USA > New York > New York County > Manhattan > Annals of old Manhattan, 1609-1664 > Part 8
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ordained that this section should be paved. Two burghers were appointed to superintend the work, for which owners of property along the line of this improvement were to be assessed. After the cobble-stone pavement was completed, the street was known as the Stone Street. Whitehall Street was first called Winck- el Straat, or the Shop Street, and was one of the thoroughfares early paved. Brugh Straat (Bridge Street) led to the largest of the bridges across the broad canal. At the end of the Beavers Path was the swamp included in the property owned by Wilhelmus Beekman. Coenties Slip was then an inlet upon land owned by Con- raet Ten Eyck, whose nickname " Coentje" has thus attained to fame.
Some complaints brought before the magis- trates in the old Staat Huys, reveal amusing glimpses of life in those early days. On Feb- ruary 18, 1658, before the council, Jan Cor- nelesen accused Rutgert Jansen of having
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Under the City Fathers
applied to him the opprobrious title, " Indian dog," whereupon strife ensued until the schout interfered. Official evidence having proven that Rutgert had suffered a beating at the hands of the insulted Jan, the court sentenced the plain- tiff to pay the defendant twelve guilders, " for smartand pain"; while the schout received his perquisite from Rutgert's penalty of six guil- ders for foul and abusive language."1
On June 8, 1660, the schout, De Sille, re- quested that Hans Dreper " be condemned in a fine for the poor, as he did not hesitate to say before the court, 'thou lyest !'"1 Hans was called in and informed that for this im- proper language he must pay to the poor the sum of six guilders.
November 15, 1661, Mesaack Martens was tried for a theft of cabbages, which he ac- knowledged, and for having pawned a gown, taken without the knowledge of the owner I Records of New Amsterdam.
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from a chest left in his house. He was con- demned to stand in the pillory with cabbages upon his head, and then to suffer banishment from the city for five years.
At intervals the names of some women of New Amsterdam appear upon court records. Anneke Kockz seems not to have possessed a placid temperament, as she was disciplined by the city fathers "for pulling the cap off the head of Mrs. Jan De Witt, and pulling the hair out of her head."' Some character- istics of another female were revealed by the complaint of Nicolaas Velthuysen that Saartje Sandels continued to "go censuring him." Saartje received a reprimand from the court, and was ordered " not to go snapping and cackling."2
For a brief period the city annals are stained by a record of religious intolerance. In 1656, Stuyvesant refused the petition presented by
I Records of New Amsterdam. 2 Ibid.
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Under the City Fathers
German settlers for the establishment of a Lutheran church. The States General cen- sured this action, but when, in the following year, the Rev. Ernestus Goetwater came from Amsterdam with a commission to act as pas- tor for the Lutherans, he was arrested and sent back to Holland.' At Vliesingen (Flush- ing), the sheriff, William Hallett, was re- moved from office and fined for holding Baptist meetings at his own house ; but of all denominations the Quakers endured the most severe and unwarranted cruelty. Robert Hod- shone, while speaking at Hempstede, was seized, tied to a cart and dragged to New Am- sterdam, where he was thrown into a cellar. After several days he was taken before Stuy- vesant, who, enraged by Hodshone's refusal to take off his hat, sentenced him to the pay- ment of a heavy fine, or the performance of hard labor. Having no money for the fine, I Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies.
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the prisoner was ordered to load a wheel- barrow, to which he was chained, but, protest- ing that he had broken no law and deserved no punishment, he refused compliance. Most barbarous treatment followed, unworthy of Christian rule; but, at last, Mrs. Bayard in- terfered, and persuaded her brother to free the sufferer. Stuyvesant subsequently received rebuke from the Amsterdam Chamber for those religious persecutions, which public sentiment condemned, and liberty of con- science was permitted thenceforth in New Netherland.
Again there was trouble with the Indians. In May, 1658, messengers from Esopus came in haste to New Amsterdam for assistance, reporting the murder of a farmer, and the burning of houses in the neighborhood of their settlement. Stuyvesant, with a guard of fifty soldiers under Govert Loockermans, went at once to the spot, and sending messengers
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Under the City Fathers
to the sachems of the region invited them to a conference. About sixty responded to the invitation, and the doughty director, attended only by Loockermans as interpreter, gave them audience. The Indians, having been re- quested to state their grievances, recited at length all the wrongs of their race since the arrival of the white man; but Stuyvesant replied in a forcible speech, repudiating re- sponsibility for events before his arrival, all of which had been buried, he told them, when peace was made ; and then, challenging them to name any injury they had received since the consummation of peace, he charged the discomfited savages with the crimes recent- ly committed and threatened them with war.
In response one old sachem complained that " fire water " was the incitement to mis- chief, and declared that the older men of his tribe were friendly to the Dutchmen, but the
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younger men were continually urging them to fight. "Let them come forth!" cried Stuy- vesant defiantly ; "I will place twenty men against forty of your hot heads; but it is mean and contemptible to threaten farmers and women and children, who are not war- riors !" 1
The governor had succeeded in effectually humiliating the savages, and in gaining their respect. They brought some fathoms of wampum as reparation for their recent deeds, and selecting a plot of ground about two hundred and ten yards in circumference they proffered it to Stuyvesant, " to grease his feet after the long journey he had taken to visit them." This ground became the nucleus of the new village of Esopus (Kingston), and for its protection the governor left a guard of twenty-four soldiers. The colonists did not feel secure, however, until, in the autumn,
I Mrs. Lamb's History of New York.
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Stuyvesant again visited them and left fifty soldiers to guard the post.
But it was the wickedness of the Dutch that again precipitated disaster. Upon an estate near Esopus seven or eight Indians were employed as servants, and one evening, having obtained some brandy, they became intoxicated, and by their shouts startled the settlers as well as the soldiers at the fort. Having ascertained the cause of the disturbance the officer in com- mand at the fort forbade his men to molest the offenders, but some of the colonists freely used their muskets, and several Indians were wounded. It was not long before their tribe retaliated. A host of savages besieged the fort at Esopus, while over the surrounding coun- try, burning houses and barns, slaughtered cat- tle, and tortured captives testified to the bitter enmity awakened.
Stuyvesant was ill, but his energy was not abated. Taking with him as large a force as
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could be raised, he started for Esopus, and upon his arrival the foe fled. A truce was ar- ranged, but was trusted by few, and subsequent events justified the general doubt of savage faith.
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GOV. STUYVESANT'S HOUSE, erected 1658, afterwards called "THE WHITEHALL"
XII The Coming of the English. 1658-1664
W HEN Stuyvesant returned from Esopus, in the autumn of 1658, repairs long contemplated upon Fort Amsterdam were immedi- ately completed, and a stone wall, ten feet high, took the place of the old protecting palisades. In succeeding months of peace, the governor built for himself a mansion of stone, which, under English rule, was long known as the White Hall, and bequeathed a name to the street on which it fronted. The little city, with a population of about sixteen hun- dred souls, was pressing onward by every effort to achieve prosperity, when news was received of another swift revolution in Europe, and the "restoration " of Charles Stuart to the English throne.
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The indolent sovereign who, according to his flattering courtiers,
" Never said a foolish thing, And never did a wise one,"
took little interest in colonial affairs, but his council was forced to give attention to the proposed treaty of alliance with Holland, which, in September, 1662, was consummated. In the spring of that year, John Winthrop, the younger, had made his historic voyage to London, wearing the ring which is said to have secured the Connecticut charter. By that document the assigned western limit of the English colony was the Pacific Ocean; and as its southern boundary in the sea included, besides the mainland, " all the islands there- unto adjoining," Winthrop notified the in- habitants of Long Island, as well as those of Westchester, to send delegates to the court of Connecticut. When Stuyvesant protested against these comprehensive claims of the
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The Coming of the English English, asking, “ Where lies New Nether- land if Connecticut extends to the Pacific?" the Hartford committee calmly replied, " We know not, unless you can show us your char- ter."
In the summer of 1663, a severe earthquake terrified the people of New England, and the Dutch colonists, from Beverwijck to New Amsterdam. Following the excitement thus aroused, came news of another Indian attack upon Esopus, where houses had been burned, women and children butchered, and many persons taken captive.
Stuyvesant promptly dispatched to the lo- cality a body of troops, under command of Martin Cregier and Peter Van Couwenhoven; and guided by Rachel La Montagne, who had been carried away a prisoner but had escaped, the party found the fortress to which the sav- ages had first led their captives. But the place was deserted, and although the next morning
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Couwenhoven and his men pressed farther into the wilderness, guided by a squaw fa- miliar with the way, the search still proved fruitless. Then, with fifty-five men, Cregier set out, and after a march of two days achieved the object of the expedition. The savages were surprised in a stronghold recently built, the chief and fourteen warriors were slain, thir- teen prisoners were taken, and twenty-three captives recovered. By another expedition nearly all the remaining captives were soon rescued, and a nominal armistice was again arranged.
An episode in English courts induced some changes in New Netherland, for the sub- ject of Lord Baltimore's claims was again agitated, and, with a view of more effectually securing their territory against English en- croachments, the West India Company trans- ferred to the burgomasters of Amsterdam all their rights over the district of the South
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The Coming of the English River. The burgomasters appointed De Hinoyossa governor of the country, and upon his arrival at New Amsterdam, Stuyvesant ceded to him all authority over the southern division of the New Netherland province.
In the autumn of 1663, the exigencies of colonial affairs demanded that commissioners should once more be sent to Hartford; but there was no money in the treasury for the expenses of the embassy, and so unstable seemed the situation that Stuyvesant could not borrow upon a government draft the sum of four thousand guilders, until, as security, he had pledged four of the brass cannon of the city fort. In November the city fathers sent a letter to Holland charging the West India Company with responsibility for the condition of affairs throughout the province, but no help came for their desperate need. Before long the villages on Long Island were threatened by an Englishman named
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John Scott, who, assuming official authority, announced that he would free "those who had been enslaved by the cruel and rapa- cious Dutch." New Amsterdam was again in danger, and in that "highly imperious ne- cessity" the director was urged to convoke a General Provincial assembly, "to enact what shall be found proper for the prosper- ity and peace of the province." I
But, through the city records of March 18, 1664, we learn that although the meeting was called in November, it was attended by deputies from neighboring towns only, the delegates from Rensselaerswijck, Beverijck, and Wildswijck "being unable to come down and sail back at the same time, owing to the inconvenience of the approaching winter." 2
In April, 1664, the "inconvenient" obstacles of the winter being removed, a General As-
I Records of New Amsterdam. 2 Ibid.
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View of the " SCHOEINGE" or Sheet Piling on the East River Shore, near Coenties Slip, 1658
The Coming of the English
sembly was convened at New Amsterdam, and the Hon. Jeremias Van Rensselaer was appointed chairman. Measures for raising money were discussed and another appeal to Holland was prepared, but no adequate pro- vision for united action was outlined, and the city continued dependent upon its own limited resources.
Early in 1664, the records show that "the openness of the place along the water side, both along the East and North rivers, being notorious and manifest," it was deemed ad- visable "to set this off as quick as possible with palisades,"" but the city's income was insufficient to pay for the labor, and the di- rector was therefore requested to "lend the Company's negroes to cut and haul palisades with the city's negroes."2 On February 22, the magistrates recorded a proposition "to make the city strong with a stone wall on I Records of New Amsterdam. 2 Ibid.
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the land side, and palisades along both the river fronts; the money required to be raised among the wealthiest inhabitants on condi- tion that they may have the tapster's excise on wine and beer.I
This proposal having been favorably re- ceived by the council, was made known to the principal burghers of the city, and a loan of twenty-seven thousand five hundred florins was secured.
Meanwhile the harassed governor of New Netherland had again been forced to con- tend with bands of maurauding Indians in the neighborhood of Esopus; - but, at last, three of the sachems came to New Amster- dam with propositions for peace, and, while the wife of Dr. Hans Kierstede acted as in- terpreter, a formal treaty was concluded.
There was peace also in Europe between Holland and England, but it was the calm I Records of New Amsterdam.
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The Coming of the English before the storm: Charles II issued in his brother's favor "that most despotic instru- ment recorded in the colonial archives of England," and the Duke of York fitted out the "Guinea," the "Elias," the "Martin," and the "William and Nicholas" for the conquest of New Netherland. Five hundred veteran troops were assigned to Colonel Richard Nicolls, who was appointed deputy governor of the province he was enjoined to conquer, and with whom sailed also the commissioners of a new government, Sir George Cartwright, Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick. Bearing dispatches which com- manded the people of New England to "join and assist vigorously," they came sailing across the sea in August, 1664, and news of the event was borne swiftly to New Amsterdam.
A council summoned to meet the emer- gency ordained that the city should be put in a state of defense, guards be constantly
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maintained, and to meet immediate expenses a loan from Rensselaerswijck should be so- licited. Ships on the point of sailing for Curaçoa were detained to give aid at home, and emissaries were sent forth to collect pro- visions, that the people might be able to withstand a siege. Then from blinded Hol- land came the message that the English fleet had been dispatched to establish an Episco- pacy in New England, and Stuyvesant, re- lieved from keen anxiety concerning his province, started upon an errand to Fort Orange. Fleet messengers were sent to recall him, bearing the startling tidings that the enemy were on their way from Boston to New Amsterdam. The governor returned at once, and three days after his arrival the English ships came into view.
Every effort for defense was made. On the twenty-fifth of August, the council ordained that one-fifth of the inhabitants of the city
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THE BLOCKHOUSE AND CITY GATE ( Foot of the present Wall Street), 1674
The Coming of the English
. should " appear in person, or put another in his place, furnished with a shovel, spade, or wheelbarrow, to labor every third day at the city's works."I
The council was besought to " favor the place " with " eight pieces of good and heavy cannon," twenty pieces being already pro- vided, and for each piece fifty pounds of powder were requested, with six hundred pounds of lead for bullets, to be used by the burghers for their muskets. A company of burghers appointed to keep guard at night asked that they might be strengthened by sol- diers, and that a day watch might be kept at the gates. All these requests were promptly grant- ed, and it was decreed that every person who should mount guard should receive a pound of powder, and a pound and a half of lead.2
But four hundred men were all that could be depended upon to bear arms, and six hundred I Records of New Amsterdam. 2 Ibid.
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pounds of powder was all the fort possessed.1 One thousand pounds of powder with six pieces of artillery were secured from other points in the province, but Fort Orange could give no aid, owing to danger from the treacherous Indians.
On that August morning, when, unan- nounced, the English fleet came to anchor off the Long Island shore, while English troops seized the block-house on Staten Island and a strong force was landed near Breuckelen, the undaunted governor of New Nether- land dispatched a deputation of four citizens with a letter inquiring the object of the visit. In reply came the blunt message from Nicolls, that he had arrived to reduce the country to obedience to the English sovereign, and on the following day would send his communi- cation to Stuyvesant. At the appointed time, Sir George Cartwright, with a suite of three Mrs. Lamb's History of New York.
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gentlemen, arrived at the fort and was re- ceived with salutes of honor. He bore from Nicolls to Stuyvesant a formal summons to surrender " the province of New Netherland with all its towns and forts," but to every in- habitant, life, liberty, and possession of his estate was promised.
The city magistrates, realizing that resist- ance was vain, counselled submission, but Stuyvesant steadfastly asserted an inexorable determination to defend his post, and work upon the fortifications was continued. The burghers, holding a meeting at the Stadt Huys to discuss the terms of surrender, addressed to the governor and council a remonstrance against the course of resistance. "Granting," they said, " that the fort could hold out against its assailants, one, two, three, five, or six months (which to our sorrow it cannot), it is still undeniable that it cannot save the small- est portion of our entire city, our property,
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and what is dearer to us, our wives and chil- dren, from total ruin ; for after considerable bloodshed even the fort itself could not be preserved. Wherefore, to prevent and arrest all the aforesaid misfortune, we humbly and in bitterness of heart, implore your honors not to reject the conditions of so generous a foe."
Stuyvesant, shortly asserting that surrender was out of the question, still tried to win ap- proval of his position, but tried in vain. The citizens clamored for the public reading of the summons from Nicolls, until the gover- nor unwillingly yielded the document. Then, under a flag of truce came Governor Win- throp of Massachusetts, accompanied by some English gentlemen who brought a sec- ond letter from Nicolls to Stuyvesant, in which a peaceful surrender was again urged, only to elicit another emphatic refusal.
Governor Winthrop then passed to Stuy- vesant a letter which he had received from
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The Coming of the English Nicolls, and which stated the policy to be pursued by the English in regard to New Netherland. This letter Stuyvesant read to the assembled burgomasters, who then re- quested permission to read it to the people; but the governor, considering this course in- judicious, refused to relinquish the paper, and, when urged to reconsider his refusal, wrath- fully tore the letter into fragments. This ac- tion failed to bring submission to his will ; the meeting broke up in confusion, and the angry councillors left the fort condemning the conduct of their governor. The people, be- coming aware of the condition of affairs, sud- denly ceased their work upon the fortifications and clamored for the director. Three reso- lute men appeared before Stuyvesant, and with threats demanded a copy of the letter he had destroyed ; while a tumult arose in the city which officials tried in vain to quiet. " The letter ! the letter !" the people shouted around
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the fort, until Nicholas Bayard, Stuyvesant's secretary, gathering the scattered fragments of paper, produced a copy which was given to the burgomasters, and publicly read.
Letter from Nicolls to Winthrop : Mr. Winthrop :
As to those particulars you spoke to me, I do assure you that if the Manhadoes ' be delivered up to His Majesty, I shall not hinder, but any people from the Netherlands may freely come and plant there, or thereabouts ; and such vessels of their owne country may freely come thither, and any of them may freely returne home in vessels of their owne country, and this & much more is contained in the privilege of His Majesty's English subjects ; and thus much you may, by what means you please, assure the governor from, Sir
Your very affectionate servant, RICHARD NICOLLS.
Stuyvesant prepared a reply to Nicolls' let- ter, asserting the title of the Dutch to New I The name by which the province of New Netherland was commonly known.
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Netherland, by discovery, settlement, and pos- session, and, pointing out the weakness of the English claim, proposed to treat with dele- gates. He sent four of his most able coun- cillors to argue the subject with Nicolls, but all discussion was declined, and re-asserting a determination to take New Amsterdam by force if peaceful surrender was refused, the English commander began his preparations for storming the city.
Summoning the people on Long Island, he proclaimed in their presence the patent from King Charles to the Duke of York, and promised to confirm all commissions pre- viously granted. From all points upon the island, volunteers joined his forces, and troops encamped below Breuckelen waited for the signal to attack the doomed city. It was rumored that six hundred savages and one hundred and fifty Frenchmen had also joined the English troops.
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On the fifth of September, Nicolls advanced and anchored his fleet between Fort Amster- dam and Nutten Island. Stuyvesant awaited the approach from an angle of the fort, an artillery man standing by his side, holding a lighted match. It was a pivotal moment !
" It is a matter of desperation, rather than of soldiership, to attempt to hold the fort," said Vice-Governor De Sille.
" Do you not see that there is no help for us, either to the north or the south, the east or the west ? What can our twenty guns do in the face of sixty-two pointed toward us on yonder frigates? " queried Dominie Megapo- lensis. But the governor, obstinately brave, remained inflexible.
Then a paper was presented, signed by ninety- three of the chief citizens, including bur- gomasters and schepens, and Balthazar Stuy- vesant, the governor's son. It besought the director to surrender, that the city might be
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saved from destruction, and the shedding of innocent blood avoided. The commander's only reply, " I had rather be carried to my grave !" revealed a spirit still indomitable, but he yielded to the people's will and the white flag waved above the fort.
The following morning, September 6, Eng- lish commissioners met with Dutch deputies to sign the twenty-four articles of capitu- lation by which New Amsterdam became New York. Security for property, customs, and conscience was guaranteed, a represen- tative government was promised, and until the usual time for a new election all civil of- ficers were to be retained in their positions. The terms imposed were accepted on behalf of Stuyvesant by Jan de Decker, Nicolas Var- lett, Samuel Megapolensis, Cornelis Steen- wyck, Jacques Cousseau and Oloff Stevensen Van Cortland; and, on September 8, the governor ratified the treaty.
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The Dutch garrison marched out of their frail fort with all the honors of war, Stuy- vesant leading his band; and, proceeding at once to the water-side, the troops were em- barked for Holland on the ship "Gideon." With ceremonious formalities, Nicolls was proclaimed deputy-governor of the English province, and Fort Amsterdam became Fort James. Two weeks later the English flag was raised above Fort Orange, which was then named Albany, and the entire territory granted to the Duke was in his honor called New York.
Hostilities between England and Holland were immediately resumed; and, by angry directors of the West India Company, Stuy- vesant was soon summoned to render an account of his administration and to explain the surrender of his city. The burgomasters and schepens of New Amsterdam drew up a statement testifying that "during eighteen
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GOVERNOR STUYVESANT'S HOUSE ( In the Bouwerie)
The Coming of the English years' administration his Honour hath con- ducted and demeaned himself not only as a director-general as, according to the best of our knowledge, he ought to do on all occa- sions, for the best interests of the West India Company, but besides as an honest proprietor and patriot of this province, and as a supporter of the Reformed Religion."1 Other documents from prominent persons enabled the unhappy hero to vindicate his action before the States General, and in 1667, after the peace of Breda, the ex- governor returned to his " bouwerie" in the city of New York. There he died in Febru- ary, 1672, and there his body was interred in a vault beneath the chapel he had built near his home.
A century later, a great-grandson of the il- lustrious director donated land and money for the erection of the church of St. Mark,
I Colonial Documents.
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1
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which, in 1799, was completed upon the site of the ancient chapel. The vault remained undisturbed, and in the outer wall of the church a tablet indicates the spot where, " after life's fitful fever," rests the last gover- nor of New Netherland.
Captain Generar
PETRUS STUYVESANT
Peter Stuyvesant's Tombstone
232
Index
.
Amsterdam Chamber, The, 22, 30, 48, 93 Assemblies, Popular, 106, 107, 113, 157, 18I Assembly, General Provincial, 216, 217
Barentsen, Peter, 37 Baxter, George, 167 Block, Adriaen, 14, 15, 16, 17
Blommaert, 46, 47
Bogardus, Dominie, 53, 55, 57, 85, 130, 131, 155, 156 Boundary Lines, 168
Bouweries, 66
Bouwerie, The Bosson, 74
Bradford, Negotiations with Gov., 37-42
Bradstreet, Simon, 168
Breuckelen, Incorporation of, 144
Burgher Government, Establishment of, 172
Burgher Rights, 186, 187 Burgomasters, First, 174
Census of 1656, 186 Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, 43-45 Christiaenson, Hendrick, 14, 15, 16 Church of St. Nicholas, 136-137
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Index
Church, The First, 57
City Officers, First, 174
City Ordinances, 188-196
City Seal, 183
City Taxes, 179
Cohotatea River, The, 14
Collect, The, 66
College of XIX, The, 49, 83, 128
Comforters of the Sick, 33, 64
Communipauw, Origin of, 47
De Hinoyossa, 215 Dermer, Thomas, 20
De Rasieres, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 50
De Vries, David Petersen, 47, 69, 71, 72, 80, 84, 87, 99, 104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 121, 1 35 De Witt, John, 1 5 Dirckson, Cornelis, 139
East India Company, The, 13 Eelkens, Jacob, 22, 70 Eight Men, Appointment of the, 113
Ferry Ordinances, 193, 194, 195 Fort Amsterdam, 33, 73 Fort Amsterdam, Treaty of, 133
Fort Casimer, Capture of, 184 Fort Good Hope, 77, 98, 131, 169
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Index
Fort James, 230 Fort Nassau, 22, 23, 83
Fort Orange, 22, 36, 37, 46
Fortune, The, 14, 15, 16 Frederijke, Kryn, 33 Fresh River, The, 16
Godyn, 46, 47
Half Moon, The, 13 Hellegat, The, 16 Hoboken-Hacking, 47 House Lots, First, 142
Incorporation of City, 173 Indians, Expedition against, 123
Indian Massacres, 185
Indian Outbreaks at Esopus, 206, 209, 213 Indian Signatures, 148
Indians, Treaty with, 218
Jacobson, Cornelis, 1 5 Fans, Annetje, 63 Fansz, Roelof, 62
Kieft, William, 89-156 Kierstede, Hans, 65, 141 Kuyter, Johann, 153, 155, 156
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Index
La Montagne, Johannes, 64, 65, 90, 122, 197 Lampo, Sheriff, 34, 50 Loockermans, Govert, 159, 206
Maiden's Lane, The, 36 Manhattan, Fort, 18, 20 Massacres at Pavonia and Corlear's Hook, III Mauritius River, The, 17, 21, 46 Megapolensis, Dominie, 131, 175, 228
Melyn, 153, 155, 156, 163 Mey, Captain Cornelis Jacobsen, 17, 24
Michaelius, Rev. Jonas, 34, 35 Minuit, Peter, 25, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36-40, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 96, 97
New Amsterdam, Incorporation of, 173 New Amsterdam, Population of, 186
New England, Complications with, 76, 80, 166 New Netherland Company, Charter of, 17, 18 Nine Men, Appointment of, 157
Notelmann, Conrad, 50, 81, 82 Nutten Island, 75, 76, 228
Op Dyck, Gysbert, 98
Patroons, The, 44 Pavonia, Origin of, 47 Petition for Burgher Government, 164
236
Index
Quakers, Persecution of, 205
Remund, Secretary, 81, 82
Rensselaerswijck, Contentions with, 158-160 Rensselaerswijck, Foundation of, 46, 47, 84 Robinson, Rev. John, 19 Rolandson, Adam, 53, 58-62
Schools and Schoolmasters, 196-199 South River, The, 17, 23, 46, 96, 131, 182 Stadt Huys, The, 200 States General, The, 18, 20, 21, 43, 93
Treaty with Indians, 116, 133 Twelve Men, Appointment of the, 106
Van der Donck, Adriaen, 161, 171 Van Dincklagen, Lubbertus, 86, 87, 128, 133, 134, 151,153,170
Van Dyck, Hendrick, 134, 140, 151, 153, 170
Van Rensselaer, Jeremias, 217
Van Rensselaer, Kilian, 46, 54
Van Slechtenhorst, Brant, 159, 170, 171 Van Tienhoven, 104, 171 Van Twiller, Wouter, 53, 54, 70-88 Vriesendale, 99
Waal-boght, The, 143
237
Index
Walloons, The, 23, 30 West India Company, The, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 43, 48 White-Hall, The, 21I Willett, Thomas, 168
238
1
ERS & SO ROUND
VALTA
INC. NOV 8 1937
CHICA
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