USA > New York > New York City > A history of the parish of Trinity Church in the city of New York, pt 2 > Part 28
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The parish had been organized in 1702 ; its church building, which is still standing, was erected in 1707. It was largely composed of gen- tlemen of wealth and refinement who lived in idyllic case upon their extensive estates in that fertile portion of Rhode Island.
For thirty-seven years it had enjoyed the fruitful ministrations of the Rev. Dr. James Mac Sparran, whose Diary ' recently published gives us pleasant and curious glimpses of colonial life.
After the Revolution the Rev. William Smith, learned, brilliant, and eccentric, became the Rector. He had little tact, positive opinions, and dogmatic ways. He soon involved himself in controversies with leading members of the parish, and strife and contention succeeded to unity and peace. He finally resigned in January, 1790, leaving a sadly divided parish.
It was not until January, 1791, that a choice was made of a "reader." Dr. Walter C. Gardiner, who then took charge of the parish, was born within its limits. He had been a member of its vestry and a well known physician. Under him there was little improvement, as he was not a man inclined to peace and quiet. The difficulties culminated when Dr. Gardiner and a portion of the parish refused to become a part of the Diocese of Rhode Island, which had been organized in Trinity Church, Newport, on November 18, 1790.
By the action of this primary convention Dr. Seabury was " declared
1 A Letter Book and Abstract of Out Services. Written during the years 1743- 1751, by the Rev. James Mac Sparran, Doctor in Divinity. .
. Edited . . . by the Rev. Daniel Goodwin, Ph. D.
Boston : D. B. Updike. The Merry- mount Press, A.D. 1899.
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the Bishop of the Church in this State," and a committee appointed to address him on the subject." 1
In an affectionate letter to the committee Bishop Seabury accepted the charge and announced that he would " visit your churches as soon as the spring season will permit." 2
The parish at Narragansett still remained recalcitrant. Mr. Gardi- ner had privately obtained a testimonial and applied to the Standing Committee of Massachusetts for admission as a candidate for Holy Orders. Various members of the parish supported him and desired to unite St. Paul's Church with the Church in the Diocese of Massachu- sett3. Mr. Gardiner, presumably with the assent, and probably at the suggestion, of the members of the committee, had asked Bishop Provoost to ordain him. Had the ordination taken place within the Diocese of New York it would not have seemed such an affront to the Bishop in charge of Rhode Island and the other ecclesiastical authorities of that Diocese.
The course of Bishop Provoost was carefully taken. It was unfor- tunate that the relations between the Bishops of New York and Con- necticut were such that no frank and full correspondence on the subject could take place.
There was at that time no canon prohibiting a parish from uniting with the Church in a State other than that in which it was situated. Bishop Provoost knew that the few parishes in Rhode Island were under the care of Bishop Seabury, and since the union of the Church in 1789 he was reluctant to excite fresh controversy. His consultation with friends of Bishop Seabury in New York was creditable. Had he known all the circumstances he probably would not have yielded to the solicitations of those who were practically in a state of schism.
Bishop Seabury said nothing publicly upon the subject until after he had attended the Convention of Rhode Island, which was held in Provi- dence early in August, 1793. . The case of Mr. Gardiner came before
.1 " Voted : by this Convention that the Churches in this State be immediately united under a Bishop.
"Voted : that the Right Rev. Father in GOD, Samuel Seabury, D.D., Bishop of Connecticut be and he is hereby declared the Bishop of the Church in this State.
" That the Rev. Moses Badger and William Smith be requested to write to and ad- dress him on this subject and that the letter of recognition and Episcopal acceptance be entered upon the Journals of this Convention ; and further that copies of said letters be transmitted to the respective churches of this State to be entered on their records." -I., p. 196, Annals of Trinity Church, Newport. George C. Mason: Newport 890.
Annals of Trinity Church, Newport, I., p. 199.
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History of Trinity Church
that Convention for discussion and decision. It was stated at that time that he was supported by a minority of St. Paul's congregation. His course in refusing to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Bishop Seabury had given rise to much unfavorable comment and scandal. He was given a limited time in which to consider what he would do. A seat in the Convention was refused to him until he yielded canonical obedience to the Bishop in charge and signed the Constitution of the Diocese. He finally submitted to these terms, and St. Paul's, Narragansett, sent delegates to the Convention.1
Bishop Seabury thought he had good reason for remonstrance. Previous to the meeting of the General Convention of 1795 2 he sent to Bishop White a letter "respectfully and affectionately complaining of the matter." 3
Bishop White says that "Bishop Provoost, on the letter's being read to him, said that on receiving the letter from the clergy of Massachusetts, he had doubted of the propriety of the proposal in it ; but that on con- sulting the clergy of New York, and especially those in the most inti- macy with Bishop Seabury, he was advised by them to compliance ; but that he perceived objections to such conduct in individual congrega- tions, and would much approve of a canon to prevent it." 4
With the exception of the brief statement of Bishop White here cited, and a longer narrative, evidently condensed from manuscript authorities, by Dr. Beardsley in his Life of Bishop Seabury, there are no printed accounts of the incident. Dr. Beardsley, whose accuracy and impartiality are well known, unhesitatingly calls the act " an intrusion into his jurisdiction." 5
We cannot now obtain the reasons which induced the Standing Committee of Massachusetts to uphold Mr. Gardiner and the minority of St. Paul's, Narragansett, in their open defiance of the authorities of the Church in Rhode Island. The correspondence of Dr. Parker is not in the Massachusetts diocesan archives, nor are there any documents bearing upon the case of Mr. Gardiner."
1 Life of Bishop Seabury, pp. 432, 433.
2 Bishop Seabury and all the New England deputies were kept away from that Convention by the prevalence of yellow fever in New York City and the interdiction of all intercourse between New York and Philadelphia.
3 Bishop White, Memoirs (edition ISSo), pp. 200, 201.
4 Bishop White, Memoirs (edition of 1880), p. 201.
5 Dr. E. E. Beardsley, Life of Bishop Seabury, p. 449.
6 " I regret to say that we have in our archives no papers relating to the candidacy of Mr. Walter Gardiner."-MS. letter of the Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, D. D., Reg- istrar of the Diocese of Massachusetts, to the writer, November 6, 1900.
333
Works Referred to in Part II.
We may heartily regret the occurrence, and from all the evidence attainable conclude that Bishop Provoost was misled into doing an act which he afterward disapproved. At the General Convention of 1795 a canon was passed regulating the status of parishes within a State, and prohibiting them from uniting with the Church in any other State. With a slight verbal change it is still in force.1 Bishop Provoost advocated, and possiby proposed, this canon, and thus showed his desire for peace and harmony in the American Church.
The career of the priest who commenced his ministry at Narragan- sett was a turbulent and unhappy one. His parishioners at Narragan- sett soon became dissatisfied with him and he removed to Hudson, N. Y. His career there was very harmful to the parish. The same expe- rience befell him at Stamford (now Hobart), Delaware County, N. Y. Bishop Claggett, of Maryland, thus mentions him : " I regret that I am obliged to say that the Revd Mr. Gardiner since my acquaintance with him, six or seven years ago, has resided in five different states and he has scarcely I believe ever left one of these states without convulsing the Church in it by some public dispute with his brethren." 2
Mr. Gardiner ended his ministry in Virginia about 1810.3
From this review of the acts of Bishop Seabury at Hempstead and of Bishop Provoost at Narragansett, we may confidently affirm that they were done without malice or any wish to contravene settled prin- ciples of the Catholic Church or of the Anglican portion of it.
They show that the Church in her infancy in America needed such experiences to enable her to legislate wisely for her future governance and welfare.
XVI.
LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN PART II.
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. London. MDCCLVII and MDCCLVIII.
A Letter Book and Abstract of Out Services Written during the Years 1743-1751. By the Rev. JAMES MAC SPARRAN, Doctor in Divinity, and somctime Rector of Saint Paul's Church, Narragansett, Rhode Island. Edited with sketch of the author and numerous notes. By the Rev. DANIEL GOODWIN, Ph. D., lately Rector of the same
1 This canon will be found in Reprint of the Journals, John Bioren, 1817, p. 156. It is now ยง 1, Canon 3, Title III., Digest, 1898, p. 126.
2 MIS. Archives, Diocese of Maryland, vol. xix., R. 7, 1806.
3 Ethan Allen, D.D., Maryland Clergy, p. 25. Baltimore : James S. Waters, 1860.
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History of Trinity Church
Parish. With Portraits. Printed and published by D. B. Updike. Boston : The Merrymount Press, A.D. 1899.
Annals of the American Episcopal Pulpit ; or, Commemorative Notices of Distin- guished Clergymen of the Episcopal Church in the United States, From the Early Settlement of the Country to the Close of the Year Eighteen Hundred and Eighty. five. With an Historical Introduction. By WILLIAM B. SPRAGUE, D.D. New York : Robert Carter and Brothers, 1859.
Annals of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island, 1698-1821. By GEORGE CHAMPLIN MASON. George C. Mason, Newport, Rhode Island, 1890.
Anneke Jaus Bogardus, HIer Farm, and How it Became the Property of Trinity Church, New York. An Historic Inquiry. By STEPHEN P. NASH, LL. D., New York, 1896.
Biographical and Genealogical Notes of the Provost Family from 1545-1895. . By ANDREW J. PROVOST. New York. Privately printed, 1895.
Calendar of New York Colonial Manuscripts. Indorsed "Land Papers." In the office of the Secretary of State of New York. 1643-1803. Albany : Weed, Parsons & Co., 1864.
Cave- Jones Controversy. For pamphlets, see Appendix XIII.
Church Eclectic, The. A Monthly Magazine. The Rev. ARTIIUR LOWNDES, D. D., Editor. Vol. xxviii., No. 9, December, 1900. New York. Publisher : Edwin S. Gorham.
Churchman's Magazine. The. Vol. vi., No. I, January and February, 1809.
Clergy in Maryland of the Protestant Episcopal Church Since the Independence of 1783. By Rev. Ethan Allen, D. D., of the Diocese of Maryland. Baltimore : James S. Watson, 1860.
Collections of the Huguenot Society of America. New York : Published by the Society, 1886.
Commercial Advertiser. First number issued on October 2, 1797. (Filed in the Library of the New York Historical Society.)
Daily Advertiser, The. The first daily paper issued in New York, begun in 1785. (Filed in the Library of the New York Historical Society.)
Early Life, The, and Professional Years of Bishop Hobart. By JOHN MCVICAR, D.D., Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Political Economy in Co- lumbia College, New-York. With a Preface containing a History of the Church in America by Walter Farquhar Ilook, D.D., Vicar of Leeds, Prebendary of Lincoln, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. Oxford : D. A. Talboys, London, MDCCCXXXVIII.
Evergreen (The), or Church-Offering for all Seasons ; a Repository of Religious, Literary, and Entertaining Knowledge for the Christian Family. Edited by JOSEPH SALKELD. Ten volumes. New Haven : Published by Salkeld, Hitchcock, and Staf- ford, 1844-1853.
Fac-Similes of Church Documents. Papers issued by the HISTORICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN CHURCH, 1874-79. Privately printed.
Gospel Messenger and Church Record of Western New York, The. Utica, Friday morning, Nov. 9, 1888. Rev. WILLIAM A. MATSON, M. A., Editor. De Witt C. Grove, Publisher. Vol. xxix., No. 13.
Half Century of the Legislation of the American Church. Journals of General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States, 1785-1835. Published by authority of the General Convention. Edited by WILLIAM STEVENS
335
Works Referred to in Part II.
PERRY, D.D. In three volumes. Claremont, N. II. : The Claremont Manufactur- ing Company, 1874.
Ilistorical Sketch of Christ Church, New York City. By WILLIAM G. DAVIES. Privately printed.
Historical Sketch of Columbia College in the City of New- York. By NATHANIEL F. MOORE. New-York : Printed for Columbia College, 1846.
Historical Sketch of Trinity Church, New- York. By the Rev. WILLIAM BERRIAN, D.D., the Rector of the same. New York : Stanford and Swords, 1847.
History of St. George's Church, Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y. By the Rev. WILLIAM H. MOORE, D.D., Rector of St. George's Church, Hempstead. New York : E. P. Dutton & Co., 1881.
History of St. Peter's Church in the City of Albany. By the Rev. JOSEPH HOOPER, M.A., Sometime Registrar of the Diocese of Albany, Lecturer upon Ameri- can Church History, Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn. With an Intro- duction and description of the Present Edifice and its Memorials by the Rev. WALTON W. BATTERSHALL, D.D., Rector of Saint Peter's Church. Albany, N. Y. Fort Orange Press.
History of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883. By WILLIAM STEVENS PERRY, D.D., LL. D., Bishop of Iowa. In two volumes. Projected by CLARENCE F. JEWETT. Boston : James B. Osgood and Company, 1885.
History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York. Compiled by order of the Corporation, and edited by MORGAN DIx, S.T. D., D.C. L., Ninth Rector. Part. I. To the close of the Rectorship of Dr. Inglis, A.D., 1783. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons, IS98.
Hobart MSS. In custody of the Registrar of the General Convention. Church Missions ITouse, New York, N. Y.
Independent Journal ; or the General Advertiser. First issued November 17, 1783. (Filed in the Library of the New York Historical Society.)
Journals of the American Congress, from 1774 to 1788. In four volumes. Wash- ington : Printed and published by Way & Gideon, 1823.
Journals of the Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the State of New Jersey, 1785-1816. Reprinted. New York : John Polhemus, 1890.
Journals of the Provincial Congress, Provincial Convention, Committee of Safety, and Council of Safety, of the State of New York. 2 Vols., Albany : Thurlow Weed, 1842.
Laws of the State of New- York, Comprising the Constitutions and the Acts of the Legislature since the Revolution from the First to the Fifteenth Session, inclusive. In two volumes. New-York. Printed by Thomas Greenleaf, MDCCXCII.
Life and Correspondence of the Right Reverend Samuel Seabury, D.D. By E. E. BEARDSLEY, D.D. Boston : Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881.
Life of Bishop Provoost, of New York. By JOHN N. NORTON, A.M., Rector of Ascension Church, Frankfort, Kentucky, author of " Rockford Parish," " Short Ser- mons," " Life of Bishop Stewart," etc. New York : General Protestant Episcopal Sunday School Union and Church Book Society, 1859.
Maryland Clergy. Baltimore : James S. Waters, 1860.
Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Containing : I. A Narrative of the Organization and of the Early Measures of the Church. II. Additional Statements and Remarks. III. An Appendix of Original
336
History of Trinity Church
Papers. By the Right Rev. WILLIAM WHITE, D.D. Edited with notes and a sketch of the origin and progress of the Colonial Church. By the Rev. B. F. DE COSTA. New York : E. P. Dutton & Company, ISSO.
MS. Archives, Diocese of Maryland. Vol. xix., R. 7, 1806.
Narrative of Events Connected with the Bicentennial Celebration of Trinity Church, New York, in May, MDCCCXVII. Illustrated. New York : Publishers, James Pott & Company, MDCCCXCVIII.
New- York Journal and Weekly Register, The. Printed and published by Thomas Greenleaf, from January 18, 1787, to November 22, 1787, and then issued as a daily under the title of " The New-York Journal and Daily Patristic Register." (Filed in the Library of the New York IHistorical Society.)
New York Magazine, or Literary Repository The. Eight volumes. New York : Printed by Thomas and James Swords, at their Office, No. 43 Crown Street, MDCCXC.
New- York Packet and the American Advertiser. First number issued January, 1776, by Samuel Loudon. (Filed in the Library of the New York Historical Society.)
New York State Legislative Papers, 1780-1803. Nos. 2251 to 2.179. Taxes- Whaling. In the MSS. Department of the State Library, Albany, N. Y.
Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser, The. Published by John Dunlap and David C. Claypoole, from September, 1784, to December, 1795. Prior to that it was called " The l'ennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser." (Filed in the Library of the New York IHistorical Society.)
Posthumous Works, The, of the Late Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the State of New York. With a Me- moir of His Life. By the Rev. WILLIAM BERRIAN, D.D., Rector of Trinity Church, New-York. In three volumes. New York : Published by Swords, Stanford & Co., 1833.
Records of Trinity Church, New York. (In possession of the Corporation.)
Reminiscences of an old Yorker. By the late WILLIAM A. DUER, LL. D., President of Columbia College, &c. New York : Printed for W. L. Andrews, 1867.
Reprint in Full of the Registry of Ordinations by Bishops Seabury and Jarvis. Published as an Appendix to the Journal of the Convention of the Diocese of Connecti- cut, 1882.
Reprint of the Journals of the General Convention, 1784-1817. Philadelphia : John Bioren, IS17.
Rivington's New- York Gazette and Universal Advertiser. Issued in 1783 only. (Filed in the Library of the New York Historical Society.)
Sermons by Dr. Provoost. (MSS. in possession of the Rector, the Corporation, and others.)
Wills. Surrogate's office, City of New York.
INDEX
Act of 1784, 21
Antidote to Deism, written by Dr. Ogden and circulated at expense of Corpora- tion, 67, 144
Apology for the Bible, by Bishop Wat- son, purchased for distribution by the rector, 144
Assembly, House of, action of on title to King's Farm, 285-293.
Assistant ministers : Samuel Provoost, 34 ; Abraham Beach, 57, 62 ; John Bis- set, 162; John Henry Hobart, 167; Ben- jamin Moore, 179; Cave Jones, 182 ; Nathaniel Bowen, 184; Thomas Y. How, 184; William Berrian, 230; Benjamin T. Onderdonk, 230
Assistant rector, Dr. Beach nominated and confirmed, 63, 185
Barclay, Mrs., annuity to, 76 ; death of, 76
Bass, Edward D., consecrated Bishop of Massachusetts, 132
Beach, Abraham, birth and parentage, 60 ; goes to England for holy orders and is ordained, 60 ; appointed mis- sionary by S. P. G. at New Brunswick, N. J., 60 ; marries Ann Van Winkle, 61 ; letter to S. P. G., 61; Amboy added to his cure, 62 ; appointed assist- ant minister in Trinity Parish, 57, 62 ; represents New Jersey in General Con- ventions, 1785 and 1786, and New York .in 1789-ISI3, 62; President of the House of Deputies, 62 ; proposed for bishopric, 62 ; elected assistant rector, 1811, 63, IS5 ; receives honorary D. D.
from Columbia, and elected Charter Trustee, 63 ; Regent of the University of the State of New York, 63 ; street named after him, 63; resigns assistant rectorship, 63 ; retires to his farm, 63 ; death and character, 63 ; continues pol- icy of Dr. Provoost, 197 ; pensioned, 223 Bend, Joseph Grove John, birth of, or- dained deacon by Bishop Provoost, elected assistant minister Christ Church, Philadelphia, rector of St. Paul's, Baltimore, leader of High Church party, death, and character, 125
Bisset, John, appointed assistant minis- ter, 162 ; character of, 164 ; resignation of, and death, 166
Bloomer, Joshua, sermon by, before New York Diocesan Convention, 127
Bogardus claimants, petition Council for the temporary government of the south- ern parts of the State, 94 ; petition re- jected, 94 ; intimidate holders of leases into not paying rent, 944 ; issue notices, 96-98 ; desist from further action on the discovery of Lovelace dced, 100
Bousfield, Maria, marriage of, to Pro- voost, 34 ; death of, 170
Bowen, Nathaniel, appointed assistant minister, which offer he declines, ac- cepts rectorship of Grace Church, elected Bishop of South Carolina, IS4
Buonaparte, Napoleon, not a Corsican, but a New Englander, 154
Capes Tavern, meeting at, 7, 246-254
337
338
Index
Carroll, John, landing of, first Roman Catholic Bishop in United States, 153
Chabert, Julien Xavier, a soldier of Napo- leon, in the retreat from Moscow, dec- orated with St. Helena medal, emi- grates to America, practices medicine, marries Susanna Rapeljc, daughter of Dr. Provoost, 118
Chabert, Romeo F., son of Julien Xavier, 119
Chandler, Mary Goodin, marriage of, to John Henry Hobart, 200 +
Chapman, James, engaged by rector for six months, 184
Charity School, bequest to, from Marga- ret Todd, 75
Charity schools, sermons on behalf of, 146, 147
Christ Church, erection of, for Dr. Pil- more, 164 ; opposed by Trinity Corpo- ration, 165 ; endowed, 195
Churchwardens and vestrymen, gentle- men exereising the office of, favor elec- tion of Dr. Moore, 4 ; are opposed by Whig Episcopalians, 6; correspondence of, 7-15 ; propose resignation of Dr. Moore, 8 ; and abolition of rectorship, 14; statement of their case, 246- 254
Churches and parishes aided by Trinity Corporation, xi, note
Claggett, Thomas John, Dr., consecrated Bishop of Maryland, 132, 153
Communicants, number of, in 1804, in Parish, 184
Companion to the Altar, by Dr. Hobart, ordered to be distributed, 184
Convention of clergy and lay delegates in New York, 1784, 102 ; resolutions of, 103 ; in 1786 elects Provoost Bishop, 108
Convention of Diocese of New York, first, 1787, 121 ; of 1788, 127
Convention, General, in Philadelphia, 1785, 104 ; in Wilmington, 1786, action of, on creed, ratifies election of Pro- voost as Bishop, Io8 ; in Philadelphia,
1789, admits Bishop Seabury and his elergy, 130 ; insists on lay representa- tion and the Bishops forming a separ- ate house, 131 ; in New York, 1792, 132
Corporation for the relief of widows and orphans, 62 ; forms a rallying-point for organization of American Church, 102; members of, 147; sermons on behalf of, 147
Council for the temporary government of the southern parts of the State, peti- tioned by Whig Episcopalians, 4, II ; ignored by historians, 10 ; pass ordi- nance of 1784 vesting estate of Trinity Corporation in nine trustees, 16, 21 ; petitioned by Bogardus claimants, 94 ; rejects petition, 94
Davies, Charlotte, 41, 268, 269 Davies, Thomas, 41 ; his descendants, 42
De Hart, Balthazar, action of, regarding Bogardus claimants, 99, 100 ; presenta- tion of silver tankard to, 99
Deed of Samuel Provoost to Samucl Miller of a lot at East Camp, 266, 267 Des Noyers, Adelaide, daughter of Julien Xavier Chabert, 118 ; her recollections of the Provoost family, 119
Desbrosses, Elias, bequests from, to French Church, 72 ; to Trinity Church for clothing and education of poor children, 75 ; street in New York named after, 143
Documents relating to consecration of Dr. Provoost, 113, 311-317
Duane, James, opposes election of Dr. Moore, 3 ; appointed on committee of Whig Episcopalians, 4 ; sketch of, 5 ; elected churchwarden, 22; street in New York named after, 143
East Camp, residence of Provoost, 38, 266, 267
Farmer, Maria, notable funeral of, 149
339
Index
French Church, bequests to, by Elias Desbrosses, 72 ; action of trustecs, 74 ; received into union with Trinity, 74 ; claims Desbrosses legacy, 75
Glebe endowments, 157-159
Grace Church founded, 191 ; and en- dowed, 192 ; consecration of, 323-324 Griswold, Alexander Viets, Dr., conse- crated Bishop of the Eastern Diocese, 132
Hall, George Abbot, letters to, 51-53 Hobart, John Henry, Dr., birth and parentage of, 199 ; education of, 200 ; college days, 201, 202 ; early friend- ships, 203 ; ordination, 200 ; marriage to Mary Goodin Chandler, 200, 205 ; elected rector of Hempstead, 200, 207 ;
correspondence of, 201 ; letters from his mother, 204-206 ; discontented with Hempstead, 206 ; elected assistant min- ister Trinity Parish, 167, 200, 207 ; pos- sesses confidence of Dr. Provoost, 207 ; moves to New York, 168, 200, 207 ; character of and personal appearance, 208 ; controversy with Cave Jones, 210, 320-323 ; secretary to Diocesan Con- vention, to House of Deputies, trustee of Columbia College, 228; Doctor of Divinity, 229; consecrated assistant bishop, 132, 229; list of published works, 234; controversies with Dr. Linn and Dr. Mason, 235 ; character of his correspondence 1800-1816, 236 ; elected seventh rector of Trinity Par- ish, 239
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