USA > New York > Oneida County > History of Oneida County, New York : with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 62
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In 1846, $17,000 were appropriated for completing the wings ; $15,000. for furniture, furnaces, fixtures, etc. ; $5000 for supplying water; and $3000 for various other purposes.
In 1860, a body of land lying on the flats of the Mo- hawk River, containing forty-eight acres, was purchased at a cost of $10,880. This is devoted exclusively to the production of grass, of which large quantities are cut an- Dually. Various improvements and additions have been made from time to time, and the total amount of land now connected with the institution is about 200 acres, including lawn, meadow, and cultivated land.
The total value of the property on the 30th day of No- vember, 1877, was as follows :
200 acres of land valued at ..
$24,878.84
Buildings
637,065.58
Total
.$661,944.42
Important alterations and improvements have been made from time to time in the arrangements of the offices, halls, rooms, etc., and particularly in the direction of heating and ventilation. . The original plans. made no arrangements whatever for ventilation, other than that afforded by the necessary doors and windows .-
The first attempt, at systematic ventilation was made about 1851, since which, time continuous improvements have been made, until the system is as nearly perfect as human knowledge admits of, The apparatus in use con- sists of two immense fans, which furnish, in cold weather, fifty cubic feet per minute of fresh air to each patient in the institution, and during the warm season one hundred and fifty feet per minute. The system adopted for heating purposes is that of steam by indirect radiation, and its snc- cess is best illustrated by the remarkably even temperature maintained throughout the winter months, the variation not exceeding three degrees for the months of December; January, February, and March, the average being about 70° F.
The farm of 200 acres is largely in cultivation, and the : main source of labor supply is from among the inmates of the asylum, who labor according to a careful estimate of their physical and mental capacity, and. are never overworked. It is only comparatively a very few years since the insane have been treated as human beings. Any one familiar with Ho- garth's pictures of the English Bedlam, will understand what is meant. Formerly this unfortunate class was chained in dark, ill-ventilated rooms, without clothing or fire in many instances,-in short, treated precisely as a dog would be which had symptoms of rabies. If in a public institution, which was inferior to a respectable cattle corral, they were herded together promiscuously, without regard to sex or condition. To realize the immense change in their condition, one needs but to look at a picture of Bedlam as it appeared in Eng- land a few years ago, and they visit a noble State charity, like the one located in the city of Utica.
The institution is provided with extensive shops, filled with materials and necessary tools, for the use of the inmates. The main building is. 121 by 27 feet in dimensions, and here there is ample opportunity given to the mechanical genins of every one, and the beautiful specimens of marine architecture turned out by some of the patients amply tes- tify to the value of this department as a means of both employment and recreation. The library contains upwards of 2000 volumes of selected reading matter, and during the year 1876, 35,200 newspapers were furnished the in- mates. Musical instruments are provided, and many inno- cent games, both indoors and outdoors, are allowed ; and one would scarcely suspect any mental derangement while watching a game of draughts in the halls, or a croquet party under the shade of the beautiful trees upon the lawn. At the extremities of the main or front building large, airy, and well-lighted balconies, or immense bay-windows, have been constructed in each of the different stories, which add greatly to the convenience and pleasantness of the wards, and furnish most agreeable lounging-rooms, espe- cially in the cold months and in rainy weather in summer. They are a decided feature of the institution. All the dif- ferent apartments, including halls, dining-rooms, parlors,
236
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
sleeping-rooms, pantries, closets, etc., are kept wonderfully sweet and clean, and the whole establishment resembles, in all its appointments, much more a well-regulated and well- patronized leading hotel in one of our great cities than a place of confinement for demented people.
The lawn and adjacent grounds are finely laid out and beautifully ornamented with a great variety of native and foreign deciduous and evergreen trees, some of them of a very large growth, shrubs, exotics, flowers, etc.
The grounds of the sexes are separate from each other, the men having a large area containing several acres for re- creation, well shaded by noble trees, while the women have, in addition, a large and finely-stocked flower-garden, with everything beautiful, comfortable, and most agreeable around them.
For several years from the time the institution was opened the basement rooms were occupied by the patients; but about 1850-51 this plan was given up, and the rooms were gradually abandoned, and since 1853 have not been used for such purpose. During the process of vacating the basement there was an apparent decrease in the capacity of the institution (though not a real one) from 495 total ca- pacity, Nov. 30, 1848, to 423. Modifications and additions have since brought the accommodations up to a total capa- city of 600, that being the number of patients which can be domiciled at the present time.
The buildings are finely located in the west part of the city, on commanding ground, and present prominent objects of interest to one approaching: the city from various direc- tions. The front or main structure is built of heavy Tren- ton limestone, with the central building ornamented by a lofty and commanding portico, with six enormous, fluted Dorie columns, eight feet in diameter at the base and forty- eight feet in height. The columns are constructed of heavy blocks of the same material of which the building is com- posed, and are probably the largest columns in America, and among the largest in the world, almost rivaling those of the famous ruins of Karnac and Palmyra. The wing buildings are of brick.
GENERAL STATISTICS.
Total number of admissions from Jan. 16, 1843, to Dec. 1, 1877.
12,727
Total number of discharges.
12,145
Total number discharged recovered Total number discharged improved
1,883
Total number discharged unimproved.
3,745
Total died
1,614
Not insane ..
201
General statement of the operations of the New York State Lunatic Asylum for the thirty-five years ending 30th November, 1877.
YEARS.
Number Admitted.
276
80
276
53
14
6
7
1844.
275
211
471
133
47
16
61
1845
393
268
553
135
78
34
21
1846.
337
248
622
133
60
33
22
1847
428
330
802
187
70
25
48
1848
405
382
877
174
84
38
86
1849
362
408
857
203
66
70
69
1850.
367
387
816
171
57
108
51
1851
366
360
795
58
28
57
24
General Statement-Continued.
Number
Number
Discharged.
Number
Treated.
Discharged
Discharged
Discharged
Unimproved.
Discharged
not Insane.
Died.
1852
390
400
825
156
53
152
39
1853
424
403
849
169
66
129
39
1854
390
386
836
164
42
115
65
1855
276
278
725
128
15
79
16.
32
1856
242
236
697
100
33
65
8
30
1857
235
245
606
95
25
83
10
32
1858
333
282
784
114
33
99
5
31
1859
312
295
814
114
57
86
3
1860.
337
339
856
105
56
133
3
42
1861
295
280
812
83
58
104
4
31
1862
287
305
819
196
51
115
3
30
1863
287
267
801
80
38 :
101
6
42
1864
319
289
853
109
44
84
4
48
1865
356
305
920
113
35
91
9
57
1866
388
362
1003
164
39
106
0
44
1867
401
439
1042
159
58
164
7
51
1868
382
415
985
157
85.
105
10
58
1869
463
430
1033
156
85
117
8
64
1870
481
441
1084
153
72
134
7
75
1871
516
576
1159
168
85
245
17
61
1872
399
447
982
142
73
156
14
62
1873
410
365
.945
122
42
141
11
49
1874
368
376
948
123
53.
138
14
48
1875.
432
369
1004
132
37
134
5
61
1876
436
505
1071
142
53
237
13
60
1877
460
444
1026
148
61
160
15
60
Table showing the percentage of recoveries on the average population and admissions for thirty-five years.
YEARS.
Average Popula- tion.
Recov- ered.
Percent- age.
Admit- ted.
Recov- ered.
Percent- age.
1843
106
53
48.52
276
53
19.20
1844
236
132
55.93
275
132
48.80
1845.
265
135
50.94
293
135
46.07
1846
283
133
46.99
337
133-
39.46
1847
415
187
45.06
428
187
43.60
1848
474
174
36.70
405
174
42.96
1849
454
203
44.71
362
203
56.07
1850
433
171
39.49
367
171
46.59
1851
440
112
23.45
366
112
36.60
1852
441
156
35.37
390
-156
40.00
1853
423
169
39.95
424
169
39.85
1854
444
164
37.16
390
164
42.05
1855
467
128
27.40
275
128
46.54
1856
454
100
22.24
212
100.
41.73
1857
463
95
20.52
235
95
40.42
1858
489
114
23.31
333
114
34.23
1859
509
114
22.40
312
114
36.54
1860
516
105
20.33
337
105
31.15
1861
519
83
15.99
295
83
27.46
1862
526
106
20.15
287
106
36.93
1863
528
80
15.15
282
80.
27.87
1864
560
109
19.46
319
109
31.02
1865
591
113
18.95
356
113
31.74
1866
643
164
25.50
388
164
42.26
1867
610
159
26.00
401
159
40.25
1868
589
157
26.65
382
157
41.78
1869
600
156
26.00
463
156
34.51
1870
629
153
24.32
481
153
32.48
1871
605
168
27.76
516
168
33.40
1872
588
142
24.00
399
142
37.22
1873.
563
122
21.67
410
122
30.78 .
1874
581
123
21.17
368
123
34.22
1875
595
132
22.17
.432
132
31.35
1876
615
142
23.09
436
142
33.57
1877.
607
148
24.38
460
148
33.26
Discharged
Recovered.
Discharged
Improved.
Discharged
Unimproved.
Discharged
not Insane.
Died.
1843.
Number
Discharged.
Number
Treated.
.
The whole number of patients at the commencement of the year 1877 was 566,-304 men and 262 women. Re- ceived during the year, 460,-234 men and 226 women. Whole number treated, 1026,-538 men and 488 women. Daily average under treatment, 608.
Recovered.
Improved.
YEARS.
Admitted.
ON AVERAGE POPULATION.
ON ADMISSIONS.
35
4,702
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
237
Men.
Women.
Total.
Discharged recovered.
71
77
148
improved.
28
33
61
unimproved
100
60
160
not insane ..
15
...
Died.
37
23
60
251
193
444
Remaining Nov. 30, 1877.
287
295
582
Of the 160 discharged unimproved 36 were transferred to the Willard Asylum for Chronic Insane, 73 were placed in charge of county officers, and by them removed to county asylums or the Willard Asylum, and 50 were. returned to their homes under care of their friends.
The products of the farm as returned by the steward amounted in the gross to a cash value of $14,981.16, and the matron reports the number of articles of clothing, etc., made in the female department at 8811, without giving an estimate of their value; and number mended, 27,069. Total value of stock on hand and slaughtered during the year, $2844.39. Cost of same, $2708.05; net increase, $136.34. Total expense of the institution for the year, including additions, alterations, etc., $220,577.50. The- atrical and musical entertainments are given occasionally by friends of the institution.
Officers .-. Dr. Brigham acted as superintendent until Sept. 8, 1849, when he died, and on the 3d of November following, Dr. Nathan D. Benedict, of Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, was appointed, and entered upon his duties December 8, of the same year. Dr. George Cook, first as- sistant physician, was acting superintendent in the interim between Drs. Brigham and Benedict. Dr. Benedict was taken sick in June, 1853, and was granted leave of absence in consequence for one year. He never returned to the institution. Dr. John P. Gray, the present incumbent, then assistant physician, was temporarily assigned to the position, and regularly appointed superintendent in July, 1854, and has exercised its duties with great acceptability to the present time, a period of twenty-four years.
During all these years he has constantly given his time and valuable experience for the good of the institution, and has had the satisfaction of seeing it grow up from small beginnings, and imperfect construction and arrangements, to its present mammoth proportions and perfection of ar- rangement and detail, placing it in the foremost rank among the great public charities of the Union and the world.
The institution from its inception to the present time has had only two different individuals as treasurers, to wit: Mr. Edmund A. Wetmore, from 1843 to 1873, and Mr. Thomas W. Seward, the present incumbent.
The following are the present officers : Managers, Samuel Campbell, New York Mills ; Francis Kernan, Utica ; S. O. Vanderpoel, M.D., Stapleton ; Alexander S. Johnson,* Utica; Theodore Pomeroy, Utica ; James McQuade, New York ; George B. Anderson, Hawkinsville; Peter Clogher, Utica; Arthur M. Beardsley, Utica; Treasurer, Thomas W. Seward, Utica ; Resident Officers, John P. Gray, M.D., LL.D., Superintendent and Physician; Judson B. Andrews, M.D., First Assistant Physician ; Willis E. Ford, M.D., Second Assistant Physician; Alfred T. Livingston, M.D., Third Assistant Physician ; Timothy F. Kenrick, M.D.,
Fourth Assistant Physician ; Theodore Deecke, Special Pathologist ; Horatio N. Dryer, Steward ; Emma Barker, Matron ; Chaplain, Rev. William T. Gibson, D.D., Utica.
CENTRAL NEW YORK INSTITUTE FOR DEAF AND DUMB.+
The number of the deaf, or defectives, as scientists are fond of calling them, in the State of New York is simply appalling. There are at present under instruction fully 1100, and there are nearly a quarter as many more not as yet in school.
The Central New York Institution for Deaf Mutes was established March 22, 1875, and at once took its place among the schools of the land as a remarkably successful- institution. So great was its reputation, in fact, that parents from distant States sought admission for their deaf children, but its benefits, chiefly on account of its limited accommo- dations for pupils, have never been allowed to extend be- yond the borders of the Empire State. The applications for admission have always been larger than the capacity of the school, and they are steadily increasing. In so great a degree, in truth, that when the contemplated new structure is erected, it is problematical if all applicants can even then be taken. However that may be, the mission of the school is to supply the pressing wants of the deaf of Central New York, and to furnish them a means of instruction under systems and modes the best in the land, and to prepare them for citizenship as useful and honest, certainly, if not as brilliant and renowned, as that which marks the paths of the grad- uates of most of our colleges.
The institution receives direct support from the State and the counties from which its pupils come, on a per capita basis, which is fixed at a sum sufficient for proper support and education and no more. Hence, when it is proposed to build a structure adapted to the ever-pressing needs of this peculiar class, the financial part of the work becomes a problemi at once grave and difficult.
The per capita State support, without which it could not exist, takes the institution at onec out of the line of general public charity, at least to the extent of giving it a building, and makes it a semi-State institution. Economy of struc- ture and plainness, with no sacrificing to elegance, but everything to convenience, appropriate to the work and to the substantial, are the characteristics of the plans the in- stitution has drawn for an edifice of brick, capable of accommodating over 200 pupils and their officers. A local builder stands ready to put up the necessary pile exactly as called for in the contract, and throw in additional heating apparatus and boiler conveniences, for the remarkably small sum of $60,000.
The institution at present occupies nine buildings, sit- uated on Madison Street,-one, a commodious school-house with a chapel on the second floor, is its own building, hav- ing been erected in the summer of 1877. Excepting the hospital, which takes up all of one building, and is properly isolated, all the rest are used for general living purposes. Of course, there cannot be that system that would exist were all under one roof; but each pupil has a comfortable bed and warm rooms in winter. The table is always sub- stantial, as the health of the school, remarkable for a col-
+ By Prof. E. B. Nelson, Principal.
* Since deceased.
15
238
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK .:
lection of: deaf mutes, all more or less predisposed to disease, bears ample testimony. One building is occupied for laundry uses, and a small one is utilized as a general repair-, shoe-, and carpenter's shop, in which the few pupils that can be employed show themselves good masters of the trades, The attendance during the past year was 110. Arrangements will be made to take a few additional at the commencement of the next ; but, as before indicated, the institution can hardly begin to accommodate all that apply. The other statistics of the institution are a board of fifteen trustees, a principal, six instructors, a matron, two assistant matrons, a housekeeper, a nurse, a care-taker, a supervisor, and about fifteen common servants. The expenses for the year at its fiscal close, Sept. 30, 1878, will be about $30,000.
RELIGIOUS.
The French Jesuits were the earliest propagators of Christianity in this region. Their first missionary, the Rev. Father James Bruyas, eame among the Mohawks, Oneidas, and Onondagas in 1667, and labored for some time, but with indifferent success. In 1671 he was suc- ceeded by Rev. Father Milet. But though the Catholic missionaries practiced the most wonderful self-denial, and braved danger and death in their efforts to Christianize the savages, they really made very little impression upon them.
- The earliest permanent Protestant attempt to establish religious instruction among the Indians of this section was made by Rev. Samuel Kirkland, who located at Ga-no-a-lo- hale, or Oneida Castle, in July, 1766, about one hundred years after the advent of the first Catholic missionary. He was reasonably successful, and remained, with the exception of a few intervals, until the time of his death in. 1808 ..
The earliest congregations gathered among the white set- tlers were in the towns of New Hartford and Kirkland in the summer of 1791, though there had been preaching in the latter town by Rev. Samuel Eells in 1788.
The Rev. Jonathan Edwards visited this region in 1791 and organized churches of the Presbyterian and Congrega- tional denominations at Clinton and New Hartford ..
, The Presbyterians organized churches in various parts of the county at an early day. Whitestown and old Fort Schuyler, as Utica was then called, united and formed a socicty in 1793-94; Westmoreland in 1792 ; Trenton (at Holland Patent) in 1797; Bridgewater in 1798.
The Congregationalists organized in Sangerfield in 1795- 96 ; in Augusta, Lee, and Marshall about 1797; in Cam- den, 1798; in Rome, 1800; in Vernon, 1801 ; in Verona, 1803; and in Boonville, 1805. The Welsh organized in 1801, in Utiea.
The Methodist Episcopal denomination had preachers in the county as early as 1794. In 1799 a elass was formed in Rome, and in Westmoreland as early as 1795-98. The first Methodist society organized in Utiea in 1808.
The Baptists were also here at a very early date. A church was organized in Whitestown in 1796; one in Paris in 1797; in Deerfield, Sangerfield, Western, and Rome in 1798; the Welsh Baptists in Utica in 1799, 1800 ; and in Floyd and Vernon in 1807.
Episcopal .- Trinity Church was organized in Utiea in 1798.
Catholic .- From the time of the Jesuits until 1819 there was probably no Catholic organization within the. bounds of Oneida County. In the latter year St. John's Church was organized at Utica, and was the first in Central or Western New York, This denomination has increased quite rapidly, and is now strong in numbers and discipline, with some of the finest church and school property in the county.
Universalist .- The earliest organization of this denomi- nation was in Clinton in 1820. This was the parent of the Universalist Churches in Oneida County, and also of the Clinton Liberal Institute, which has grown up under its fostering care. The first Universalist society in Utica was organized in November, 1825. A society was also gathered in Bridgewater in 1834.
The Reformed Dutch Church was organized in Utica in October, 1830.
These were the earliest church organizations in the county . Other denominations have established churches at a later date, and many additional ones have sprung from those first planted. The following general statistics. of churches in Oneida County are from the census returns. " For addi- tional matters, see histories of the various towns and eities.
STATISTICS OF DENOMINATIONS, ACCORDING TO THE STATE CENSUS OF 1875, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
Baptist .- Of this denomination there were in the county 29 organizations, with 29 edifices, 10,635 sittings, and a membership of 2587. The value of all property belong- ing to the same was $248,000, and the total annual amount paid for salaries of clergy was $16,325.
Calvinistic Methodist .- Organizations 12, with 12 edi- fices, 3625 sittings, and 625 members. Value of property, $18,550. Annual salaries paid, $3004.
Congregational :- Organizations 24, with 24 church edi- fiees, 7455 sittings, and 1851 members. Total value of church property, $119,400 .. Salaries paid, $11,425.
Evangelical Association .- Organizations 4, with 4 edi- fiees, 1150 sittings, and 131 members. Total value of church property, $13,800. Salaries paid, $2600.
Evangelical Lutheran .- Organizations 4, with 4 edifices, 1700 sittings, 670 members, and a valuation of $34,500. Salaries paid, $2600.
Free-will Baptist .- Organization 1, with 1 edifice, 200 sittings, and 40 members. Value of property, $3000. Salary paid, $600.
Methodist Episcopal .- Organizations, 58; edifices, 56; sittings, 19,970 ; membership, 4818; value of property, $408,850 ; salaries paid, $31,032. .,
Moravian .- One organization, with 1 edifice, 300 sit- tings, 250 members, and a valuation of $13,000; amount paid in salary, $500.
Presbyterian .- Organizations, 25 ; edifices, 25 ; sittings, 11,825 ; membership, 4186; value of property, $496,300; salaries paid, $29,475.
Protestant Episcopal .- Organizations, 21 ; edifices, 21 ; sittings, 8800 ; membership, 2270; value of property. $426,500 ; salaries paid, $18,780.
Reformed Dutch .- One organization, 1 edifice, 550 sit- tings, 220 members, and a valuation of $88,500; salaries paid, $2500.
239
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
Roman Catholic .- Organizations, 17; edifices, 17; sit-" tings; 12,623 ; membership; 12;310; value of property, $603,500 ; salaries paid, $22,420.
Seventh-Day Baptist .- Two organizations, 2 edifices, 525 'sittings, 120 members, and a valuation of $5100 ;. salaries paid, $533.
Union Church .- Organizations, 5; edifices, 5 ; sittings, 1550 ; members, 274; value of property, $14,600; salaries paid, $1560 ..
Unitarians .- Organizations, 2 ; edifices, 2; sittings, 600; members, 12 ;* value of property, $3500; salaries paid, $800.
United Free Methodist .- Organizations, 3; edifices, 3; sittings, 725 ; members, 165; value of property, $15,000; salaries paid, $1700.
Universalist .- Organizations, 3; edifices, 3; sittings, 800 ; members, 325; value of property, $15,500; salaries paid, $2080 ..
Wesleyan Methodist .- One organization, 1 edifice, 100 sittings ; membership not given ; value of property, $1000.
CHAPTER XIX.
STATISTICAL.
Population-Elections-Indostry and Wealth-County Societies and Associations-Valuations and Taxation ..
THE population of the territory now constituting the State of New York from the earliest period, not including Indians, has been as follows: In 1647, the number of men capable of bearing arms was returned at 300, which would indicate a total population of 1500. In 1673 the people were reckoned at 6000. In 1698 they had increased to 18,067. In 1723 it was given at 40,564, of which Albany County claimed about 8000. In 1731 it was 50,289, and Albany County 8573. In 1737 it had risen to 60,437, and Albany County to 10,681. In 1746 the colony num- bered 61,589, exclusive of Albany County. In 1749 it was 73,448. In 1771 it was 168,097, of which Albany County had 42,706, and was the most populous county in the colony. In 1774 the colony had 182,247. In 1790 the first State census showed 340,120, which indicated a prodigious increase in 15 years. In 1800 it was 589,051, showing a continuous rapid growth. In 1810 it stood at 959,049, indicating no falling off in the rate of increase. A census was taken in 1814, which showed 1,035,910 in- habitants, and indicated quite a falling off in the percentage of increase. In 1820 the population was 1,372,812, In 1825 it was 1,616,458; in 1830, 1,918,608 ; in 1835, 2,174,517 ; in 1840, 2,428,921; in 1845, 2,604,495; in 1850, 3,097,394 ; in 1855, 3,466,212 ; in 1860, 3,880,735; in 1865, 3,827,818 ;+ in 1870, 4,382,759; in 1875, 4,698,958.
The percentage of increase from one census to another, since 1790, has been as follows : From 1790 to 1800, 73.19 ; 1800 to 1810, 62.81 ; 1810 to 1814, 8.01 ; 1814 to 1820,
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