USA > New York > History of the Tenth regiment of cavalry New York state volunteers, August, 1861, to August, 1865, pt 1 > Part 14
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Late that night, or early on the morning of the 3d, when we had taken posi- tion on the right of the infantry line, a portion of the Twelfth Corps formed some distance in rear of our skirmish-line and advanced in line of battle. They halted at our line, apparently surprised to find skirmishers in their front.
The scene at night, as from the elevated position occupied by the Regiment, the men looked upon the flashes from the artillery and saw the bursting shells over the battle-field, was grand and impress- ive.
The skirmishing continued until long after dark, when Gregg's Division was withdrawn to the south side of the Hanover road, and thence to the rear of the Twelfth Corps, near the Baltimore pike. A part of the Regiment went on picket, encountering the Confederate infantry again.
The troops confronting the skirmishers of the Tenth on Brinker- hoff's- Ridge were from the celebrated Stonewall Brigade (Stonewall Jackson's old command), constituting the left flank of Johnson's di- vision of Ewell's corps, which was making preparations for the assault on the position held by the Twelfth Corps, and the result of the sharp skirmishing on the part of our cavalry compelled General Johnson to move to the assault without the assistance of this veteran brigade. In his report, General Johnson says, in reference to the movement against the Twelfth Corps : *
General Walker was directed to follow, but, reporting to me that the enemy were advancing upon him from their right, he was ordered to repulse them and follow on as soon as possible. The opposing force was larger and the time con- sumed longer than was anticipated, in consequence of which General Walker did not arrive in time to participate in the assault that night.
The following is an extract from the report of General Walker, commanding the Stonewall Brigade : +
About 6 p. M. our line was advanced in a northerly direction, and took position immediately on the north side of the Hanover road. In this position, our left flank being harassed by the eneiny's sharpshooters posted in a wheat-field and wood, I ordered Colonel Nadenbousch with his regiment (the Second Virginia) to clear the field and advance into the wood, which he did at a single dash, his men advancing with great spirit, driving the enemy's skirmishers out of the clear ground and following them into the woods.
When he had advanced some distance into the woods, the enemy opened on his line with two pieces of artillery, and he fell back into the clear ground again, leaving skirmishers in the edge of the wood, and reported that the enemy had a
* Official Records, Series I, vol. xxvii, Part II, p. 504.
# Ibid., p. 518.
1863
115
THE TENTH NEW YORK CAVALRY MONUMENT.
large force of cavalry (supposed to be two brigades), two regiments of infantry, and a battery of artillery.
Colonel Nadenbousch reported three men wounded in this skir- mish.
The monument erected by the State of New York to mark the site of the engagement of the Tenth New York Cavalry on the right flank, on the 2d of July, 1863, is located on Brinkerhoff's Ridge, on the north side of and near the Hanover road. The general design was suggested by Lieutenant H. E. Hayes, at the time President of the Tenth New York Cavalry Veteran Association and chairman of the Monument Committee, who labored zealously and untiringly in securing its erection, ably seconded by others of the committee. It is a work of art, of which, together with the advanced position which it occupies as marking the ground held by the Regiment that day, the members of the Tenth New York Cavalry may well feel proud.
The monument consists of a rectangular pedestal, six feet by four feet six on the ground, and nine feet high, surmounted. by a horse's head in bronze three feet high. The foundation-cap, of native Get- tysburg granite, shows six inches above ground. Its sides are rock- faced with margin draft, the washes hammered. The base stone, of Quincy granite, is rock-faced on the sides, with hammered washes, and bears on front and rear faces a bronze reproduction of the cavalry corps badge. The die is also of Quincy granite, finely hammered. On the face in raised polished letters is the record, as shown in the illustration. Above this is the State coat-of-arms in bronze, which also appears on the rear of the stone. The horse's head, which is the most distinctive feature of the monument, is from a spirited model by Caspar Buderl, the noted New York sculptor, and recalls in its treat- ment the celebrated examples in the frieze of the Parthenon.
The whole work was furnished by the New England Monument Company, of New York, and cost fifteen hundred dollars.
Amid the whizzing and banging of shell and the sharp rattle of carbines and muskets, a portion of the Regiment spent the night of the 2d on the skirmish-line, the balance remaining on reserve at a large barn on a hill farther toward the Baltimore pike.
Before leaving this place on the morning of the 3d, a quarrel oc- curred between Charley Cutting, of Company G, and an infantryman as to who was entitled to the plunder on the person of a prostrate rebel. Charley had got about everything but his false teeth, however, and the infantry soldier was reproving him for robbing a man before he was dead. " Well," retorted Charley, "you may rob a dead man,
116
HISTORY OF THE TENTH REGIMENT OF CAVALRY ..
1863
but I'll not disgrace myself by doing it; I think it's bad enough to rob a live one !"
The morning of the 3d Gregg's troopers were again in the saddle and moving back to the position vacated the night before on the Hanover road, where General Custer's brigade, of the Third Cavalry Division, was found disposed along the Hanover and Low Dutch roads. General Gregg placed his First Brigade, under Colonel John B. McIntosh, on General Custer's left, and the Third Brigade, under Colonel J. Irvin Gregg, still farther to the left along the Hanover road. The Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, of the Third Brigade, was advanced dismounted as skirmishers in the direction of Gettys- burg, encountering the Confederate infantry, whom they drove back, and succeeded in establishing connection with the Twelfth Corps near the base of Wolf's Hill and extending the line on the right to the Hanover road. About noon General Gregg was apprised of Stuart's movements by a dispatch from General Howard to General Meade, saying that from his (Howard's) position on Cemetery Hill he had observed the movement of a large body of cavalry toward our right. This dispatch was forwarded by General Pleasonton to Gen- eral Gregg. Except for the many lines of fences, the country occu- pied by the forces under General Gregg was well adapted for an engagement between mounted troops. The Low Dutch road crossing the Hanover road at right angles near the Howard house, and run- ning north to the York turnpike, distant about two miles, traverses a slight ridge for some distance. The same road running south inter- sects the Baltimore pike about two and a half miles from the Howard house. About a half mile west of the point where the Low Dutch road crosses the ITanover road is another road starting southward near the Reever house-the point where the Tenth dismounted on its arrival from Hanover, the 2d of July.
Stuart, screening his movements by the woods to the south of the York road, upon which he advances, seeks to gain the Baltimore pike by following along the base of Cress's Ridge to the rear of the Army of the Potomac, where he hopes to create a panic and thus make a diversion in favor of Pickett, who will soon launch his division against the Union left center in one of the most heroic charges of the war. Major MeClellan says : *
Stuart's object was to gain position where he would protect the left of Ewell's corps, and would also be able to observe the enemy's rear, and attack it in case the
* Campaigns of Stuart's Cavalry, p. 337.
.
117
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SHOWING THE POSITIONS OCCUPIED BY Tenth New York Cavalry. IN THE
AND
Cavalry Engagements On the Right Flank at Gettysburg Penn. ." ON JULY 283 1863. BETWEEN !!! AREUNION CAVALRY UNDER GEN. D. MCM. GREGG. CONFEDERATE CAVALRY UNDER GEN. JE.B STUART. * AND THE
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1863
117
MAJOR MCCLELLAN'S DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENE.
Confederate assault on the Federal lines were successful .. He proposed, if oppor- tunity offered, to make a diversion which might aid the Confederate infantry to carry the heights held by the Federal army.
After marching about two and a half miles on the York turnpike, Stuart turned to his right by a country road which led past the Stallsmith farm, to "a commanding ridge which completely controlled a wide plain of cultivated fields stretching toward Hanover on the left, and reaching to the base of the mountain spurs, among which the enemy held position."
This was the northern extremity of Cress's Ridge, the woods ou which hid the Confederates from view. At the moment of Stuart's arrival, Major Mcclellan asserts that "the scene was as peaceful as if no war existed," and that "not a living creature was visible on the plain below." If, as has been frequently asserted, the Confederate cavalry leader hoped to gain the rear of the Army of the Potomac unobserved, by moving along the base of this ridge, his actions at this time appear strange, as Major Mcclellan states that, "while care- fully concealing Jenkins and Chambliss's brigades from view, Stuart pushed one of Griffin's guns to the edge of the woods and fired a number of random shots in different directions," etc. Major McClel- lan says : " I have been somewhat perplexed to account for Stuart's conduct in firing these shots." *
This appears to be at variance with the account given by the Comte de Paris, who says : +
At three o'clock in the morning Stuart, leaving the positions he has occupied to the right of Rock Creek and north of the York road, follows the road which leads from the York road to the Reever house. He thus covers the left of the Second (Ewell's) Corps, and reaches the extremity of Brinkerhoff's Ridge. Rap- idly ascending the summit of this ridge, he perceives the enemy's cavalry posted along the slopes upon which stands the Reever house. He at once proposes to separate it from the right of the Army of the Potomac, and to strike the road to Westminster between the bridge over Rock Creek and that over White Run, a stream which receives the waters of Cress's Run a little before reaching this road. In order to accomplish this it is necessary for him to conceal his movement from the enemy and detain him in the vicinity of the intersection of the Hanover and Dutch roads. Sheltered behind the high ground of Cress's Ridge, while a screen of skirmishers occupies the edge of the woods, which cover a portion of thein, and at the same time keep off those of the enemy, the Confederate troopers will be able to reach the Baltimore turnpike unobserved. Without waiting for the issue of the great struggle, they may be able to create a panic in the rear of the Union army, the effect of which will be decisive on the battle-field. Stuart puts Chambliss and Jenkins's brigades, which are with him, on the march along the
* Campaigns of Stuart's Cavalry, p. 338.
+ The Battle of Gettysburg, p. 223.
1863
118 HISTORY OF THE TENTH REGIMENT OF CAVALRY.
western slopes of Cress's Ridge. Fitzhugh Lee and ITampton have remained be- hind, near the York road. He sends them an order to join him by following closely in his tracks, so as not to attract the attention of the enemy.
The troops which Stuart has seen near the Reever house belong to- Kilpat- rick's division. After sunset of the previous day, Gregg being summoned back by Pleasonton, has left his position in order to take another in rear of the army. He has bivouacked near the bridge over White Run, on the Baltimore road; but in the mean time Kilpatrick, returning from Hunterstown, and finding the im- portant highway from Bonaughtown unoccupied, has left Custer's brigade there. On the morning of the 3d, Gregg having been ordered to advance again, so as to cover the right flank of the army, has proceeded along Cress's Run, south of the Hanover road. He thus keeps in view the eastern slopes of Wolf's Hill, on which Stuart must debouch if he passes beyond Brinkerhoff's Ridge. On learning of Custer's presence near the Bonaughtown road he sends him word to go into posi- tion on his right, which seems to him to be much exposed, and to extend his line in front of the Reever house. Although he has been ordered by Kilpatrick to repair to Two Taverns, Custer complies with Gregg's request. Stuart thus has three brigades in front of him, numbering about five thousand troopers. He has himself no less than six thousand sabers in the four brigades placed under his command. He knows nothing of the position of Gregg, who will, doubtless, soon discover the march of Chambliss and Jenkins. But this march is interrupted from the beginning by an unforeseen incident : Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, im- prudently showing to the enemy a portion of their forces, have unmasked it.
But Major MeClellan, in mentioning Stuart's action in firing a gun belonging to Griffin's battery, as already quoted, says, " This, quite as much as the subsequent appearance of Hampton and Fitz- hugh Lee in the open ground to the left, announced his position to the enemy's cavalry." Stuart was well pleased with the advantageous position he occupied, while " the Union cavalry had none of the ad- vantages claimed by Stuart for his own." *
All was quiet when, about noon, Colonel McIntosh moved his brigade upon the ground to relieve Custer's command, but there were evidences of trouble brewing, as the enemy were reported in consider- able force in the woods beyond the Rummel buildings. Colonel McIntosh, believing the most effective way of knocking the chip off the other fellow's shoulder was to hit him in the nose, promptly took the initiative. About two o'clock the First New Jersey, under Major Beaumont, was sent forward mounted, and a strong skirmish-line was at once deployed from the Rummel buildings to meet them. The Jerseymen dismounted and took position behind a fence, while two squadrons of the Third Pennsylvania, under Captains Rogers and Treichel, were deployed dismounted to their left, and the squadrons
Historical Address by Colonel Brooke-Rawle.
119
IRVIN GREGG'S BRIGADE IN RESERVE.
1863
of Captains Miller and Walsh advanced mounted, on the right. Pennington's battery now opened with damaging effect on the enemy. Major Mcclellan says : "The fire of these guns was most accurate and effective. The first shot struck in Griffin's battery, and shot after shot came with such precision and rapidity that Griffin was soon disabled and forced to seek shelter."
At the time that McIntosh moved to the relief of Custer, who was about to rejoin the Third Division, in compliance with General Kil- patrick's orders, General Gregg was with Irvin Gregg's brigade, on the Hanover road, near Cress's Run. At the first sound of conflict he hastened forward, and meeting Custer, turns him back to the assist- ance of the First. Brigade, until the Third Brigade can be brought up. With the instinct of a true soldier, Custer responds with alac- rity, and, moving his tried battalions back, disposed them in support of McIntosh's troops, now actively engaged. Colonel Gregg, leaving the Sixteenth Pennsylvania on the skirmish-line from the base of Wolf's Hill to the Hanover road, as already stated, moved with the balance of the Third Brigade to the south side of the Hanover road, near the Spangler house. Here the brigade remained in re- serve during the engagement between the opposing cavalry forces, in momentary expectation of being brought into the action. Custer's brigade had become so far enlisted in the battle, however, by the time of the arrival of Irvin Gregg's regiments, that it could not be with- drawn, even if it had. been deemed advisable to do so. Thus the Tenth escaped the hand-to-hand fighting of that day. It becomes no part of the history of the Regiment to record the details of that brilliant encounter, but, as constituting a part of the Second Division of Cavalry, the members of the Tenth take a just pride in having contributed to the general results of the operations of that division on the right flank at Gettysburg, which gave additional luster to its already well-earned reputation for gallantry and reliability. The Tenth suffered the loss of some men wounded by the enemy's shells, while lying in reserve.
The final result of the battle was the withdrawal of Stuart's forces to the woods from which they issued at the beginning of the con- flict. The Rummel farm-buildings, originally in the possession of the enemy, were inside Gregg's lines at the close of the fight .*
With the retirement of the Confederate horsemen to the cover of
* This is maintained by Colonel William Brooke-Rawle, and denied by Major Mcclellan.
120
HISTORY OF THE TENTH REGIMENT OF CAVALRY.
1863
the woods, the action of the day practically ended. Pickett's assault on the Union lines west of Cemetery Hill, made almost simultaneous- ly with this engagement, had failed, and darkness settled down upon the dreadful scene of carnage. Desultory picket-firing continued well into the night.
The force under General Gregg in this engagement consisted of the First and Third Brigades of the Second Cavalry Division, com- manded respectively by Colonels John B. McIntosh and J. Irvin Gregg, and the Second Brigade of the Third Cavalry Division, known as the Michigan Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General George A. Custer, numbering, all told, about five thousand men, only about three thousand of whom were actively engaged, Colonel Gregg's brigade remaining on reserve, as already stated. Opposed to this force was the entire Confederate Cavalry Corps, commanded by General Stuart in person, numbering between six and seven thou- sand men.
The official records give the following losses in Gregg's division, July 2d and 3d, and Custer's brigade, July 3d :
KILLED.
WOUNDED.
CAPTURED OR MISSING.
COMMAND.
Officers.
Enlisted
men.
Officers.
Enlisted
Officers.
Enlisted
men.
July 2d.
MCINTOSH'S BRIGADE :
First Pennsylvania.
1
1
Third Pennsylvania
GREGG'S BRIGADE :
First Maine.
3
·
3
Tenth New York
2
. .
4
1
2
9
Sixteenth Pennsylvania.
2
4
. .
.
6
Total Gregg's Division, July 2d .
4
.
12
1
20
July 3d.
MCINTOSH'S BRIGADE :
First Maryland.
. .
. .
1
3
First New Jersey
. .
. .
First Pennsylvania.
.
.
.
G
20
GREGG'S BRIGADE :
First Maine.
1
. .
1
. .
. .
2
Total Gregg's Division, July 3d.
1
-7
19
8
35
CUSTER'S BRIGADE, July 3d.
1
28
11
112
67
219
Total on right flank, July 3d.
1
29
18
131
. .
75
254
Total Gregg's Division, July 2d and 3d.
5
-7
31
1
11
55
. .
:
·
.
: :
1
.
.
2
טוו- 7
. .
1
1
Third Pennsylvania.
5
9
·
9
. .
. .
men.
TOTAL.
121
GENERAL STUART'S LOSSES.
1863
General Stuart reported his losses on July 3d at one hundred and eighty-one, exclusive of the losses in Jenkins's brigade, and his horse artillery .*
On the 15th of October, 1884, a handsome and imposing shaft, erected on the scene of this engagement, was dedicated. On this occasion General D. McMI. Gregg said :
On July 3, 1863, we stood on this field, armed men, to resist the advance of an enemy with whom we had made trials of strength ofttimes before, and of late at Brandy Station, Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville. Our gaze was directed to the northward as we watched the approach of the columns of the enemy. Right gallantly did they come sweeping on, with such well-aligned fronts and with such tremendous pace that it seemed as though nothing could stand against them. There was a meeting of the blue and the gray, and for a time the issue was held in the balance. The struggle was ended by the retirement of the enemy to his start- . ing-point, discomfited by failure, with ours in hot pursuit. Severe as was the engagement it could not be asserted that the Union forces that participated were never in a severer. These fought too many battles in that long war for such a comparison. But all will agree they never fought on a fairer field. Neither party asked nor expected aid from the main armies beyond. Our enemy had the advan- tage in numbers and position ; we the moral advantage of fighting on our own heath. It can be safely said that on no other field did Union cavalry, whether on foot or in the saddle, do more effective and brilliant fighting than on this. Had it fought less well here, the victory would have been with the enemy rather than with us.
Surely the cavalry is entitled to honorable mention in connection with the great battle of Gettysburg. It was Buford's gallant troopers who received and withstood the first fierce onslaught of the Confed- erates on the 1st of July ; it was Gregg's and Custer's tried squadrons that struck the final blow and administered the last chastisement to the audacious and confident enemy on the evening of the day of Lee's humiliation.
But as the report of musket and carbine was blended along those hills in the determined effort for the mastery, so may the songs of praise and rejoicings of a loyal people ever be to the glory of the Union soldier, without distinction as to the arm of service to which he was attached.
On the evening of the 3d, immediately following the closing of the conflict, the Tenth was sent to picket the section of country in the immediate front of the Confederate cavalry. Sergeant Hayes, in charge of a detachment from the Regiment, was sent to picket the
* The Campaigns of Stuart's Cavalry, p. 346.
----- - -- -
£
122
HISTORY OF THE TENTH REGIMENT OF CAVALRY
1863
woods through which the Low Dutch road runs. Sergeant W. N. Harrison, of Company H, writes concerning picket duty at this time :
The hardest night's service I ever experienced was while on picket after the battle of Gettysburg. I was assigned to a post with one man. When we arrived at the post the man sank down and went to sleep, and no amount of kicking or shaking could bring him out of his slumber. I took his place, and all that weary night I kept moving to keep awake, running from the prostrate form of my com- rade to a certain fence and back again continually. I would frequently run against the fence and be brought out of my sleep, and then back to the other end of the beat, to fall over my sleeping associate. We were relieved just before day- break, and when I reached camp I dropped down and instantly went to sleep.
The Regiment remained on picket until near noon next day, July 4th, when the Third Brigade was started in pursuit of the retreating rebel army, the first organized body of Union troops that passed through Gettysburg after the battle.
On the afternoon of the 3d a foraging party from the Tenth, under command of Commissary Preston, went in the direction of Lit- tlestown, securing some corn, oats, and German anathomas. In the evening a heavy thunderstorm came up, while the party were taking an inventory of the available assets of a seemingly prosperous German farmer. The spacious barn on the premises became a house of refuge for the boys. Once inside, the horses were tied loose with heads to the hay, while the men lay down to rest under the soothing influence of the patter on the roof. Some of the men finally sallied forth in quest of food. The humble domicile of the lord of the manor was visited and the women at once began transforming flour into green- backs. Every morsel of food was sold to the boys, at exorbitant prices. Then onions were brought in from the garden, and when some of the boys declined to pay the prices demanded the females poured the vials of German wrath in luxuriant profusion on the de- voted heads of the nation's defenders, and they fell back to the barn. Near midnight the sergeant in charge of the pickets came in and reported rebel cavalry approaching. The rain was falling in torrents. When Lieutenant Preston reached the road it was filled from fence to fence with a motley assemblage. All Germany was aroused. Women and children bearing great bundles of clothing and bedding were jostled by men and animals on every side, A rumor had gained credence that Stuart was on a raid to the rear of the Union army. The bewildered farmers were seeking places of safety for their live- stock, but, not knowing from which direction the raiders were ap- proaching, their indecision to "move on " had resulted in a jam at
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