspapers defended the course of the Anti-Renters, and candidates were nominated for public offices be- cause of their known sympathy for the insurgents. In December, several serious outrages being com- mitted by the " Indians," the legislature took cognisance of them so far as to pass an act to prevent persons from appearing armed or in dis-
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HISTORY OF NEW YORK.
[1846.
guise ; and authorized the governor to call out the military at any time he might think proper.
For a short time the excitement smouldered ; but in the summer of 1845 nearly the whole county of Delaware was in a state of riot and in- subordination. On the 7th of August the sheriff of that county, while in the execution of his duty, was murdered by a party of Anti-Renters. Go- vernor Wright at once declared the county in a state of insurrection, and despatched thither a military force to overawe the rioters. Many of the latter being arrested, and sentenced, upon subsequent trial, to various terms of imprison- ment, order was restored throughout the Anti- Rent region. A law passed by the legislature at the session of 1846, abolishing distress for rent, and taxing the incomes of the landlords, removed to a considerable degree all subsequent cause of complaint.
In the mean time, a serious breach had occur- red between various influential members of the Democratic party, which, finally widening, led to separate organizations. The two factions thus created were soon after known as the " Hunkers" and " Barnburners."
A state convention to amend the constitution, having already received the assent of the peo- ple, met at Albany on the 1st of June, 1846. Under the provisions of the new constitution, nearly all the officers previously appointed by
335
CONCLUSION.
1848.]
the governor were made elective by the people ; feudal tenures, and all the restraints previously existing on the alienation of lands, were abolished. . No lease having more than twelve years to run, in which rent or service were reserved, was de- clared to be valid. Important changes were made in the judiciary system, and the elective franchise was extended to all free white male citizens ; the old clause with respect to the co- loured population being retained.
In the gubernatorial canvass of 1846, Young, the Whig candidate for governor, was elected over Wright by about eleven thousand majority. During the two following years, the Whigs re- peatedly succeeded in their judicial and other elections, owing, in a great measure, to the want of unity among the various members of the De- mocratic party. A similar success attended the former at the elections of 1848, when Fish, the Whig candidate, was elected governor by a large majority over Walworth, the Democratic nominee.
With the year 1848 closes, for the present, this history of the great state of New York. Possessing an admirable geographical position for commercial purposes ; with a vast system of internal improvements, immensely valuable to the state, and equally conducive to the prosper- ity of its citizens; with a population increasing so rapidly as almost to defy calculation; and with public schools nobly provided for and judi-
336
HISTORY OF NEW YORK. [1848.
ciously fostered, a wonderful future is before her, which, if accompanied by the exercise of those virtues that always attend upon true greatness, will command the admiration of other peoples, even more profoundly than the mystery of her present progress elicits their wonder.
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