USA > New York > Orleans County > Gazetteer and business directory of Orleans County, N.Y. for 1869 > Part 6
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Letters.
COUNTRIES.
News
papers.
"phlets!
per oz.
Acapulco ..
10
Argentine Republic, 22d each month from N. Y ..
18
25
Axpinwall.
10
Australia, British Mail, via Panama.
2.2
6
Bahamas, by direct steamer from New York.
5
2
Bogota, New Granada.
18
6
Bolivia.
34
6
Brazils, 22d each month from New York.
*10
2
Buenos Ayres. 22d each month from New York.
18
25
Canada, any distance. (if not prepaid, 10 cts.)
* 6
2
Central America, Pacific Slope, via Panama
10
Chili. British Mail, via Panama,
34
China. via San Francisco.
10
2
Costa Rica
10)
2
Cuba .
10
2
Ecuador, British Mail, via Panama
3.1
6
Guatemala
10
Havana ..
10
2
Honduras
10
Japan, via San Francisco.
10
Mexico ...
18
25
Nassan. N. Prov., by direct steamer from N. Y.
5
New Brunswick.
*10
Newfoundland. (15 c. if over 3.000 miles).
10
2
New Granada, (except Aspinwall and Panama).
18
6
Nicaragua. Pacitic Slope, via Panama
34
6
Novia Scotia (* 15 cte. if over 3.000 miles).
10
Panama
3-4
6
Porto Rico, Bri'sh Mail, via Havana or San Juan
18
4
Prince Edward's Island. funder 3.000.miles).
10
2
Turk's Island ... .
10
Uruguay, by Am. pkt. 22d each month from N. Y.
18
25
.
10
Vancouver's Island.
18
4
Venezuela. British Mail. via Aspinwall
10
3
do by American Ven. packet.
The recent postal treaty with Great Britain provides that besides letters and newspa- pers. "book packets," and "packets of patterns and samples," may be sent. Such packets-
1. Must contain no writing.
2. Must be fully prepaid (6 cents per 4 ounces from the U. S., or 3 pence sterling from Great Britain.)
3. Must be open at the ends to allow inspection.
Samples of merchandise must not be of intrinsic value.
Dutiable articles-books, music, &c., sent from Great Britain to the United States. mast. in addition to the postage, pay the regular duties, which are-On books and engravings, 25 per cent .; music and photographs, 30 per cent.
If letters or articles sent to Italy are not prepaid, or are insufficiently paid, they will be charged with deficient postage, and subject to fine, on arrival at their destination.
10
do Gulf Coast of.
*10)
Porn. British Mail, via Panama ...
*10
Sandwich Islands, by mail to San Francisco.
34
6
Hong Kong, via San Francisco.
10
Montevideo, 22d each month from N. Y.
++ ++:00
8
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44
RULES FOR DETECTING COUNTERFEIT BANK NOTES.
Infallible Rules for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes.
RULE 1st .- Examine the shading of the | fine letters. Counterfeits never bear the letters in title of Bank called LATHEWORK, imprint perfect. This rule should be strict- ly observed, as it is infallible in detecting counterfeits. which in genuine notes presents an even, straight, light and silky appearance, gen- erally so fine and smooth as to appear to be all in one solid. pale body. In the counter- feit the lines are coarse and irregular, and in many of the longer lines breaks will be perceived, thus presenting a very inferior finish in comparison togenuine work.
2d .- Observe the dies, circles and ovals in the genuine; they are composed of a network of lines, which, by crossing each other at certain angles, produce an endless variety of figures ; SEE THRONE CENT STAMP ATTACHED. The fine line alone is the . unit which enables you to detect spurions work. In the counterfeit, the REPRESENTED whitelines are coarse, irregular, and cross each other in a confused, irregular manner, thus producing blurred and imperfect figures.
3d .- Examine the form and features of all human figures on the note. In the gen- uine, the texture of the skin is represented by fine dots and lines intermixed. In the eyes, the pupil is distinctly visible, and the white clearly seen : the nose, mouth and chin, well formed, natural and expressive ; the lips are slightly ponting, and the chin well thrown out: and the delicate shading of the neck perfectly harmonize- with the rest of the figure. Observe the tingers and toes ; they should be clearly and accurately detined. The hair of the head should show the fine strands and present a natural ap- pearance. The folds of the drapery of hi- man figures should lay natural and present a fine, finished appearance. In the counter- feit the female figure does not bear the natural prominence in outlines: observe. the eyes and shading surrounding does not present the lifelike appearance it should. The tigers and toes are not properly and proportionately defined ; the hair does not hear that soft and finished appearance as in the genuine.
5th .- In the genuine note the landscapes are well finished : trees and shrubs are neatly drawn ; the limbs well proportioned. and the foliage presenting a fine natural appearance : clear sky is formed of fine parallel lines, and when clouds or heavy skies appear, they cross each other. and bear a soft, smooth and natural appear- ance. The perspective, showing a view of the surrounding country, is always clear and distinct. The small figures in the background are always plainly seen, and their ontlines and general character re- cognized. Ships are well defined and the canvass has a clear texture : railroad cars are very accurately delineated : in examin- ing a train observe carefully the car miost distant. In the counterfeit the landscape is usually poorly executed : the leaves of I trees poorly and unnaturally defined .- The lines representing still water are scratchy rather than parallel, the sky is represented generally in like manner, and where rolling clouds are to be seen, the unnatural effect is obvious. Domestic animals are generally poorly executed, particularly the head and limbs ; the eyes are seldom clearly defined. Ships are poorly drawn, the texture of the canvass coarse and inferior in style of workman- ship, thus giving an artificial appearance. Railroad cars are also poorly executed : the car farthest from the eye is usually the most imperfect. The perspective is always imperfect, the figures in the background can seldom be recognized.
6th .- Bills altered from a smaller to a higher denomination, can readily be de- tected by a close observer. in cousequence of the striking difference between the paris which have been extracted and the rest of the note. This difference is readily per- ceived in the lack of color, body and fini-h of the dye; we have seen bills where the
4th .- Examine the imprint or engraver's names in the evenness and shape of the | surrounding shading in altered dies Was
45
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
too dark, but from the back or finish of the |tected by observing first the state, second white lines you have a sure test. Again the title or name of the bank, third the town or location. observe particularly the words " Five " or " Ten Dollars " as the case may be, denot- ing the denomination of the note; the parallel outlines and shading (if any) are coarse and imperfect. Alterations are fre- quently made by pasting a greater denomi- nation over a smaller, but by holding the bill up to the light, the fraud will be per- ceived. Another method resorted to is to cut out the figures in the dies as well as the words one dollar, or the words two or three as the case may be, and with a sharp eraser, scrape down the ends and also the edges of the pieces to be inserted: when the pieces thus prepared are affixed they are hardly perceivable; but by passing the note through the hand. so as to feel the die both with the finger and thumb at the same time, the fraud will be de- tected by the stiffness of the outer edges, " occasioned by the gum or method adopted" in affixing the parts. The letter S should always be examined, as in many alterations it is pasted or stamped at the end of the word " dollar ;" and even when stamped there, the carrying out of the ont- lines for its shading will readily show the frand. Bills of broken banks are frequent- ly altered by extracting the name of bank, state and town; they may readily be de-
GENERAL REMARKS IN REFERENCE TO COUNTERFEITS .- The paper on which they are printed is generally of a very inferior quality, with less body, finish and tough- ness than bank note paper has. The ink generally lacks the rich luster of the gen- uine; the red letters and figures are gen- erally imperfect, and the ink does not pre- seut the vermillion hue as it should. The printing is generally inferior, nsnally ex- hibiting specks of white in the most promi- nent letters. The date and filling up, and the President's and Cashier's names are generally written by the same person, although in many instances they present a different appearance. There are bills in circulation bearing either genuine dies or vignettes ; but upon close examination you will be enabled to detect any spurions bill, whether counterfeit or altered, by the instructions here given, if persevered in for a short time. We beg to suggest. it time will admit, the learner should examine minutely every bill he receives. A pow- erful pocket magnifying glass, which can be purchased for from fifty cents to one dol- lar at any of the opticians, will greatly en- able you to see and comprehend the differ- ence between gennine aud spurious work.
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
What will my readers give to know how | her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander to get rich ? Now, I will not vouch that upon the dear blind lady. the following rules will enable every per- Although wealth often appears the result of mere accident, or a fortunate concur- rence of favorable circumstances without any exertion of skill or foresight. yet any man of sound health and nnimpaired mind may become wealthy, if he takes the prop- er steps. son who may read them to acquire wealth ; but this I will answer for, that if ever a man does grow rich by honest means, and retains his wealth for any length of time, he must practice upon the principles laid down in the following es-ay. The re- marks are not original with me, but I strongly commend them to the attention of every young man, at least as affording the true secret of snecess in attaining wealth. A single perusal of such an essay at an impre-sible moment, has sometimes A very wonderful effect upon the disposi- tion and character.
Foremost in the list of requisites are honesty and strict integrity in every trans- action of life. Let a man have the reputa- tion of being fair and upright in his deal- ings, and he will possess the confidence of all who know him. Without these qualities every other merit will prove unavailing. Ask concerning a man, "Is he active and capable ?" Yes. " Indu-trious, temper- ate and regular in his habits ?"-Oh yes. "Is he honest! Is he trustworthy ?" Why, as to that, I am sorry to say that he is not to be trusted ; he needs watching : he is a little tricky, and will take an undue advantage, if he can. "Then I will have
Fortune, they ray, is a fickle dame-full of her freaks and caprices : who blindly distributes her favore without the slightest discrimination. So inconstant. so waver- ing is she represented, that her most frith- ful votaries can place no reliance on her promires. Disappointment, they tell us. Is the lot of those who make offerings at | nothing to do with him," will be the in-
46
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
variable reply. Why, then, is honesty the | Argus beforehand, and the hundred hands best policy ? Because, without it, you will of Briarins afterwards. get a bad name, and everybody will shun you.
A character for knavery will prove an in- surmountable obstacle to success in al- most every undertaking. It will be found that the straight line is, in business, as in geometry, the shortest. In a word, it is almost impossible for a dishonest man to
acquire wealth by a regular process of bns- | time in doing it. Without this method all iness, because he is shunned as a depreda- tor upon society.
Needy men are apt to deviate from the rule of integrity, under the plea that ne- cessity knows no law ; they might as well add that it knows no shame. The course is suicidal, and by destroying all confidence, ever keeps them immured in poverty. although they may possess every other quality for success in the world.
Punctuality. which is said to be the soul of business, is another important element in the art of money getting. The man known to be scrupulously exact in the ful- fillment of his engagements, gains the
confidence of all, and may command ail : gable attention to business. Persevering the means he can use with advantage : : diligence is. the Philosopher's stone. which whereas, a man careless and regardless of turns everything to gold. Constant. regn- his promises in money matters will have . lar, habitual and systematic application to every purse closed against him. Therefore business, must in time, it properly directed, be prompt in your payments. produce great results. It must lead to
Next, let us consider the advantages of : wealth, with the same certainty that pov- a cautious circunispection in our inter- erty follows in the train of idleness and inattention. It has been truly remarked that he who follows his amusements in- stead of his business, will, in a short time, course with the world. Slowness of be- lief and a proper distrust are essential to success. The credulous and confiding are ever the dupes of knaves and impostors. I have no business to follow. Ask those who have lost their property The art of money-saving is an important how it happened, and you will find in : part of the art of money-getting. Without
most cases that it has been owing to mis-
placed confidence. One has lost by en- | few would be poor. Those who consume dorsing, another by crediting. another : as fast as they produce, are on the road to rnin. As most of the poverty we meet with grows out of idleness and extrava-
by false representations; all of which a | little more foresight and a little more di -- trust would have prevented. In the af- . Lance, so most large fortunes have been fairs of this world men are not saved by . the result of habitual industry and frugali- faith. but by the want of it.
Judge of men by what they do, not by what they say. Believe in looks rather than words. Observe all their movements. Ascertain their motives and their ends. Notice what they say or do in their nh- guarded moments, when under the inthi- ' selves.
frugality no one can become rich ; with it, ty. The practice of economy is as neces- sary in the expenditure of time as of money. They say if " we take care of the pence the pounds will take care of them- >elves." So, if we take care of the minutes, the days will take care of them-
-.
ence of excitement. The passions have ! The acquisition of wealth demands as been compared to tortures which force men i much self-denial, and as many sacrifices to reveal their secrets. Before trusting a of present gratification, as the practice of man, before putting it in his power to . virtue itself. Vice and poverty proceed. in cause you a los, possess yourself of every ; some degree, from the same sources, available information relative to him. namely-the disposition to sacrifice the Learn his history, his habits, inclinations . future to the present ; the inability to fore- and propensities : his reputation for honor, .go A small present pleasure for great future industry, frugality and punctuality; his advantages. Men fait of fortune in this prospects, resources, supports, advantages world, as they fall of happiness in the and disadvantages ; his intentions and mo- | world to come. simply because they are un . willing to deny themselves momentary en- happiness.
tives of action; who are his friends and ! enemies, and what are his good or bad qual- | joyments for the sake of permanent future ities. You may learn a man's good qualities ' and advantages from his friends-his bad Every large city is filled with persons. who. in order to support the appearance of wealth, constantly live beyond their in- contracting debts which are never paid. qualities and disadvantages from his ene- mies. Make dne allowance for exaggeration in both. Finally, examine carefully before | come, and make up the deficiency by engaging in anything. and act with energy afterwards. Have the hundred eyes of | Others, there are, the mere drones of so-
Order and system in the management of business must not be neglected. Nothing contributes more to dispatch. Have a place for everything and everything in its place ; a time for everything, and every- thing in its time. Do first what presses most, and having determined what is to be done, and how it is to be done, lose no
is hurry and confusion, little or nothing is accomplished, and business is attended to with neither pleasure nor profit.
A polite, affable deportment is recom- mended. Agreeable manners contribute powerfully to a man's success. Take two Inen, possessing equal advantages in every other respect, but let one be gentlemanly, kind, obliging and conciliating in his man- ners ; the other harsh, rude and disobliging; and the one will become rich, while the other will starve.
We are now to consider a very important principle in the business of money-getting, namely-Industry - persevering, indefati-
47
HOW TO SECURE THE PUBLIC LANDS.
clety, who pass their days in idleness, and subsiet by pirating on the hives of the in- dustrious. Many who run a short lived career of splendid beggary, could they be but persuaded to adopt a system of rigid economy for a few years, might pass the remainder of their days in affluence. Bnt no! They must keep up appearances, they must live like other folks.
Their debts accumulate: their credit fails ; they are harassed by duns, and be- sieged by constables and sheriff. In this extremity, as a last resort, they submit to a shameful dependence, or engage in crim- inal practices which entail hopeless wretch- edness and infamy on themselves and familiea.
Stick to the business in which you are regularly employed. Let speculators make thousands in a year or a day ; mind your own regular trade, never turning from it to the right hand or to the left. If you are a merchant, a professional man, or a me- chanic, never buy lots or stocks, unless you have surplus money which you wish to invest. Your own business you under- stand as well as other men ; but other peo- ple's business you do not understand. Let your business be some one which is useful to the community. All anch occu- pations possess the elements of profit in themselves.
How to Secure the Public Lands,
OR THE ENTRY OF THE SAME UNDER THE PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD LAWS.
The following circular gives all necessary | tract, with its area : the Register will then information as to the procedure necessary in purchasing and securing the public lands :
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. GEN'L LAND OFFICE, July 19, 1865. 5
Numerous questions having arisen as to the mode of procedure to purchase public lands, or acquire title to the same by bounty land locations, by pre-emptions or by home- stead. this circular is communicated for the information of all concerned.
In order to acquire title to public lands the following steps must be taken :
1. Application inn-t be made to the Reg- ister of the district land office in which the lind de-ired may be situated.
A list of all the land offices in the United States is furnished by the Department, with the seats of the different offices. where it is the duty of the Register.and Receiver to be in attendance, and give proper facilities and information to persons desirous of obtaining lands.
The minimum price of ordinary public lands is $1.25 per acre. The even or re- served sections falling within railroad grants are increased to double the minimnin price, being $2.50 per acre.
Lands once offered at public sale, and not afterwards kept ont of market by reserva- tion, or otherwise, so as to prevent free competition, may be entered or located.
certify to the receiver whether the land is vacant, with its price ; and when' found to be so, the applicant must pay that price per acre, or may locate the same with land warrant, and thereafter the Receiver will give him a "duplicate receipt." which he is required to surrender previous to the delivery to him of the patent, which may be had either by application for it to the Register or to the General Land Office.
3. If the tract has not been offered at public sale it is not liable to ordinary pri- vate entry, but may be seenred by a party legally qualified, upon his compliance with the requirements of the pre-emption laws of 4th September, 1811. and 3d March, 1-43; and after such party shall have made ac- tual settlement for such a length of time as will show he designs it for his perma- nent home, and is acting in good faith, building a honse and residing therein, he may proceed to the district land office. es- tablish his pre-emption claim according to law, by proving his actual residence and cultivation, and showing that he is other- wise within the purview of these acts .- Then he can enter the land at $1.25, either in cash or with bounty land warrant, naloss the premises should be $2,50 acre lands. In that case the whole purchase-money can be paid in cash, or one-half in cash, the residue with a bonnty land warrant.
4. But if parties legally qualified desire to obtain title under the flomestead Act
2. By the applicant tiling with the Regis- ter his written application describing the ' of Juth May, 1502, they can do so on com-
48
LAW MAXIMS.
plying with the Department Circular, dated | 30th October. 1862. .
5. The law confines Homestead entries to surveyed lands ; and although, in cer- tain States and Territories noted in the snb- joined list, pre-emptors may go on land be- fore survey, yet they can only establish their claim after return of survey, but must file their pre-emption declaration within three months after receipt of official plat, at the local land-office where the settlement was made before survey. Where, however. it was made after survey, the claimant innst fille within three months after date of set- tlement : and where actual residence and cultivation have been long enough to show
that the claimant has made the land his permanent home, he can establish his claim and pay for the same at any time before the date of the public sale of land- within the range in which his settlement may fall.
6. All nnoffered surveyed lands not ac- quired under pre-emption, homestead. or otherwise, under express legal sanction. inuet be offered at public sale under the President's Proclamation, and struck off to the highest bidder, as required by act of April 24, 1820.
J. M. EDMUNDS. Commissioner General Land Onice.
LAW MAXIMS.
1. A promise of a debtor to give " satis- | factory security" for the payment of a por- tion of his debt, is a sufficient considera- tion for a release of the residue by his creditor.
2. Administrators are liable to account for interest on funds in their hands, al- though no profit shall have been made npon them, unless the exigencies of the estate rendered it prudent that they should hold the funds this uniuvested.
3. Any person who voluntarily becomes an agent for another, and in that capacity obtains information to which as a stranger he could have had no access, is bound in subsequent dealing with his principal, as purchaser of the property that formed the subject of his agency, to communicate such information.
4. When a house is rendered untenanta- ble in consequence of improvements inade on the adjoining lot. the owner of such cannot recover damages, because it is pre- suined that he had knowledge of the ap- proaching danger in time to protect him- self from it.
6. A person who has been led to sell goods by means of false pretenses, cannot recover them from one who has purchased them in good faith from the fraudulent vendor.
7. An agreement by the holder of a note to give the principal debtor time for pay- ment, withont depriving himself of the right to sue, does not discharge the surety.
8. A seller of goods who accepts, at the time of sale, the note of a third party, not endorsed by the buyer, in payment. can- not in case the note is not paid, hold the bayer responsible for the value of the goods.
9. A day-book copied from a "blotter" in which charges are firet made, will not be received in evidence as a book of origi- nal entries.
10. Common carriers are not liable for extraordinary results of negligence that could not have been foreseen by ordinary skill and foresight.
11. A bidder at a Sheriff's sale may re- tract his bid at any time before the prop- erty is kuocked down to him, whatever may be the conditions of the sale.
12. Acknowledgment of debt to a stran- ger does not preclude the operation of the statute.
5. When a merchant ship is abandoned by order of the master. for the purpose of saving life, and a part of the crew subse- 13. The fruits and grass on the farin heir. quently meet the vessel so abandoned and for garden of an intestate descend to the bring her safe into port, they will be enti- tled to salvage.
14. Agents are solely liable to their pri :- cipals.
15. A deposit of money in bank by a lini -- band, in the name of his wife, enrvives to her.
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