USA > New York > New York City > Dutch New York (early history of the Dutch in New York) > Part 26
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It may be noticed, in passing, that authorities whose duties corresponded to a modern board of health de- prived the owner of perishable goods when they became sufficiently malodorous to create a nuisance and sold them for the benefit of unnamed parties - perhaps for negro or Indian consumption. Thus, in May, 1660, some Dutch imported cheeses were seized and sold by auction because they created a great stench both in Van der Vin's cellar as thereabout.
Very few merchants made a specialty of any com- modity; the average inventory gives only the jumble of a country store. To take only one (and a very small one) of the innumerable shops as an example, we find among the goods of Peter Marius: 140 small Dutch books of several sorts; 25 pieces blue tape; 171/2 ells of calico painted ; 29 white washes and one hand-brush ; 6 scrubbing-brushes and 5 hand-brushes; 5 pieces and 3 remnants of blue linen ; two small pictures, one church chair, a small Dutch hamper, a cask of sugar, a white wood chest, 4 small pewter salts, 50 Indian stools, 41 " dustails," one dozen small butter ladles, one sugar loaf, 15 " old-fashioned Dutch childrens bodyes," 221/4 lbs. of " suggar candy in a tin box "; 311/4 pounds of fine hooks and eyes; one large nickers and 60 dozen of other ties," 11/2 lb. long Indian beads, one Dutch sea- card or draft, and " 19 lbs. of swan shott."
We have seen that the ordinary currency was wam-
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DUTCH NEW YORK
pum and beaver, Carolus guilders and other florins and dollars. In a port resorted to by pirates and all the traders of the earth, however, it is only natural that the merchant's money-box should contain coins of every ancient and modern mint. Arabian gold, which seems to have been the principal currency among the Mada- gascan pirates, frequently appears (see page 337). Lewis Morris (1691) had one hundred and eighty guineas, one double guinea, six half guineas, four quarter guineas, one pistole, and two double doubloons. For the relative value of Dutch, New York, and Eng- lish money at the end of the century, we may quote the following from the inventory of John Coesart (1700) :
1118I guilders 10 stivers at 1/4 prime cost Dutch money the prime cost in Dutch money amounts in the whole III89-10-4 15095-10-II to which at 50% advance amounts to £2830-8 9 New York money.
The differences in Holland and New Amsterdam values frequently gave rise to disputes which had to be settled by the courts here.
The arithmetical troubles, however, that required ex- pert accounting in consequence of the multitudinous coins, tokens, and values were fewer than might be supposed. The reason for this is that the bulk of the domestic trade was transacted in kind. One man would supply another with dairy produce or build a house for him or give professional, or other, services, and be credited in return with shop-goods or labor. Countless instances of this practice appear in the records. For example, in May, 1654, when Matewis de Vos sues Beeltie Jacobsen for 9.4 florins for stockings, shoes, and a clothes-line, Beeltie says she has paid him 3.10 florins in peaches and washing.
One striking point in New Netherland trade is the
347
MERCHANTS AND TRADE
extent to which women were independent participants, thus rendering them very desirable widows. It is also noticeable that many of the opulent matrons had two or three husbands. Among the rich widows may be men- tioned Anneke Jans; Mrs. Drisius, the latter's daugh- ter; Mrs. Cornelis Steenwyck; Margaret Philipse, who traded directly with Fatherland, travelling in her own ships; and many others. Lysbet Greveraet, first mar- ried to Mr. De Reimer, a young merchant of New Amsterdam, became the wife of Dominie Samuel Dri- sius. She owned much real estate and the mercantile effects of her late husband. Her shop was in Pearl Street between Whitehall and Broad Streets. When she died, she owned, among other property, four houses in New York worth £371, £300, £300, and £275, re- spectively. Many of the wealthy wives and widows made their money in tavern-keeping.
A short survey of the conditions of commerce in New Amsterdam would not be complete without an inquiry as to the standings of the Jews here. When Portugal monopolized the trade of the Eastern seas, the bulk of the trade was in the hands of the Portu- guese Jews, and to the Dutch who then transshipped Oriental goods from the Tagus to the Texel the name Portuguese was synonymous with Jews. When Philip II, the oppressor of the Low Countries, took posses- sion of Portugal and the Jews were subjected to the tortures of the Inquisition, they found a welcome asy- lum in Amsterdam, where they were allowed the free exercise of their religion and where they still have many synagogues. They were not only tolerated, but they stood high in the councils of the nation and in art, and, particularly, in commerce. The ultra-secta- rians of the Protestant religion, like Stuyvesant, hated the Jew, and, like Cromwell in England, would gladly
348
DUTCH NEW YORK
have excluded and banished him; but to the level- headed Directors of a trading-company such a policy was naturally distasteful. However, for a long time the West India Company refrained from granting Jews Patroon rights, and frowned upon all attempts of mem- bers of that race to found colonies. In 1651, however, as a result of "continual coming," the Jews had evi- dently wearied the Directors, for they informed Stuy- vesant that they had licensed Jan de Illau to settle with some of his co-religionists at Curaçao as an experiment, although the Company shrewdly suspected that the real project of the "colony " was to trade thence to the West Indies and the Main. Three years later, a com- pany of Jews headed by Asser Levy arrived in New Amsterdam from the West Indies, and the popular prejudice against them, which was fully shared by Stuyvesant, immediately showed itself in published disabilities.
They were forbidden to train and mount guard with the trainbands for two reasons: - first, the disgust and unwillingness of these trainbands to be fellow-soldiers with the aforesaid nation and to be on guard with them in the same guardhouse and on the other side, that the said nation was not admitted or counted among the citi- zens, as regards trainbands, or common citizens' guards neither in the illustrious City of Amsterdam nor (to our knowledge) in any City in Netherland.
On Nov. 5, 1655, Jacob Barsimon and Asser Levy's petition to stand guard like other burghers of New Amsterdam, or to be relieved of the tax paid by other Jews, was refused, and the petitioners were told they might go elsewhere if they liked. On Dec. 23, 1655, Salvador Dandradi, a Jewish merchant, prayed for a deed of a house he had purchased at public auction,
349
MERCHANTS AND TRADE
being ready to pay the money. His petition was refused.
Instead of going elsewhere, they stayed; but, in view of their problematical ultimate destination, they asked to have a place allotted to them where they might bury their dead out of their sight. This request was refused on the ground that it was not yet necessary ; but one of their members, having obligingly removed the objection, on Feb. 22, 1656, the Jews were granted a burying-place outside the city.
The ostracizing of the Jews by Stuyvesant and his subordinates naturally aroused the indignation of the Directors in Holland, who, on June 14, 1656, wrote to Stuyvesant :
We have seen and heard with displeasure that against our orders of the 15th of February, 1655, issued at the request of the Jewish or Portuguese nation, you have forbidden them to trade to Fort Orange and the South River, also the purchase of real estate, which is granted to them without difficulty here in this country, and we wish it had not been done and that you had obeyed our orders which you must always execute punctually and with more respect : Jews or Portuguese people, however, shall not be employed in any public service (to which they are neither admitted in this city), nor allowed to have open retail shops, but they may quietly and peacefully carry on their business as before said and exercise in all quiet- ness their religion within their houses, for which end they must without doubt endeavour to build their houses close together in a convenient place on one or the other side of New Amsterdam - at their own choice - as they have done here.
They add :
The permission given to the Jews to go to New Nether- land and enjoy there the same privileges, as they have
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DUTCH NEW YORK
here, has been granted only as far as civil and political rights are concerned, without giving the said Jews a claim to the privilege of exercising their religion in a syna- gogue or at a gathering; as long therefore, as you re- ceive no request for granting them this liberty of religious exercise, your considerations and anxiety about this matter are premature and when later something shall be said about it, you can do no better than to refer them to us and await the necessary order.
On March 14, 1656, Abraham de Lucena, Jacob Cohen Henricque, Salvador Dandrada, Joseph Dacosta, and David Frera, petition that as they are taxed as other citizens they should have same rights in trading and acquiring real estate according to grant, Feb. 15, 1655.
On April 11, 1657, Asser Levy, a Jew, appears in Court requests to be admitted a Burgher; claims that such ought not be refused him as he keeps watch and ward (tocht en wacht) like other Burghers, shewing a Burgher certificate from the city of Amsterdam, that the Jew is burgher there. Which being deliberated on, 'tis decreed as before that it cannot be allowed and he shall apply to the Director-General and Council.
In the end, the local authorities had to give way, and the Jews were admitted to the right of citizenship in 1657.
INDEX
INDEX
AELST, W. van, 32, 102 Albums, 314
Anabaptists, 186, 189, 199
Anchorage ground, 324-325 Andros, Gov., 53, 192, 199 Apron, 61 Arabian gold, 337, 346 Arak, 268
Archery, 296
Arms of Amsterdam, The, 2, 3, 5
Assault with a glass, 270
BACKERUS, Johannes, 187 Backgammon, 297 Bakers, 126-127 Ball, 200 Bann dinners, 22I
Banns, laws regarding marriage, 209-210
Banns, marriage, 209-213 Baptism, 248
Baptisms, irregular, 249 Baptists, 189, 199, 200
Barber surgeons, 237-239
Barbers, ships', 238-239 Barentsen, Peter, 2
Barter, 346 Baxter, T. (pirate), 335 Beaker, IIO Beaver, The, 196 Beds, 83
Beeck, Johannes van, 212-214 Beer, 121, 229 Beers drunk in Holland, 267 Bellomont, Earl of, 225
Bells, hand, 129 Betrothal, 210, 217-220
23
Betrothal gifts, 217-218 Betrothal, infant, 207 Beverninck, 29 Bibles, 18I Bigamy, punishment for, 216
Bill of lading, 325
Billiards, 297
Birch-beaker, 270
Bird cutting, 296
Biscuit, lying-in, 247
Bitters, 268
Bleachery, 160
Block, Adriaen, I
Blom, Hendricus, 194-195
Bogardus, Dominie, 6, 17, 60, 159,
183, 185, 186
Books, 180-18I
Borsum (or Borssum), Egbert van, 44-45
Bouwerys, the Company's, 16-17
Bowery, Stuyvesant's, 42, 195-196
Bowne, John, 156, 191, 192
Boys, mischievous, 23
Brandy, 268
Brandy distillery, Kieft's, 276
Breach of promise, suits regarding, 210-2II Bread, 12I
Breads, festival, 300
Breakfast, 12I
Bressani, Father, 186
Breweries, early, in New Amster- dam, 276 Brewer's street, 48, 165
Brickman, quoted, 104, 136-137 Bricks, 39, 40, 41, 45, 54 Bride, 218, 220, 223-232 -
353
354
INDEX
Bride and groom, insult to, 227, 233-234 Bride's bouquet, 226 Bride's crown, 222, 226
Bride's dress, 220-221, 222, 223- 224 Bridesmaids, 218-219, 223
Bride's reception, 221-222
"Bride's Tears," 219, 226 Bride's veil, 224, 226
Bridegroom, 220
Bridegroom, dress of, 225
Bridegroom, gifts to, 226
Broad Street, 30, 319
Bundling, 207-208
Burgomasters, suit of, 72
Burial customs, 256-262
Burial of suicides, 260 Bush-burning, 12-14 Buttons, 71-72 Byrd, William, quoted, 54, 199
CAKE-PASTING, 298 Cakes, 125-126 Cakes festival, 301, 302
Cappoens, Cristina, 65, 67, 68, 104, 106, 110, 112, 114-115, 129, 18I Caps, 63 Cards, 297
Carrying into the Sea, 310
Carter, Capt. C., 74, 75, 76, 78, 79 Carters, 53, 296
Carts, 53, 296
Casket, 87
Castle Philipse, 47 Cattle, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 40, 160
Cattle fair, 315-316
Cattle, slaughter of, 315 Chairs, 87-88 Châtelaines, 56, 64, 217-218 Cheese, 125 Chess, 297
Children, clothes of, 69-70 Children, wills concerning, 147-149 Chocolate, 133 Chocolate-pot, 133
Christening-customs, 248-251 Christening-dinner, 250 Christening-gifts, 25I Christening-robes, 249-250 Christmas, 30I Church, 7, 41, 183-185
Church seat, 135-136
Churching feast, 248
Churching of women, 248
City improvements, 24 City Taverns, 271-272
Clarkson, Matthew, 74, 78, 80, 14I
Clarkson, Mrs. M., 59, 61, 62, 63
Classis of Amsterdam, 182, 194, 198 Cleaning, 122, 136-138
Cleef, Hendrick Christiaensen van, I.
Clergy, Dutch, 235
Cloaks, 79
Clothes, men's, 71-80
Clover leaf, 230, 269-27I
Clubbing the Cat, 292-293
Coffee, 121, 133
Collect, The, 312
Comforters of the Sick, 4, 164
Company's counting-house, 4 Confections, 125-126, 229
Confections, festival, 300
Consolers of the Sick, 182, 252
Conventicles, 189-190, 200
Coronets, bridal, 222-223
Corpse dressers, 255
Corrupt revenue officers, 339, 34I
Cortlandt, Catharine van, 46, 47
Cortlandt, Olaff Stevensz van, 45, 46, 82, III
Cortlandt, Stephanus van, 46 Cortlandt, van, house, 46
Counting-house, 342 Courtship, 208-209
Cox, Sarah, 98-99 Cox, William, 98
Crundall, Thomas, house of, 97 Cupboard. See Kast
Currency, 327, 346
Curtains, 88
Curtius, Alexander Carolus, 174-175 Cushions, 88
355
INDEX
DAMEN, Jan, lots of, 15-16 Dancing, 177-179, 230-23I Death customs, 252-255 Death robes, 253 Death "wade, " 253 Deldyke, L., 61, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 132, 297, 314 Delft ware, II3 De Vry, quoted, 220-22I Diamonds, 67-68 Dice-throwing, 297 Dinners at City Tavern, 273 Dinners, civic, 272 Dinners, complimentary, 273
Directors, the first, 3
Disc-throwing, 292 Divorce, 214-216 Doctors, Dutch, 235-237
Doctor's fees, 241-245 Dogs, 19-21, 134 Dolls' houses, 118 Donck, A. van der, quoted, Io-II, 12-14, 29, 32-34, 124 Dongan, Gov., 46, 54, 199
Dress, rich, of Dutch women, 56 Drink measures regulated, 276 Drinking, immoderate, laws against, 275 Drinking-vessels, 269
Drinks, Dutch, 219, 267, 312, 318 Drinks, favorite, in New Nether- land, 268 Drisius, Samuel, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 197, 198, 200 Drunkenness an excuse for forget- fulness, 265 Drunkenness, Dutch, 326 Drunkenness no crime, 265 Dutch service, 192-193 Dyck, Cornelis van, 90, IIO
EAST INDIA goods, 83, 336, 337, 340, 342 East India pictures, 107 Ebony, 81-82 English colonists, 7 Entombment, 256, 258
Excise cases in court, 285, 286 Excise laws, 276-284 Excursions, 309
FANS, 57 Farm, the Company's, 16 Farmers, clothes of, 80 Farm-houses, 14 Farms, 4, 14-15 Farral, Joseph, 73-74, 77, 78
Fast Days, 203, 204 Fences, 19, 21-22, 40
Fencing, 178 Fiddlers, 314 Fire, danger from, 50-5I
Fire-wardens, 50
Fish, 124-125
Fish suppers, 310
Fletcher Gov., 83, 336, 338, 340
Flowers, 27-30, 122
Food, 130
Foot-warmer, 135
Forks, 107, 108, 109, 110, 129 Fort, 6
Fort Amsterdam, 4, 5
Fort Orange, 2, 9, 40, 41
Fort Wilhelmus, 2
Fortune-telling, 204
Frederijcke, Krijn, 4 Free trade, 33I
French, 177
Fresh Water, the, 18, 19, 38 Fruits, 27-38
Funeral expenses, 261-263
Funeral feasts, 259, 260 Funeral pomp, 258 Furniture, 81-IOI
Fur trade, 2, 3
GALLOWS, IO Game, 17-18, 124 Games, 290-297 Games, winter, 311-314 Gaming-houses, 297 Garden, the Company's, 15, 30 Gardens, 14, 27-34 Gate City, 52, 53
356
INDEX
Gate, East River, 47 Gate, the Water, 47 Gideon, The, 156 Gin, 268 Glass, II7 Glass, window, 42-43
Glaziers, 42-43 Glover (pirate), 340 Gloves, 64, 77 Goats, 18, 19, 23, 26 Gold, Arabian, 337, 346 Gold headdress, case regarding, 65, 66-67 Golf, 290-291, 312 Governor's Island, 6 Graveraet, Mrs. E., 64, 65, 69, 77 Great Burgher right, 332
HARD drinking, 233, 27I Hardenbrook, Margaret, 46 Hats, 78-79
Head ornaments, 64-65
Heem, De, 32, 102
Heere Graght, 48 Hell Gate, 6, 3II
Herb garden, 33
Herring, The, 6 Hobbema, 103 Hockey, 312 Hogs, 18, 25-26
Hondius, 28, 31 Hoods, 63 Hoorn, Cornelis, 3 Hore (pirate), 340 Horses, 15, 17
Houses, 40-41, 42, 46, 47, 89-10I Houses, furnishing of, 97 Hudson, I Huges, Dr. J., 240, 243 Hulst, Willem van, 3 Hutchinson, Anne, 186 Huych, Jan, 4
ICE, games on the, 292, 311-313 Illiteracy, 172 Independents, 199 Indian convert, 187
Indian labor, 330 Indians, drunken, 330 Indians, harboring, 330 Indians, illicit trade with, 330 Industries of New Netherland, 343-
344 Injury, compensation for, 238 Inn, 44 Interiors, paintings of, 102-103 Irving, W., 58
JANS, Annetje, 60, 183 Jew burghers, 350 Jewels, 64-69, 222, 224-225 Jews, 127, 199, 347 Jews, disabilities of, 348-350 Jews, Stuyvesant's intolerance of, reproved, 349 Jew's-harps, 314 Jogues, Father, quoted, 8-9, 186 Jokes, practical, 233-234 Josselyn, John, quoted, 45 Justice, administration of, 3
KAETZEN, 290 Kas, kast, kasten, 83, 84-87, 93, 99 Kermis, 209, 315, 320 Kermis, Amsterdam, 316-317 Kidd, Capt., 98, 337, 338, 339 Kieft, Willem, 6, 7-8, 15, 16, 46, 184-186, 203, 315
Kierstede, surgeon, 183, 239, 241, 242 Kint in 't Water, 51-52 Kip, Jacob, house of, 45 Kissing, 3II
Kissing Bridge, 3II Klootbaan, 29I Klos, 29I Knight, Madam, quoted, 54-55, 200, 313 Krol, S. J., 4
LABARDIST Fathers, 36, 43 Lange, Dr. De, 57, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 88, 90-93, 104, 105-106, 107, 114, 116, 132, 180-181, 314
357
INDEX
Lange, Mrs. De, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 138 Latin, 174 Laws of trade, violation of, 332
Lawson, John, quoted, 56 Laying out the corpse, 253 Leisler, Jacob, 198 Le Nôtre, 28 Levy, Asser, 62, 68, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 108, 129 Levy, Mrs. Asser, 57, 59, 61 Libraries, 180 Life, daily, 120 Linen, household, 138-142 Linen, table, 127-128 Liqueurs, 268
Live-stock, care in transporting, 32I Long Island (pirate resort), 337 Long Island, religious services on, 188, 196 Lutherans, 199 Luyck, Ægidius, 175 Lying-in, 247
Mackerel, The, 2 Madagascar, a pirate clearing- house, 336, 337, 338, 339 Mahogany, 82 Maize, 14, 34 Manhattan Island, population of, 4 Manhattes, Island of, purchased, 3 Marchpane, 125, 126, 227, 300 Marius, Peter J., 65, 67, 68, 109, 129, 141, 262 Marius, Peter J., house of, 93-95 Market days, 316 Marketing, 123-125 Marriage, ceremony of, 21, 226-227 Marriage of poor people, 232 Marsepein. See Marchpane Marshes, 18 Mason (pirate), 340 Masquerading, 304 Mauritius River, 1, 2, 3 May Day, 301-302, 305-306 May-pole decorated with rags, 234 May-poles, 301, 302, 305, 306
May-tree, 307 Meal, noonday, 130 Medals, funeral, 263 Medals, wedding, 230 Medicinal plants, 245-246
Megapolensis, 187, 189, 194, 197, 198 Megapolensis, Samuel, 197-198 Melons, 32 Merchant, subservient to wife, 343 Merry Mount in the Fort, 305 Michaëlius, 182 Mignon, 32, 102 Miller, John, quoted, 18, 200
Milt, A. De, IOI Minister, regulations regarding, 186-187 Minuit, Peter, 2, 4, 5, 6, 182, 183 Mirrors, 88-89
Montagne River, I, 2 Montanus, quoted, 9-10, II-12, 37
Moody, Lady Deborah, 186
Morris, Lewis, 156, 157, 193
Mourning, 235-236
Mourning-gloves, 261 Mourning-hatbands, 261
Mourning-rings, 261
Mourning-scarfs, 261
Muff, 57 Murderer's Island, 2
NECKWEAR, men's, 74-75 Neer, Aert van der, 103 Negro Quarter, 155 Negroes, 26, 82, 153-157, 196 Negroes, the Company's, 156-157, 160
New Amsterdam, city, 24 New Amsterdam, streets of, 47-53 New Amsterdam, view of, from bay, 324 New Netherland, The, 1, 2 New Year's Day, 203, 301-302, 306 Nicholas, Saint. Saint
See
Nicholas. Nieuwenhuys, William, 198 Nut Island, 6 Nutwood, 3, 82, 86
358
INDEX
ORCHARDS, 36-38 Oriental goods, 83, 107, 108 Orphans, 136-152 Ort, Sarah, 110, 116
PALISADES, the, 47, 48 Palms, wedding, 227
Parival, De, quoted, 105, 136-137
Parrot, 134-135 Partridge, Elizabeth, 59, 61, 62, 63, 128, 129, 14I
Passage money, 322
Patroons, 4
Peaches, 36-37
Pearl necklace, 225
Pearl pins, case regarding, 69
Pearl Street, 6, 39
Peasants, costume of, 70-71
Penn, Wm., 156
Perfumes, 64
Petticoat, 58-60
Pets, 134
Pewter, 112-II3
Philipse, Frederick, 46
Pictures, 103-107
Pigs, 23, 24
Pinkster, 307
Pipe, bridegroom's, 218-219
Piracy, 333-34I
Pirates, harboring, 335
Piratical New York merchants, 336-34I Plak, the, 166, 168-169
Playmates, 218, 219, 226, 228, 235 Play-youths, 218, 219
See Pulling
Plucking the Goose. the Goose Polhemus, J. T., 188
Porcelain, 113-117
Presbyterians, 199 Prince's Island, 2
Princess, The, 8, 186
Privateering, 34I
Pulling the Goose, 293-296 Pumpkin, 33 Punishments, 108-109
QUAKERS, 189, 191, 192, 193-194, 199, 200 Queester, 208
RACING with carts, 296
Rain dress, the, 60 Rapelje, Sara de, III
Rasieres, De, 4 Religion, 8, 179-180, 199-200
" Remonstrance," quotations from, 155, 162
Rensselaer, Dominie N. van, 106, 115, 142, 180
Rensselaer, Patroon van, 6, 9, 225 Rensselaerswyck, Colony of, 7, 9
Riding the Goose, 304. See Pulling the Goose
Rijks Museum, 117
Rings, finger, 222, 224, 225
Roelantsen, Adam, 6, 159-161
Roelofs, Sara, 172
Roman Catholics, 199
Rombouts, F., 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 99-100, 110, 115
Romeyn, The, 162
Rommel-pot, 304
Rosa Solis, 268
Ruffs, 62-63
Ruisdael, 103
Ruysch, Rachel, 32, 102
SABBATH-BREAKING, 285-288 Sacredaan, 87, 88
Sailors' freight, 333
Saint Martin's Eve, 308-309
Saint Martin's fires, 309
Saint Martin's goose 308-309 Saint-Martin-shake-the-basket-day, 309
Saint Nicholas, 125, 126, 297-299
Saint Nicholas bread, 298, 300
Saint Nicholas cake, 298, 300 Saint Nicholas Church, 297
Saint Nicholas Eve, 297, 300
Saint Nicholas rhymes, 298, 299 Salisbury, Capt. Sylvester, 77, 148 Samare, 60-61
359
INDEX
Sausage-making evening, 314-315 Sauzeau, Mme., 129 Schœyinge, the, 47 Schoolmaster, the, 167-168 Schoolmaster, the first, 6 Schoolmasters, 159-165 Schools, 158, 159, 166, 169, 172-173
Schools, girls', 170 Schools, Latin, 174-177 Scotchmen, 332 Sea Mew, The, 2
Seawan, 327-329 Selyns, Henricus, 195-196, 198 Senneca, 297 Servants, 143-157
Sheep, 18, 23 Shelly, G. (pirate), 83, 338 Shipbuilding in New Netherland, 324 Shipping regulations, 324-325 Ships, names of, 323-324 Shoes, 64, 77
Shoes, Saint Nicholas supposed to fill, 299 Shop goods, 57-58, 345, 346 Shops, 344 Shrove-tide, 294, 304-3º5
Shrove Tuesday, 293, 296, 303-304
Sick, Comforters of the, 4. Se
Consolers of the Sick
Silver, 107-112 Skates, 312 Skating, 311-313 Skittles, 291-292 Sleepy Hollow Church, 47 Sleeve, 62 Sleighing, 311-313 Small Burgher right, 332 Smith, Col. William, 74, 79, IIO Smuggling, 24, 278, 333-334 Soldiers, first, 6 Spoons, 107, 108, 109, IIO Sport, 296 Squash, 33 Stadt Huys, 40 Staple right, 33I Staten Island, 5
States-General, 3 Steen, Jan, Parrot Cage, 102, 103, 126, 300 Steenwyck, C., 48, 57, 68, 69, 72- 73, 74, 76, 79, 86, 106, 109, 122, 128, 130, 134, 138, 141, 156 Steenwyck, C., house of, 93-95 Stockings, 70, 76-77 Stomacher, the, 63 Storehouse, the Company's, 331 Strand, the, 39, 47, 319
Streets, 47-53 Streets, filth in the, 25-26
Streets, lighting of, 53
Stuyvesant, 24, 47, 135, 147, 150, 161, 162, 187, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200, 206, 293, 302, 318 Stuyvesant Bouwery, 164 Stuyvesant, dinner to, 273 Stuyvesant, garden of, 42 Stuyvesant, house of, 42
Succotash, 34 Suicides, 260 Sunday closing, 275, 279, 283
Sunday, holiday making on, 309
Sunday, keeping of, 200-203
Sunday, laws regarding, 200-203 Sunday, profanation of, 185-186 Superstition, 204-206 Supper, 134 Surgeons in New Netherland, 239- 24I Swords, 79-80 Sylvester, N., 99, 116, 142
TABLES, 87 Table-ware, 128 Tankards, IIO, III Tap-houses, grades of, 274 Tavern, 10
Tavern brawling, 272, 288 Tavern dinners, 272 Tavern games, 291, 297 Tavern keepers. women, 347
Tavern life in Holland, 265 Taverns, civic importance of, 265- 266
360
INDEX
Taverns, Dutch, good and bad, 266 | Voyage, Atlantic, 321 Taylor, Dr. H., 244 Taylor, Matthew, 57 Tea, 132-133 Tea, afternoon, 132 Teaching, 170
Tew (pirate), 340
Thanksgiving Day, 203
Three Kings, The, 5
Three Kings' Night, 302-303 Tienhoven, quoted, 14
Tiles, 42, 54-55
Tobacco, 37
Tobacco house, 17
Toys, 119
Toys, silver, 108
Trade, 346
Trade commodities, 325-326
Trade, Indian, 327-329
Trade, volume of (1624-35). 326
Traders. women, 347
Treating, 269
Trees, 12
Trousseau, 232-233
Twelfth Night, 302-303
Twelfth Night Cake, 302
Twiller, Wouter van, 6, 16, 159, 183 Tulip mania, 28, 30
Union, The, 6 Utrecht Museum, miniature house in, 118
VARICK, Mrs. Margarita Visboom van, 65, 67-68, 72, 83, 88, 104, 106, 108, 119, 122, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 180, 199, 30I Varick, Rudolphus van, 198, 199 Varleth, Judith. See Verleth Vasten avond, 303 Vegetables, 14, 27, 33 Velde, Adriaen van de, 103 Verleth, Casper, 212-214 Verleth, Judith, 21-22, 206, 214 Verleth, Maria, 212-214 Voorhuis, 89-91
Vries, De, quoted, 183-184 Vries, P. R. de, 46
WADE, 253 Walking-sticks, 79-80 Wall Street, 47
Walloons, I, 182 Wampum, 327-329
Wassenaer, quoted, 17-18
Watch, Burgher, 52
Watch, Citizen's, 52
Watch, Rattle, 52
Watkins, Ann, 61, 62, 63
Wedding, 22I Wedding-dinner, 228-230
Wedding-entertainments, 233
Wedding-gifts, 222, 231-232
Wessels, Dr. H., 240, 244, 245 West India Company, I, 2, 5, 6, 15, 40, 150, 153, 158, 182, 186, 194, 197 Westerbaen, 29
Whipping-post, IO
Whitehall, 39, 42, 319
Whitsuntide, 307-308
Whitsuntide bride, 307-308
Wigs, 78
Williams, Roger, 33
Winder, John, house of, 98
Windmill, 4, 39
Wine, 37 Wines drunk in Holland, 229, 267 Wines, wedding, 229
Witchcraft, 204-206 Witchcraft, trials for, 206
Witches, 204-205
Witch-finders, 205 Wittepaert, The, 156 Wolves, 19
Woods, 12, 81-83
Woolley, quoted, 313
Wounded, care of, 238
Zee-dragen. See Carrying into the Sea Zoutberg, De, 6
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