USA > New York > Genesee County > History of the Genesee country (western New York) comprising the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Schuyler, Steuben, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates, Volume I > Part 4
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46
DEPOSITS OF GLACIAL GRAVEL (Plates 27)
Views in two gravel pits, north side of Cobb's Hill, Rocherter, 1903-1904, looking about southeast. The sites are now covered by the north embankment of the Cobb's Hill Reservoir.
85
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
ice-sheet melted away it left this part of the continent so low that ocean-level water took possession of the Ontario basin for some thousands of years. The Gilbert Gulf, as this sealevel water is named (paper 43), has left series of heavy beaches at. the east end of Lake Ontario and in the St. Lawrence Valley. When the district of the Thousand Islands was raised above sea- level, by the slow rise and recovery of the land, Lake Ontario was initiated; and the continued rise since Gilbert Gulf time has lifted the surface of Ontario to 246 feet. Since the ice-sheet was removed from the site of Rochester the area has been lifted 250 feet (plate 35, papers 49, 51, 52.)
We are indebted to the work of the glacier, direct or indirect, not only for the canyons and cataracts but for all the lakes, for the beautiful drumlins (plate 28) and morainal hills (plates 25, 26), for the fertile alluvial and lake areas, and for the rich soils of the uplands. If there had been no glacier the region would now have been simply one of deep valleys with the intervening ridges. There would be no lakes, since these are ephemeral fea- tures and not produced by normal stream-work. The soils would be only residual, well leached and relatively poor. The country would be comparable to the lands southward, beyond the reach of the ice-sheet. Our fertile upland soils have been derived in part from Canada, where areas of bare granitic rocks testify to the work of the glacier in removing the product of rock weather- ing during the long Preglacial eras.
The special fertility of the Genesee Valley is partly due to the pulverized crystalline rocks, rich in plant food, swept down from Canada, and in part to the work of the glacial lakes in depositing the plains of silt and sand. The difference in fertility of the uplands between the northern and southern belts of western New York is chiefly due to the difference in lime content. The lime- stones lie in the northern belt, with no lime outcrop south of that. of the Onondaga (plates 1, 2). Another cause is the less amount of crystalline-rock material in the glacial drift on the south.
Most of the very interesting and beautiful physiographic fea- tures of western New York are due to the work of the ice-sheet. As noted above, the canyons, cataracts, lakes and lakelets belong- in this category; also the moraine (plate 24) and kame-moraine (plates 25, 26) areas with their varied and singular forms and structure; also the winding gravel ridges, or eskers, which were
86
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
formed as gravel deposits in the beds of overloaded subglacial streams; and also the anomalous basins, or kettles, found in moraines, in delta plains and in river plains, produced by the melting of buried ice-blocks (plate 29).
A glossary of glacial terms, with brief definitions or descrip- tion of the various glacial features, is given in paper 55.
LIFE HISTORY.
Of the life of the era of submergence we have some record, preserved in the rocks, as already described. But of the long era of exposure no deposits with fossils were produced. Yet we may be sure that the region had its inhabitants of land plants and land animals, and we have knowledge of the life of that era from the remains found in other parts of the world where de- posits occur of the several periods.
Undoubtedly the plants of the later Paleozoic (Carbonic time), which formed the peat beds that are now changed to coal, also lived in the Genesee region. These plants represented the ferns, horsetails (Equisetae), club-mosses (Lycopods), Conifers, and many groups now extinct. During the early and middle Mesozoic the Cycads became dominant. In the later Mesozoic our modern flowering plants ( Angiosperms) appeared, with our for- est trees and palms. This was the great event in the evolution of the vegetable kingdom, and the Genesee region must have been a field for that process.
In Carbonic time the highest land animals were amphibians, the modern diminutive representatives being toads, frogs and salamanders, the forms connecting fishes and reptiles. Those of the coal period were very large, with powerful teeth, and some with heavy armor.
In Mesozoic time the amphibians yielded dominance to the reptiles, which ruled the world during all of that long era. The remarkable saurians of the sea could not visit our region, but the wonderful land reptiles and the flying reptiles must have possessed this territory. The vegetarian Dinosaurs were among the largest animals that ever walked the land. Some of them, along with the carnivorous Dinosaurs, stalked about on their hind legs, and left three-toed tracks like birds. Some of the flying reptiles (Pterodactyls) of the west had spread of wings
DRUMLINS (Plates 28)
Examples of the thousands of oval hills of glacial drift between Rochester and Syracuse.
Upper view: Drumlin west of Skaneateles Junction; looking west.
Lower view: Drumlin two miles west of Savannah; looking northeast.
Wave erosion of Lake Iroquois has cut away, or notched, the south end, forming a cut terrace for the house and barns.
VIEWS OF KETTLES (Plates 29)
Upper view: Ice-block kettle three miles southwest of Owego, by roadside, in deserted flood-plain of the Susquehanna River.
Lower view: Large kettle-basin in a gravel delta at Potter Center, Yates County. The delta was built by a stream which drained the Canadaigua glacial lake.
91
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
of 20 feet, and those early flying machines must have used our region for landing fields. In Jurassic strata in Europe there has been found the real connecting link between reptiles and birds, a small reptile (Archeopteryx) covered with feathers. We are not sure whether it made any American visits.
True birds, of aquatic types, appeared in the west in Cre- taceous time, and probably waded and swam the rivers of west- ern New York.
Mammals began in the Mesozoic, and in early Tertiary they displaced the huge and bizarre reptiles. Probably this region witnessed the conflict for supremacy. During the millions of years of the Tertiary the evolution of mammalian life was com- pleted. One of the most remarkable and perfect examples of the development is that of the horse family. Beginning in early Tertiary as a diminutive creature with the normal five digits, through many stages of slow evolution it became in late Tertiary the modern horse, with its highly specialized hand and foot of a single digit. We may believe that it roamed the forest and sa- vannas of our region, along with the camel, rhinoceros and many other strange mammals now extinct. There were no humans here then to challenge them.
The colder climate of the approaching ice-sheet sent the mam- mals southward, while the musk-ox and reindeer came down from the north. Finally the Quebec Glacier drove away all life and took forcible possession of the whole state for many thousands of years. When the glacier finally waned and its south margin reluctantly backed away northward the migratory animals fol- lowed, and the warm-climate mammals pushed the musk-ox, the deer-moose and the reindeer into their northern range.
Since the ice-sheet passed away from New York two species of the elephant family, the Mammoth (Elephas primigenious) and the Mastodon lived in western New York and left their re- mains in the marshes and peat-bogs. It is possible that the early aborigines in our region, as they crept along their trails, met the huge elephants face to face.
The vegetation, like the animals, followed the receding ice front, and repopulated the region with splendid forests, until the axe of the white man appeared. And man himself is truly a part, the latest comer, of the geologic history.
92
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
COMPARISON WITH PENNSYLVANIA.
The long era in New York of comparatively calm and undis- turbed erosion was contemporaneous with violent changes in territory on the south.
At the close of the Paleozoic the thick strata of Carbonic time in Pennsylvania were mashed and crumpled into a parallel series of sharp folds, constituting the Appalachian mountain belt. The coal in the eastern part was metamorphosed into anthracite. Some slight folding reached into New York.
Then, during the long and quiet Messozoic, the mountain folds and the northern area, including the southern part of western New York, were planed off by atmospheric erosion to a near- plain, or "peneplane", graded with gentle slope to the sea, and the rivers sluggishly meandering over its surface to the ocean on the south.
During Mesozoic time crustal stresses accumulated in the earth, and in the Tertiary another crustal disturbance occurred. This lifted eastern North America, but without much crushing and mountain making. The elevation encouraged the rivers, which promptly went to work and cut the valleys of New York and Pennsylvania to the present form. In the folded Appa- lachian belt of Pennsylvania the weak strata have been removed to produce the parallel valleys; while the hard, resistant strata stand as the even, level-crested mountain ridges. The latter represent the old surface of the upraised peneplane.
The highland of our New York region, over 2,000 feet eleva- tion, is the northern part of the upraised Masozoic peneplane, and known as the Allegany Plateau.
The Appalachian Revolution at the close of the Paleozoic, that crushed into mountain folds the strata of central Pennsylvania, appears to have reached into New York and to have slightly bent the Devonian strata. Some flexures or undulations of the strata. which are quite pronounced in northern Pennsylvania are traced into central New York. The axes of the flexures have direction somewhat northeast by southwest.
These bendings of the Devonian strata account for the differ- ing inclination from the horizontal, the "dip", which is often con- spicuous, and which varies decidedly in both direction and amount.
.
LAKE WARREN SHORE (Plate 30)
One-half mile south of Smithville station on West Shore Railroad, Genesee County, looking east. The erosion cliff is Onondaga limestone.
GLACIAL DELTA PLAIN (Plate 31)
The delta was built in the Dansville glacial lake by the work of Stony Brook. Three miles south of Dansville, looking north, 1895.
CHANNEL OF A GLACIAL RIVER (Plate 32)
Outlet of the Naples glacial lake, the highest waters held in the Canandaigua Valley. Two miles north of Atlanta station of the Erie and Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroads. View at head of ancient river channel, looking southwest.
97
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
PHYSIOGRAPHY.
If we could restore all the strata which have been removed from western New York it would extend the high plateau of the southern counties northward into Canada. All the valleys would be filled, even Ontario and Erie. The present land relief or topography is a product of land uplift with wastage and eros- ion of rocks of unequal resistance.
The general physiography or larger relief is familiar to the reader who knows his state. On the north is the lowland, 20 to 30 miles wide, facing Lake Ontario, but narrow along Lake Erie. As explained above, this is due to erosion of the thick and weak Ordovician and Silurian strata, during all time since early De- vonian. The plateau on the south, of younger and stronger rocks, is deeply trenched by river erosion, chiefly since Mesozoic time. This high Allegany Plateau extends south into central Pennsylvania. Farther south it is represented by the straight crests of the series of parallel mountain ridges of the Appalachian belt, noted below.
We are very fortunate in having nearly complete the topo- graphic survey and mapping of the state by the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Mu- seum. Plate 37 shows the divisions, or quadrangles, of western New York, based on astronomic lines, with the dimensions being 15 minutes of both latitude and longitude. The sheets for these quadrangles are the finest product of engineering, engraving and printing, and show all the features of drainage, land relief, etc., that can be shown in two dimensions. The intelligent reader will surely get the sheet for his district, which will answer all questions in geography. The sheets should be on sale at any up- to-date bookstore, or may be had by writing to the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. The price is ten cents (not postage stamps) each, or three dollars for any 50 sheets.
The sheets of the topographic map will show that the hilltops of the Allegany Plateau in western New York are about 2,000 feet elevation. West of Canandaigua Lake, the Gannett Hill (Naples sheet), is 2,256 feet (plate 33) and a hill six miles southwest (Wayland sheet) is four feet higher. The maximum elevation is in the district of Salamanca and Olean, where sev-
6-Vol. 1
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HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
eral hills rise to 2,400 feet, and "White Hill" on the Belmont quadrangle is 2,500 feet above mean sealevel.
LENGTH OF POSTGLACIAL TIME.
The duration of geologic time, as noted in a former chapter, must be counted in scores of millions of years. Glacial time, the Pleistocene, probably covers some hundreds of thousands of years; and time since the glacial must be reckoned in tens of thousands. A brief consideration of the later geologic events that have trans- pired in this region will give a basis for time estimate.
After the Quebec ice-sheet, the latest of the American glaciers, had melted off from New York, the wide glacial water, Lake Iro- quois, occupied the Ontario basin (plate 32). Its long-time out- let was through the Mohawk Valley to the sea in the Hudson- Champlain Valley. Its later escape was by a capacious channel, the Covey Gulf, cut in hard Potsdam sandstone, which lies on the Canadian boundary some 25 miles northwest of Plattsburg. Lake Iroquois had a life history longer than that of Lake Ontario at its present level, judging from the work done on the shores by waves and currents.
Following Iroquois the ocean-level waters of Gilbert Gulf held possession of the Ontario and St. Lawrence basins, because the land had been depressed by the weight of the ice cap. During the existence of Gilbert Gulf the land was slowly rising, in tilt- ing manner (plate 35, papers 49, 51), and the vigorous waves heaped heavy gravel bars and embankments at successively lower levels (plate 5 in paper 54). The time required for this land uplift and the bar construction must have been long, but it is undetermined. At Covey Gulf the earliest marine shore has been raised 740 feet, some of which was since the birth of Ontario. The amount of uplift at Charlotte since Iroquois time has been about 155 feet, nearly one-half of which was during the marine episode of Gilbert Gulf (paper 52, pages 16, 23).
Lake Ontario was initiated when the Thousand Island region was lifted out of the sealevel waters. How long has Lake On- tario existed? Judging from its work on the primitive shore- line, cutting back the headlands and filling embayments, and building bars across the deeper embayments, like Irondequoit Bay, it must have been at work some thousands of years. The
LABRADORIAN
ICE
NTARIAN
LOBE
Black River
VERMONT
GL
Rome
Tonawanda Cerek
Rochester
ker
Fonda
Buffalo
Genesee River
CM Morris
ALL
Staraugus Creek
Cortland
unkirk
MASS.
1
Catalin
Elmira
Susquehanna Binghamton
LATER PLEISTOCENE WATERS IN NEW YORK STATE
CONN.
EARLY IROQUOIS STAGE
Glacial Lake Iroquois early phase
Hudson-Champlain Estuary
H.L. Fairchild, 1918
Scale of Miles
10 20
39,
40
50
VERMONT
Rome
Rochester
Moha
raçuoe
ter Fonda
Buffalo
Gengsee River
Ut Morris
ALBAN
Cortland
RiveraOneonta
MASS.
Catal
Jamestown
Elmira
uchanna Binghamton
Sus
LATER PLEISTOCENE WATERS
Burghkeepsie
CONN.
IN NEW YORK STATE
CLOSING IROQUOIS STAGE
Glacial Lake Iroquois closing phase'
Hudson-Champlain Estuary
w York
H. L. Fairchild 1918
TWO STAGES OF LAKE IROQUOIS (Plates 33)
TARIAN LOBE
liver
IROQUOIS
Tonawanda Creek
LAKE ERIE
Waraugus Creek
unkirk
Withoca
Pslaware R
ithaca
Oneonta
Rivera
1 Jamestown
SHEET
racuse
LAKE ERIE
100
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
geologists have said 10,000 years. But the visible shore work is only that which has been done since the lake attained its present · level, 246 feet. We have to add for the life of the lake all the long time during which the lake surface was rising from sealevel.
If we take the life of Ontario as our unit, and call it 10,000 years, then we should count Gilbert Gulf and Lake Iroquois as 20,000 years, and so we have a guess of 30,000 years since the close of glaciation in western New York. As yet no one has any better basis of calculation. The former estimates, using the recession of Niagara Falls, are fallacious, because the complex history of the river and canyon was unknown.
Western New York holds abundant visible proof that Post- glacial time is very long. It is understood that our canyons have been carved out of the rock strata, by the streams which occupy them, since the ice-sheet disappeared from New York. All the rock ravines of central and western New York have been recently cut by the small streams which now trickle through the glens. Probably the Portage and Mt. Morris ravines began while the glacier yet lay over the northern part of our area, but Niagara and Rochester canyons are younger.
HUMAN OCCUPATION.
In western Europe the glacial deposits contain abundance of human implements, with some skeletal remains. And the re- markable paintings in the caves of southern France show that the artists were familiar with the great mammals of glacial time. Naturally this fact encouraged American students, and properly so, to seek for evidence of glacial man in America. Several dis- coveries in the United States of flint tools and of skeletons have been assumed or claimed as being in glacial deposits, or of Pleis- tocene time. But thus far all the "finds" are regarded by the geologists as recent, and attributed to the present Indian race. No positive evidence of glacial man has been found in America.
If the American continents were inhabited in the Glacial Period it would appear that the people remained in the warmer latitudes and kept away from the inhospitable areas near the ice- sheets. The very old civilizations of Peru, Central America and Mexico are as yet undated.
However, the aborigines in western New York probably saw
LAKE
ONTARIO.
Scale of Miles
DOSWEGO
10
246
Oswego
Irondet
FILL
E O
VALLEYS.
DRUMLINS.
ONEIDA U 370
LYONS
eneco
SYRACUSE
V
reet
OR UM L I N
BELT.
F
LLED AUBURN
River
GENEVAO
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784
, CASINOS
7
686
OWASCO L. 710
৳20
CAYUGA L 301
NO A
1000
SENECA L 444
EL
T
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960
O CORTLAND
01360
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HACK
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Conacton
ATH
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.1783.
Canisteo River
2900
Chemung
CELMIRA
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RIV
y
TERMINAL
MORAINE
717 .
7/6°
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Senac&
SKANEATELES
CANADICE L
CANANDAIGUA L
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VALLEYS.,
Canaserag
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KINS
N E.
MO
HEADS
BINOHA
OWEGOC
SOPUS DAY
ROCHESTER
364
PHYSIOGRAPHIC BELTS IN CENTRAL NEW YORK (Plate 34)
102
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
the huge elephants, Mammoth and Mastodon, which roamed over the district long after the Quebec ice-sheet disappeared. The bones of these proboscidians are frequently found in the super- ficial swamp deposits and peat-bogs of New York and north- ward. It is quite possible that these noble creatures were ex- terminated in America by the savage cruelty of the early Americans.
LIST OF WRITINGS.
The following titles are selected from an extensive literature. Many bulletins and reports of the New York State Museum on the state as a whole, and other publications, contain matter re- lating to western New York.
STRATIGRAPHIC.
1. JAMES HALL. Report on the Fourth District. Geol. Surv. of N. Y. 1843.
2. H. L. FAIRCHILD. A section of the strata at Rochester, N. Y. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science, Vol. 1, 1891, pp. 182- 186.
3. The geological history of Rochester. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science, Vol. 2, 1894, pp. 215-223.
4. Physical Character of Monroe County. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science, Vol. 3, 1896, pp. 28-38.
5. Beach structure in Medina sandstone. Amer. Geologist, Vol. 28, 1901, pp. 9-14.
6. Arched structure in Lockport limestone. Science, Vol. 27, 1908, p. 729.
7. CHARLES S. PROSSER. Thickness of the Devonian and Silurian rocks of western New York. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science. Vol. 2, 1892, pp. 49-104.
8. ALBERT L. AREY. Preliminary notice of the discovery of strata of the Guelph formation in Rochester, N. Y. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science. Vol. 2, 1892, pp. 104-107.
9. A. W. GRABAU. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and vicinity. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 4, 1901.
10. J. M. CLARKE and D. D. LUTHER. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples quadrangles. N. Y. State Mu- seum, Bull. 63, 1904.
700
600
Scale of Miles
Ogdensburg
740
500
10 20 30- 40 50 60 70
700
400
350
Wertown
600
250-
ON
A
500
200
Glens foils
Rom
wanda Creek
Rochester
150
Fonda
Buffalo
400
ALBANY
350
Cankirk
100
R
Jamestown
Elmira
anna (Binghamton
SUS
250
PLEISTOCENE UPLIFT
OF
cfaware
NEW YORK STATE
150
50
Lines of equal uplift, (Isobases) in feet.
0
100
A. L. Fairchild.
50
Morris
Cortland
draugus Creek
daconta
300
Cateka
llega
200
LAKE ERIE
Acuse
300-
Black River
POSTGLACIAL LAND UPLIFT OF NEW YORK (Plate 35)
104
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
11. Watkins and Elmira quadrangles. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 81, 1905.
12. Portage and Nunda quadrangles. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 118, 1908.
D. D. LUTHER. Geology of the Buffalo quadrangle. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 99, 1903.
13. 14. Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport quad- rangles. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 106, 1906.
15. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland quadrangles. N. Y. State Museum. Bull. 152, 1911.
16. Geology of the Attica-Depew quadrangles. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 172, 1914.
17. C. A. HARTNAGEL. Geologic map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 114, 1907.
18. G. H. CHADWICK. Stratigraphy of the New York Clin- ton. Bull., Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 29, 1918, pp. 327-368.
19. Stratigraphy of the Chemung Group in western New York. N. Y. State Museum. 18th Report of the Director, 1924, pp. 149-157.
ECONOMIC.
20. F. J. H. MERRILL. Salt and Gypsum industries of New York. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 11, 1893.
21. EDWARD ORTON. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 30, 1899.
22. HEINRICH RIES. Clays of New York. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 44, 1901.
23. D. H. NEWLAND and C. A. HARTNAGEL. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 123, 1908.
24. D. H. NEWLAND. Gypsum deposits of New York. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 143, 1910.
25. A. W. GILES. Minerals in the Lockport limestone. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science, Vol. 6, 1920, pp. 57-72.
PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND GLACIAL.
26. C. R. DRYER. The glacial geology of the Irondequoit region. Amer. Geologist, Vol. 5, 1890, pp. 202-207.
STEAMBOAT
Frost Hill
2240
ac Pistol Springs >Cook
Gannett 42256
Mapham Whisky
N DIA I&G
Victor
860
T
R
600
Lompson
850
MONROP COS
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44
4/8
COMPARISON OF ROCK AND GLACIAL TOPOGRAPHY (Plate 36)
Figure 1. Hills of stratified rock, produced by erosion of the Allegany plateau. Portion of the Naples sheet.
Figure 2. Morainal topography. Portion of the Canandaigua sheet.
Figure 3. Drumlin forms. Portion of the Weedsport sheet.
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QUADRANGLES OF THE NEW YORK STATE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (Plate 37)
PULTNEYVILLE
Scrips
Prin Valles
Juthreat 0. 00
WHamlin
Quey
Boutto Met's
MAGARANT
NIAGARA FA
North Hope
LEEDSPOR
BATAVI
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LAKE
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TROWBRIDGE
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109
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
27.
WARREN UPHAM. Eskers near Rochester, N. Y. Proc., Roch. Acad. Science, Vol. 2, 1893, pp. 181-200.
28. H. L. FAIRCHILD. Glacial lakes of western New York. Bull., Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 6, 1895, pp. 353-374.
29. The kame-moraine at Rochester, N. Y. Amer. Geologist, Vol. 16, 1895, pp. 39-51.
30. Geology of Monroe County. Landmarks of Monroe County, 1895, pp. 192-195.
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