USA > New York > Dutchess County > Address delivered Wednesday, 28th November, 1866 : in Feller's Hall, Madalin, township of Red Hook, Duchess Co., N.Y. > Part 17
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severe. At 2 1-2 p. M. the line was advanced across the field, and front changed to the left, until it re- sumed the third position of the forenoon. This move- ment was made under a warm artillery fire. The enemy soon afterward. with two very strong lines of in- fantry, and driving in the skirnnshers (which had some time before been reenforced by G company of this regiment), moved rapidly on our lines. Their lines extended the front of two regiments beyond our left flank, completely enfilading our line, and pouring : terrible fire into our front and left flank. The regi- ment held its position until the artillery was removed, and then fell back slowly behind a barricade of rails, some eighth of a mile in their rear, and in front of Gettysburg Seminary, the enemy following rapidly in great foree. Here the men were rallied, and formed behind the barricade, and checked the enemy's ad- vance, and finally compelled him to retire. He ad- vanced again, however, and prolonging his hne to our left again turned our flank and compelled the regiment to retire. They fell back through the town of Gettys- burg to the high ground south of the cemetery. In retiring from the barricade, and until they had reached the interior of the city, they were under fire of the enemy's infantry upon their rear and both flanks.
July 2 .- At 11 A. M. the regiment was relieved and passed to the rear for supplies and rest. In the after- noon were thrown forward again as part of the forces to check the enemy, who was causing our left to retire. When the fighting ceased, they were assigned to the front line, a little to the left of the centre of our line of battle. This regiment, with the One Hundred and Fifty-first Penn. Volunteers forming a demi-brigade under the command of Colonel Gates, were put in posi- tion behind a rail fence, which they converted into a barricade, that afterward . afforded some security agant the enemy's sharp-shooters, and proved of special benefit the next day during the artillery and musketry fire. [ William Swinton's . Army of the Pathic"_see Text and Note. page 360. ]
July 3 -At 123 P. M., the enemy opened from his right and centre batteries, and the position occupied by this regiment was swept by a tempest oi shell and shot. which continued nearly three hours, unsurpassed in rapidity of firing and in the number of guns em- ployed by anything that has occurred during the war. As the cannonading . subsided the enemy's infantry began to debouch from the orchard and woods on his right centre, and moved in line of battle across the open fields between their position and the highway . from Gettysburg to Emmittst.urg. His troops were. formed in two lines ; the second line, however, not covering the left battalion of the first. They advanced
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rapidly, firing as they came, our skirmishers falling back before them. The regiment opened fire upon them when they reached the further end of the valley in front of them. and the first line immediately faced to the left and moved rapidly in the new direction; as the second line received the fire it began to oblique to the left, and finally closed its left upon the right of the first line when all faced to the right and moved forward in one line of battle. firing rapidly. It being perceived that the design was to break through our left centre and gain the heights and batteries, crowning them be- tw en the roadsweeping around the left of the Cemetery and the open fields between the enemy's line and on's ; the demi-brigade was moved by the right flank toward our centre, corresponding with the enemy's movea.ents. and pouring a continuous fire into their ranks as they advanced. The enemy moved forward with unusual determination, and, although his ranks were momen- tarify thinmed, continued to advance until be reached the fence at the foot of the hill. immediately beneath. our left centre batteries ; this affording him consider- able protection. he threw some of his force over the fence and into the slashing on the hill-side. made to clear the range for our guns. The contest for the possession of this hill side and ence was especially obstinate, and for a considerable time the chances of success appeared to favor first one side and then the other ; each seemed to appreciate the fact that the possession of the heights was all important, and each fought with the utmost desperation. The men were within quarter pistol shot range, and the fence and fallen trees gave the enemy considerable cover. The demi-brigade then advanced and pushed briskly through the slashing to the fence, cheering as, they went. when the enemy broke and hastily retreated in great disorder, while they ponred into hi lines a heavy and continuous fire. This concluded the fighting at. this point, and left us in undisputed possession of the contested ground. We took a large number of prison- ers, and the ground in front was strewn with the dead and wounded of the enemy. During this almost hand- to-hand conflict the enemy's batteries played upon friend and foe alike, doing quite a> much damage in their own ranks as nonrs. It was ascertained from the prisoners that the troops with which the two re- giments had been engaged wer Bickett's Division of Longst eet's Corps, and more than six times out num ered them. At 6 p. M., the regiment was re- lieved and passed to the rear ; bivouacked on the battle-field. Major-General Doubleday issued the following order :
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HEADQ! ARTERS, THIRD DIVISION, FIRST CORPS. July 4, 1863.
General Orders.
The Major-General commanding the division desires to return his thanks to the Vermont Brigade, the One Hundred and Fifty-first Pensylvania Volunteers, and the Twentieth New York State Militia, for their gal- lant conduct in resisting in the front line the main attack of the enemy upon this position, after sustain- ing a terrific fire from seventy- tive to a hundred pieces of artillery. He congratulates them upon contributing so essentially to the glorious, and it is to be hoped, final victory yesterday.
By command of Major-General DOUBLEDAY. (Signed) EDWARD C. BAIRD,
Captam and A. A. G.
July 6 .- Marched at 7 A. M .. with the first corps. and bivonacked near Emmittsburg. Md .. at 7 p M. Ten miles.
July 7 .- Marched at 43 A. M., and passing over the Katochton Mountains, back of Lewistown bivouacked beyond Hamburg on the northerly side of the moun- tain at abont 7 p. M. Twenty-two miles.
.July 8 .- Marched at 5 A. M., through Belleville, Middletown. and crossing South Mountain at Turner's Gap. formed n line of battle on north side, where bar- ricades were thrown up. Fourteen miles.
July 10 .- Marched at 53 A. M .. through Boonsboro. to right of our lines, and then threw up barricades. Five miles.
July 11 .- Moved to the extreme right u. der the mountain and threw up entrenchments. putting ont pickets in front.
July 12. - Marched at 11 A. M .. passing through Funk-town and crossing Antietam Creek took up a position on Funkstown Heights. one mde south of lingerstown, and threw up entrenchments under fire of the enemy's pickets. Five miles.
July 13 .- Laid in line of battle all day. Shirmishers pretty active in front. Our line of battle in range of enemy's sharpshooters.
July 14. - Men aroused at 43 A. M .. and got under arms preparatory to an attack. Skirmishers advanced a id found the enemy's works abandoned. Marched at 12 M., to near Williamsport, and bivouacked at 3 P. M. Five miles.
July 15 .- Marched at 6 A. M., vi+ Williamsport and Hagerstown Pike to Funkstown, and thence through Joues Corners, Keedysville and Bakersville to foot of South Mountain and bivouacked at 7 p. M., near Cramp- ton's Gap. Eighteen miles
July 16 -Marched at 9 A. M .. and crossing South Mountain at Crampton's Gap bivonacked at + P. M.
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near Berlin. Nine miles. At this place the regiment was detached from the First Corps and ordered to re- port to Brigadier General M. R. Patrick, Provost . Marshal General, for duty in his Department.
July 17 .- Two lieutenants and thirty men ming left at headquarters, Provost-Marshal General, the regi- ment took the cars for Washington as guard for 725. prisoners of war.
July 18 .- Reached there at 6 A. M., next day.
July 20 .- Returned to Berlin, and crossing the Poto- mac, marched ten miles to Wheatland, Va., where bivouacked.
July 21 .- Marched at 6 A. M., and joined army head- quarters near Union, Va., at 1 p. M. Ten miles.
July 22 .- Marched to De any's Farm and camped. Five miles.
July 23 .- Marched at 8 A. M., with General Head- quarters and . bivouacked near Markham at 6 p. M. Twenty-two miles.
July 24 .- Marched at 12 M., and bivouacked at 7 P. M., at Salem. Fourteen miles.
July 25 .- Marched at 6 A. M., and camped at 6 p. M., in Warrenton. Twelve miles. Regiment doing pro- vost duty in this town.
July 27 .- Relieved by the One Hundred and Thir- tieth New York Volunteers.
July 29 .- Companies C and G proceeded by rail to Warrenton Junction, Va., to do provost duty. Ten miles.
July 31 .- K company ordered to guard Commissary Depot. Three miles.
August 11 .- Broke camp at 6 A. M., and moved by rail to Warrenton Junction to do provost duty. Ten miles.
September 17 .- Moved by rail to Culpepper Court- house to do provost duty in that town. Twenty-two miles.
October 10 .- Marched at 4 A. M .. and bivouacked at Rappahannock Station at 6 p. M.
October 11 .- Marched at 6 A. M., to Bealton Station. Four miles.
October 12 .- Marched to Catlett's Station. ten . miles, where did picket duty at night.
October 13 .-- Marched at 6 A. M., for Fairfax Sta- tion. Twenty-one miles. General Headquarters train being attacked by guerrillas. the regiment marched out to protect it, and then returned to Station. Four miles.
October 14 -Proceeded by rail to Washington as guard for 382 prisoners of war. Twenty-four miles.
October 15 .- Returned by rail to Fairfax Station. Twenty-four miles.
October 21 .- Marched at 10 A. M., through Centre-
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ville across Bull Run and Cub Run and bivouacked at 6 p. M, at Gainesville. Twenty-one miles.
October 22. Marched at 7 A. M., and camped at Warrenton, Va., at 1 p. M. Twelve miles.
October 26 .- B company ordered to Manassas to do provost duty. Twenty-four miles.
October 27 .- Marched at 8 A. M., with General Headquarters to Auburn. Six miles.
October 30 .- Marched at 10 A. M., to Three Mile Station. Six miles.
November 2 .- Marched to Warrenton Junction. Three miles.
November 9 .- Moved by rail as guard to 1,886 prison - ers of war to Alexandria. Thirty-two miles.
Norember 10 .- Returned by rail to Warrenton Junction. Thirty-two miles.
November 19 .- Moved by rail to Brandy Station. Sixteen miles.
November 26 .- Marched at. 12 M., and bivouacked at 8 p. M., near Germania Ford on the Rapidan River. Ten miles.
November 27 .- Marched at 7 A. M. Crossed the Rapidan River at Germania Ford, and bivouacked at the Lacy House on Orange and Fredericksburg Pike at 7 p. M. Ten miles.
Norember 28 .- Marched at 7 A M., to near Robers- ton's Tavern, where encamped. Four miles.
December 1 .- Marched at 3 p. M., recrossed the Rap- idan River at Germania Ford and bivouacked at 8 P. M. Ten miles.
December 2 .- Marched at 7 A. M., and encamped at Brandy Station at 2 p. M. Eight miles.
December 24 .- B company moved by rail to Catlett's Station and Manassas, and A company to Rappahan- nock Station and Warrenton Junction, to do provost duty.
December 26 .- E company moved by rail to Culpep- por Court-house Station to do provost duty.
December 29 .- Two commissioned officers and two non-commissioned officers and thirty men, detailed as permanent guard on passenger trains, running between Brandy Station and Washington, D. C.
December 31 .- Headquarters of Regiment at Brandy Station, Va., doing duty as above stated.
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LIST OF
KILLED AND WOUNDED OF THE
"ULSTER GUARD," Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia, FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1863.
KILLED.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Joseph F. Corbin, Company F, Captain, Gettys- burg, Pa.
Ambrose N. Baldwin, K, Captain ; Gettysburg.
George H. Brankstone, E, First Lieutenant, Gettys- burg.
ENLISTED MEN.
Theodore Wheeler, Company A, Corporal, Gettys- burg, Pa.
Duane S. Bush. A, Private, Gettysburg.
Henry Belcher. A, Private, Gettysburg.
Charles C. Babcock A, Private. Gettysburg.
Francis I Lee. A, Private, Gettysburg.
Dewitt C. Ham in. A, Private, Gettysburg.
Ephraim Rosa, B. Private, Gettysburg.
James Craig, C. Sergeant, Gettysburg.
Constantine Van Steinburg. C. Private, Gettys- burg.
Edward Coogan, C, Private, Gettysburg.
Walter S. Tyler, C, Corporal, Gettysburg.
Luther W. Mcclellan. D, Sergeant. Gettysburg.
Ebbin Higgins, D, Private. Gettysburg. R. C. Van Leavin, D. Private, Gettysburg.
Amos C. Treat, D, Private, Gettysburg. Albert Collier. D. Private, Gettysburg. Alexander Tice, E, Private, Get y-burg. Leonard Van Jorder, E. Private Gettysburg. John Luft, F. Private. Gettysburg. Lucius H. Decker, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg.
James L. Hallock, H, Private, Gettysburg. James E. Angevine, H, Corporal, Gettysburg. Eli A. Degrof. H. Corporal, Gettysburg.
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Ansol B. Pierce, HI, Private, Gettysburg. Joseph Leonard, I, Corporal, Gettysburg. John Tracy, I, Private, Gettysburg.
Thomas Hyatt, I. Private, Gettysburg. Minard Decker, K. Sergeant. Gettysburg. Nelson Southard, K, Private, Gettysburg. George H. Babcock, E, Private, Gettysburg. Squir. Flanders, I. Private, Gettysburg.
WOUNDED.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
W. A. Van Rensselaer, Major, Gettysburg. J. M. Schoonmaker, Adjutant, Gettysburg. John R. Leslie, Company B, Captain, Gettys- burg.
Andrew S. Schutt, C, First Lieutenant, Gettys- burg.
James Flemming, C, Second Lieutenant, Gettys- burg.
Daniel McMahon, D, Captain, Gettysburg.
George B. Wolcott, D. Second Lieutenant, Gettys- burg.
Abm. Merritt, E, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg. .
John Delacroy, F, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg.
William H. Cunningham, G, Captain, Gettysburg. George B. Mulks, G, First Lieutenant, Gettysburg. Thomas Alexander, II. Captain, Gettysburg
Alfred Tanner, H, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg.
J. D. S. C. ok, I, Captain, Gettysburg.
John M. Young, K, Second Lieutenant, Gettys- burg.
ENLISTED MEN.
John Boyle, C; Private, Gettysburg.
James Gannon, C, Private. Gettysburg.
George A. Ackert, C, Private, Gettysburgh.
John. Edleman, C, Private, Gettysburg.
Thomas Wells. C, Private, Gettysburg. George W. Pardee, C. Corporal, Gettysburg.
Joseph Shelightner, C, Private. Gettysburg.
John H. Dunn, C, Corporal, Gettysburg. Jeremiah Kerrigan, C, Private. Gettysburg. Jonathan Dubois, C, Private, Gettysburg.
. Abm. K. Van Buskirk, C, Private, Gettysburg. William Baker, A, Private, Gettysburg. James E. Doxie, A, Private, Gettysburg. Jobn Donnelly .. A, Private Gettysburg . John Ridings, Jr., A, Sergeant, Gettysburg.
(T) William A. S ockings, A, Private, Gettysburg.
(T) Wansborough Bloxam, B, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Frank Bowman, B, Private, Gettysburg. Isaac C. Buswell. B, First Sergeant, Gettysburg: (T) Morgan Deneger, B, Private, Gettysburg.
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James Keegan, B, Private, Gettys' urg. (T) Charles K McKniff, B, Corporal, Gettysburg. (T) Adam More, B, Private, Gettysburg: William Risenberger, Jr., B, Corporal. Gettysburg. John H. Swart, B, Corporal, Gettysburg. Jacob F. Teal, B, Private, Gettysburg. H. C. Van Buren, B, Private, Gettysburg. James Yaple, B, Sergeant, Gettysburg. James A. Wescott, B, Private, Gettysburg. Asa Bishop, D, Sergeant, Gettysburg. John Cudney, D. Corporal, Gettysburg. Charles Kniffin, D, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Jacob P. Latimore, D, Private, Gettysburg. Martin Jerseneous, D, Private, Gettysburg. Dewitt Rose, D. Private, Gettysburg. Watson A. Smith, D. Sergeant. Gettysburg. Lewis E. Champaigne, E, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Stephen L. Cudney, E, Sergeant Gettysburg. William Fetterman, E, Private, Gettysburg. Lorenzo B. Healy, E, Private, Gettysburg. James Housfall, E, Private, Gettysburg. Henry O. Irwin, E. Private, Gettysburg. John Johnson, E, Corporal, Gettysburg. Lewis Snyder, E. Private, Gettysburg. Emos B. Vail, E, Private, Gettysburg, John H. Winise, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. James Higgins, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. John C. Parks, G, Private, Gettysburg. Peter H. Van Wagoner, G, Private, Gettysburg. John Ovendorf. H, Corporal Gettysburg. William L Snyder, HI, Private, Gettysburg. Joseph Sickler, H. Private, Gettysburg. Morris Hein, H, Private, Gettysburg. William Fuller, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. William Henson, I, Private, Gettysburg. James Larrie, I, Private, Gettysburg. John W. Plimly, I. Private, Gettysburg. Henry Tompkins, I, Private, Gettysburg. Edward Wright, I, Private, Gettysburg. Michael Farrell, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Moses Whittaker, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Barney Fitch, I, Corporal, Gettysburg. George Rossman, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Jehiel I. Judd, K, First Sergeant. Gettysburg. John Chandler, K, Corporal, Gettysburg. Addison S. Hayes, K, Private, Gettysburg. George Hood, K, Private, Gettysburg. Joseph Hill, K, Sergeant, Gettysburg. Henry Schutt, K, Private, Get ysburg. Bernard Halstead, G, Private, Gettysburg. N. Van Valkenberg, G, Private, Gettysburg. Charles C. Babcock, A, Private, Gettysburg. James H. Beletier, A, Private, Gettysburg.
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Samuel Norfolk, E, Private, Gettysburg. William II. Parkinson. I. Private, Gettysburg. David E. Post, I. Private, Gettysburg Emerson Scott. I, Private, Gettysburg. Ira B. Tait, D, Private, Gettysburg. Aaron Nichols. H. Private, Gettysburg. A. Mullen, F. First Sergeant, Gettysburg. E. Beckett, F. Sergeant, Gettysburg. Ed. Ashley, F, Private, Gettysburg. J. E. Pells. F, Private, Gettysburg. T. Doyle, F, Private, Gettysburg. I. Burns, F, Private, Gettysburg. John Knighton, B, Private, Gettysburg. Asa Jones, D, Sergeant, Gettysburg Charles Keegan. A, Private, Gettysburg. John Swart, 1, Corporal, Gettysburg. N. Rossman, I, Private, Gettysburg. James Bonesteel, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. T. Croaks. F, Private, Gettysburg. Stephen Strong. I, Private, Gettysburg. William Schaffer, G, Private, Gettysburg.
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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MOVEMENTS, SERVICE & DISCIPLINE
OF THE Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia
"ULSTER GUARD," (80th N. Y. Vol. Infantry.) COMMANDED BY COLONEL THEODORE B. GATES, FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1864.
January 1 .- Encamped at Brandy Station, Va., with officers and detachments at every Station along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, from Alexan- dria to Culpepper Conrt-house (both inclu-ive), act- ing as Provost Marshals and Guards ; and one compa- ny at Headquarters, Army of the Potomac. as guard for the Provost-Marshal-General. From this time to May 4th, the Regiment was engaged in doing provost and guard duty on and along the Orange and Alexan- dria Railroad, having charge of all mail, pa-senger and special trains run on that road ; the granting of passes to all persons leaving the army ; and to all civilians to pass from one part of the Army to an- other ; the registering of all civilians coming to the Army ; the examination and general superintendence of all goods coming into the Army ; and the convey- ing of ail prisoners from the . Army to other places throughout the United States.
February 13 .- Colonel THEODORE B. GATES, Sur- geon R. LOUGHRAN, Captains J. D. S. COOK, M. SNY- DER. DAN'L MCMAHON, Lieutenants D. J. FRANCE. M. J. C. WOODWORTH, J. DEITS, and 161 enlisted men left Brandy Station, Va., on 35 days' Veteran Fur- lough, and arrived at Kingston, N. Y., on the 15th, where they were publicly received by an immense concourse of citizens, and after addresses of welcome, the battalion sat down to a bounteous dinner pro- vided by the ladies, whose presence graced the occa- sion.
February 17 .- The officers visited the City of
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Albany and were i vited to seats on the floor of the Assembly Chamber. On taking seats they were address- ed by Mr. SPEAKER ALVORD in patriotic and compli- mentary terms. He said the regiment was one of the old militia regiments of the State-from the good old county of Ulster. Thrice had they laid themselves upon the altar of their country. Their lamented comrades slept upon inany a well- fought battle-field. Their former Colonel-GEO. W. PRATT-fell in the second battle of Bul Run. As for the third time they go forth, God grant to preserve their lives in safety and to return them once more to our State.
Colonel GATES replied as follows : MR. SPEAKER and GENTLEMEN OF THE ASSEMBLY: I know not in what language to express to you the gratification we feel for the honor you have conferred upon the Twen- tieth Regiment N. Y. S. M. in inviting its officers to the privileges of the floor of this House. We came to Albany to day, sir, ou business of solemn import. We came here to pay, in the first place, our respects to the Governor of the State, the Commander-in- Clef of the forces of the State of New York. and in the second place to tender to the widow of our de- ceased Colonel the compliment of a presentation of a stand of colors of our regiment to her in'ant son, -the son of our ever-lamented Colonel. Knowing that we should be detained here till evening, we determin- ed to come to the Assembly Chamber to witness the proceedings that might take place, but we had no ex- pectation that we should be honored with the compli- . ment of seats upon the floor.
" In behalf of the officers here, sir-in behalf of the regiment I have the honor to command, I thank you, sir ; and I thank the members of the Assembly for the honor they have conferred upon us. The Twen- tieth Regiment is a regiment of the Militia of the State of New York. On the breaking out of the rebellion they tendered their services to the Governor of the State of New York. and through him to the President of the United States, and were accepted. They matched from Kingston, in Ulster County, on the 20th April, 1861, for three months' service. At the expiration of that time they returned and were mustered out of service, but were mustered in again and marched in October. 1861, for the war.
"I feel it due that I should say to you, sir, and to the members of the Assembly, that the regiment has been faithful to the trust confided to it ; that it has continued in the service up to the present time ; that now we come back from the field of duty for a brief recreation only to return again to the defence of the Government, there to remain until the war shall elose. The men I now have the honor to command in the place
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of the former Colonel, GEO. W. PRATT, whose memory is sacred to us, and I believe to the people of the entire State-GEO. W. PRATT, who was one of the principal men in perfecting the militia organization of the State of New York ; whose heart, was in the work which he took in hand ; whose patriotism was above party and above everything except the welfare of his country. On his death the regiment was as- signed to me, and I have endeavored to be faithful to the trust confided in ine. I endeavored to follow in the footsteps of my predec ssor, ard I only hope, sir. that when this war is terminated, if I shall live to see its conclusion, that I may bear as good a reputa- tion for the faithful discharge of my duty as an officer in the service of my country, as Colonel PRATT him- self had.
" The regiment having passed through its three months, having re-enlisted for three years, and having served two and a half years of that term, has now availed itself of the offer extended to it to re-enlist for three years more. The regiment feels that the great duty now devolving upon every man able to bear arms is to fight this war out to the end. They feel, sir, that nothing is paramount to the duty that love of country, of government, of human liberty, de- volves upon them
" Now, sir, in conclusion. I beg again to thank you and the members of this House, for the compliment you have paid us, and I hope and trust that you may never have cause to blush that you invited the officers of the Twentieth N. Y. S. M. to seats upon this floor."
February 22 .- The battalion, accompanied by a large delegation of citizens of Ulster county. pro- ceeded to Albany, to present to Master GEO. S. PRATT, son of the late Colonel GEO. W. PRATT. the old regi- mental flag carried by the regiment when Colonel PRATT was mortally wounded at Bull Run Arriving at Albany the battalion was drawn up in front of Mrs. PRATT's residence, where His Excellency, Gov. SEYMOUR, attended by his staff in nniform, and a large number of citizens were assembled.
Colonel GATES, speaking in behalf of his regiment after alluding to the high-toned and unspotted char- acter of the deceased, said that " seven years ago. the officers of the battalion induced him to accept the office of Colonel. . At that time the militia of the State was .in anything but a desirable condition, and the Twentieth was small in numbers ; but it was not long after Colonel. PRATT took com- mand before it reached proportions that none had anticipated, and occupied a position second to but few in the State. Ile was among the first to tender bis services and his regiment to the country when
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