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SEVENTH. PERIOD.
FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 1821 TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 1846.
CHAPTER I. - ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS JOSEPH C. YATES AND DE WITT CLINTON.
Abolition of Lotteries. - Literature Lottery. - Election of Governor Yates and Lientenant-Governor Erastus Root. - Democratic Ma- jority in the Legislature. - Appointment of Chancellor, Judges of Supreme Court, and Circuit Judges. - Election of State Officers. - Fall Elections. - The " People's-Party." - Legislative Proceedings. - The Electoral Law. - Removal of Governor Clinton as Canal Commissioner. - Public Indignation. - Extra Session of the Legisla- ture. - Election of Governor Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor Tallmadge. - Triumph of the "People's Party." - Candidates for the Presidency. - State of Parties. - Visit of General Lafayette, and his Public Reception in New York. - Election of Pre-ident John Quincy Adams and Vice-President Calhoun. - State Road through Sonthern Tier of Conties, - Minister to England. - Tour of Governor Clinton through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky. - Completion of the Eric and Champlain Canal. - Grand Celebration. - Imposing Ceremonies at New York. - Illuminations, Processions. and Fireworks
. 211 - 213
.
xiv
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II. - THIRD ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR DE WITT CLINTON.
Common Schools. - Education of Teachers. - State Road. - United States Senator. -- Chancellor, Secretary of State, and Superintendent of Common Schools. - Report of Jolin C. Spencer on the Common- School System. - Abduction of William Morgan. - Re-election of Governor Clinton. - Lieutenant-Governor Pitcher. - Proceedings of the Legislature. - The Canals and State Road. - Chenango Canal. - Literature Fund. - Revision of the Laws. - Death of Thomas . Addis Emmett. -- Anti-Masonic Excitement. - Public Meetings. - Arrests, Trials, and Convictions. - Public Indignation against Ma- sons. - Political Organization 218-223
CHAPTER III. - ADMINISTRATIONS OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR PITCHER, GOVERNOR VAN BUREN, AND LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR THROOP.
Legiature of 1829. - Last M. of Governor Clinton. -- His Death and Character. - Proceedings of Public Bodies. - Succession of Lieutenant-Governor Pitcher. - Public Prosecutor of the Morgan Outrage. - Defeat of the Chenango and Chemung Canal Bills. - Presidential Campaign. - Election of Governor Van Buren and Lieutenant-Governor Tliroop. - Election of President Jackson and Vice-President Calhoun. - Progress of the Anti-Masonic Excite- ment. - Legislature of 1829. - Governor's Message. - Internal Im- provements. - Safety-Fund Law and Renewal of Bank Charters. - State Officers. - Choice of Presidential Electors by General Ticket. - Governor Van Buren appointed United States Secretary of State. - His Resignation as Governor, and Succession of Lieutenant-Governor Throop. - Passage of the Chemung Canal Bill. - Chenango Canal. - Death of Ex-Governor John Jay 223 - 227
CHAPTER IV. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ENOS E. THROOP. Legislature of 1830. - Governor's Message. - Report of Canal Commis- sioners on the Chenango Canal. - Defeat of the Bill. - Election of Governor Enos T. Throop and Lieutenant-Governor E. P. Livingston. - Proceedings of the Public Prosecutor. - Legislature of 1831. - Election of William L. Marcy as United States Senator, and Samuel Nelson Judge of Supreme Court. - Appointment of Governor Van Buren as Minister to England ..- Death of Ex-President Monroe. - Legislature of 1832. - Election of Governor Marcy and Lieutenant- Governor Tracy. - Termination of Political Anti-Masonry. - Its Re- sults. - Revival of Masonry . . 228-232
CHAPTER V. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM L. MARCY. Internal Improvements. - Common Schools. - Election of Silas Wright,
Jr., and Nathaniel P. Tallmadge as United States Senators. - State Officers. - Passage of the Chenango Camal Bill. - Re-election of Governor Marcy and Lieutenant-Governor Tracy. - Proposed En- largement of the Erie Canal. - Loan of State Credit to Banks. - Commercial Revulsion. - Increase of Bank Charters. - General
XV
CONTENTS.
Spirit of Speculation. - Academical Departments for Preparation of Teachers. - Common-School Libraries. - Death of Surveyor- General De Witt. - Construction of the Croton Aqueduct and High Bridge. - Great Fire in New York. - Black River and Genesee Valley Canals. - New York and Erie Railroad Loan. - Proceedings against Senators Kemble and Bishop. - Third Election of Governor Marcy and Lieutenant-Governor Tracy. - Election of President Van Buren and Vice-President R. M. Johnson. - United States Deposit Fund. - Its Investment. - General Suspension of State Banks. - Proceedings of the Legislature. - Death of Ex-Governor Yates and Abraham Van Vechten - Canadian Insurrection. - Occupation of Navy Island. - Burning of the Caroline. - Proclamation of Neutral- ity. - General Scott despatched to the Frontier. - Diplomatic Nego- tiations between the English and American Governments. - Legis- lature of 1838. - Mr. Ruggles's Report on Internal Improvements. - Passage of General Banking Law. - November Elections. - Tri- · umph of the Whigs. - Election of Governor Seward and Lieutenant- . Governor Bradish .
1
CHAPTER VI. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM II. SEWARD.
Legislature of 1839. -- Governor's Message. - Repeal of Act prohibiting Small Bills. - State Officers. - Death of Stephen Van Rensselaer. - Visit and Reception of President Van Buren. - Legislature of 1840. - Governor's Message. - Canal Enlargement. - Common Schools. - Instruction of Children of Foreigners. - Controversy with Virginia. - Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt. - Political Cam- paign. - Election of President Harrison and Vice-President Tyler. - Death of the President. - Succession of Vice-President. - Re- election of Governor Seward and Lieutenant-Governor Bradish. - Legislature of 1841. - Governor's Message. - Revenues of the Canals. - State Indebtedness. - Education of the Children of Foreigners. - Teachers' Departments in Academies. - State Normal School. - Vir- ginia Correspondence. - Report of Secretary Spencer on the Public- School System of the City of New York. - Revision of the Common- School Law. - County Superintendents. 242-249
CHAPTER VII. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM II. SEWARD.
Arrest of Alexander McLeod for the Burning of the Caroline. - Demand of the British Government for his Release. - Reply of Secretary Webster. - Decision of the Supreme Court. - Trial and Acquittal of MeLeod. - Legislature of 1842. - Governor's Message. - The Vir- ginia Controversy. - Appropriation of School Money in New Yori . - Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools. - Revenue of the Ca- nals. - State Debt. - Internal Improvements. - Financial Condition of the State. - Suspension of Public Works. - State Tax. - The Vir- finia Controversy. - Joint Resolution of the Legislature. - Betaal of the Governor to transmit the Resolution. - Election of Governor Bouck and Lieutenant-Governor Dickinson. - Democratic Triumph . 245 - 250
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xvi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM C. BOUCK.
Legislature of 1843. - Governor's Message. - Re-election of Silas Wright as United States Senator. - Geological Survey of the State. - Communication of Secretary Young. - Controversy between Lieutenant - Governor Dickinson and the Secretary. - Mr. Hul- burd's Report on Common Schools. - Death of Smith Thompson and Appointment of Chief-Justice Nelson to the Bench of the .United States Supreme Court. - Legislature of 1544. -- Governor's Message. - Public Dobt. - Canal Revenmes. - Common Schools. - State Normal School. - Executive Committee. - Enlargement of the Erie Canal. - Proposed Constitutional Amendment. - Anti-Rent Disturbances. - Anti-Rent and Native-American Parties. - Elec- tion of President Polk and Vice-President Dallas. - Appointment of United States Senators. - Election of Governor Silas Wright and Lieutenant-Governor Addison Gardiner 253-258
CHAPTER IX. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WRIGHT.
Legislature of 1845. - Governor's Message. - Prosecution of the Public Works. - Common Schools. - School Funds. - Anti-Rent Outrages. - State Officers. - Election of John A. Dix and Daniel S. Dick- inson United States Senators. -- Rejection of Constitutional Amend- ments. -- State Constitutional Convention. - Act in Relation to the Canals. - Governor's Veto. - Continued Anti-Rent Outrages. - Im- prisonment of Dr. Boughton. - Murder of Deputy-Sheriff Steel. - Insurrection in Delaware Connty. -- Martial Law proclaimed. - Trial and Conviction of Anti-Reut Rioters. - Suppression of the Insurrec- tion. - November Elections. - State Constitutional Convention ap- proved. - Railroads. - Magnetic Telegraph. - Professor Morse and Henry O'Reilly . 258-263
CHAPTER X. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WRIGHT. Legislature of 1846. - Governor's Message. - Anti-Rent Excitement. - State Debt. - Canal Revenues. - Report of Superintendent of Common Schools. - District Librarian. - Distress for Rent abol- ished. - Constitutional Convention. - Organization of the Execu- tive, Legislative, and Judicial Departments of the State. - Quali- fication of Voters. - Provision for Payment of Canal Debts, and Prosecution of the Public Works. - Loans of State Credit prohibited. - Limitation of Power to contract Debts. - Banking Associations and Registry of Notes. - Corporations to be formed nudler General Laws. - Common- School, Literature, and United States Deposit Funds. - Failure of Efforts to establish Free Schools throughout the State. - Incorporation of Cities and Villages. - Adoption of the Con- stitution. - Election of Governor Young and Lieutenant Governor Gardiner. - Death of General Root . 263 - 269
xvii
CONTENTS.
EIGHTH PERIOD.
FROM 1846 TO 1870.
CHAPTER 1. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN YOUNG.
The Mexican War. - Successful Campaigns of Generals Taylor and Scott. - Brilliant Services of Generals Wool, Worth, and Kearney. - Conquest of Mexico. - Negotiations for Peace. - The Wilmot Proviso. - Proceedings of the Legislature. - Pardon of the Anti- Rent Convicts. - Grounds of Executive Clemency. - New York Free Academy. - Indian and Colored Schools. - Resumption of the Public Works. - Termination of the Mexican War. - Cession of California. - Death of Silas Wright. - His Character. - Public Honors to his Memory. - State Officers. - Abolition of the Office of County Superintendent of Common Schools. - Its Effects. - Legis- lature of 1848. - Governor's Message. - Manorial Titles. - Common Schools - Approquations for Resumption of the Public W . Corporate Associations. - Free Schools. - State Normal School. - Death of Principal Page. - Election of President Taylor and Vice- President Fillinore. - Election of Governor Fish and Lieutenant- Governor Patterson . . 270-275
CHAPTER II. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HAMILTON FISH. - FREE-SCHOOL CONTROVERSY.
Legislature of 1849. - Governor's Message. - Act for Establishment of Free Schools throughout the State. - Teachers' Departments in Academies. - Ex-Governor Seward appointed United States Sena- tor. - State Elections. - Approval of Free-School Bill. - Obstacles to its Execution. - Causes of its Unpopularity. - Demand for Re- peal. - Efforts of its Friends. - Legislature of 1850. - Governor's Message. - State Asylum for Idiots. - Railroad Restrictions, - Slavery in the Territories. - Bill for Repeal of Free-School Law. - Death of President Taylor. - Accession of Vice-President Fill- more. - Admission of California. - Mr. Clay's Compromise Bill. - Free-School Canvass. - Majority against Repeal. - Election of Gov- ernor Hunt and Lieutenant-Governor Church 276-260
CHAPTER III. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WASHINGTON HUNT.
Legislature of 1851. - Governor's Message. - Free Schools. - Erie Canal Enlargement. - Proposed Amendment to Constitution. - Agrienitu- ral College. - Propositions for Modifications of the Free-School Law. - Passage of the Act. - Election of Ex-Governor Fish as United States Senator.,- Commission for Revision of School Laws, - State Officers. - Visit of Kossuth. - Legislature of 1852. - Governor's Message. - State Debt. - Canal Revenues - Taxable Property. - Free-School Controversy. - Election of Governor Seymour and Lieutenant-Governor Church. - President Pierce and Vice-Pre-i- deut King
. 250-2:3
xviii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV. - FIRST ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HORATIO SEYMOUR.
Legislature of 1853. - Governor's Message. - Canal Enlargement. - State Agricultural and Scientific College. - Manorial Titles. - Railroad Companies. - Financial Embarrassments. - Special Session of the Legislature. - Proposed Amendment to the Constitution. - Public Schools of the City of New York. - Consolidation of the System. - State Officers. - Legislature of 1854. - Governor's Message. - Review of the History and Condition of the State. - Prosecution of the Public Works. - Reorganization of the Militia. - Criminal Code. - Department of Public Instruction. - Constitutional Amendment. - Appointment of Superintendent of Public Instruction. - Free and Union Schools. - Teachers' Departments. - Teachers' Institutes. - State Normal School. - Election of Governor Clark and Lieutenant- Governor Raymond . 283-287
CHAPTER V. - ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS MYRON H. CLARK AND JOHN A. KING.
Legislature of 1853. - Free Schools. - County Supervision. - Excise Laws. - Prohibitory Restriction of the Sale of Liquor. - Controversy with Virginia. - The Lemmon Case. - Destruction of Property by Mobs. - State Elections. - Triumph of the Native-American Party. - Legislature of 1856. - Railroads. - Free Schools and Academies. - State Tax for Support of Schools. - District Commissioners. - Election of Governor King and Lieutenant-Governor Selden. - President Buchanan and Vice-President Breckenridge. - Legisla- ture of 1857. - Governor King's Message. - Canals. - Modification of the Excise Law. - Colored Voters. - Slavery in the Territories. - Election of Preston King as United States Senator. - License Law. - Tax for Completion of Public Works. - Death and Charac- ter of Ex-Governor Marcy. - State Officers. - Legislature of 1858. - Election of Governor Morgan and Lieutenant-Governor Camp- bell. 287-290
CHAPTER VI. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR EDWIN D. MORGAN. - THE SOUTHERN REBELLION.
Legislature of 1859. - Excise Laws. - Colored Suffrage. - National Af- fairs. - John Brown's Invasion of Virginia. - State Officers. - Re- jection of Colored-Suffrage Amendhinent. - Legislature of 1860. - Capital Punishment. - Rights of Married Women. - Visit of the Prince of Wales. - Election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin as President and Vice-President. - Re-election of Gov- ernor Morgan and Lientenant-Governor Campbell. - The Kansas and Nebraska Struggle. - Freedom in the Territories. - Efforts at Compromise between the North and South. - Their Failure. - Se- cession of the Southern States. - Formation of a Southern Pro- visional Government. - Legislature of 1-61. - Temperate and Con- ciljatory Message of the Governor. - Joint Resolution. - Patriotic Attitude of the Legislature. - Renewed Efforts for Conciliation. - Meeting of Merchants and Others. - Proposition of Virginia for a Peace Congress at Washington. - Appointment of Delegates
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xix
CONTENTS.
from New York. - Failure of the Effort. - Election of Ira Harris as United States Senator. - Bombardment and Fall of Fort Smn- ter. - Proclamation of President Lincoln. - Response of New York. - Appointment of Major-Generals Dix and Wadsworth. - March of the Seventh Regiment. - General Enthusiasmn. - Great Public Meeting in New York. - Party Distinctions merged. - Battle of Bull Run. - Defeat of the Union Army. - Additional Troops forwarded to Washington. - One Hundred Regiments sent to the Field . 291-298
CHAPTER VII. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR EDWIN D. MORGAN. - SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HORATIO SEYMOUR. - THE SOUTHERN REBELLION.
Legislature of 1862. - Governor's Message. - Prosecution of the War. - Continued Support of the Government. - Completion of the Erie Canal Enlargement. - Election of Governor Seymour and Lienten- ant-Governor Jones. - Legislature of 1863. - Governor Seymour's Message. - Election of Governor Morgan as United States Senter. - Condition of Public Affairs. - National Reverses. - Factious Op- position to the War. - Governor Seymour's Fourth-of-July Oration at New York. - The Draft Riots. - Interposition of the Governor. - Property and Lives destroyed. - United States Troops ordered to New York. - The Riots suppressed and the Drafts resumed and enforced. - Enlistments and Volunteers. - Legislature of 1861. - Governor's Message. - National Affairs. - Revenue of the Canals. - State Tax. - Payment of Foreign Creditors in Gold. - Contin- ued Enlistments of Troops. - Presidential Election. - General Butler in Command of the City of New York. - Re-election of President Lincoln and Election of Andrew Johnson Vice-President. - Election of Governor Fenton and Lieutenant-Governor Alvord. - Conspiracy to burn the City of New York. - Execution of Robert Kennedy. - Grant's Campaign of 1864. - Brilliant Succession of Victories, - Defeat of the Confederate Army at Petersburg. - Capture of Rich- mond. - Surrender of General Lee's Army at Appomattox Court House. - Surrender of Johnston. - Termination of the War. - As- sassination of President Lincoln. - Funeral Honors. - Succession of Vice-President Johnson .
. 298- 345
CHAPTER VIII. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR REUBEN E. FENTON.
Legislature of 1866. - Governor's Message. - Visit of President Johnson and Cabinet, General Grant, and Admiral Farragut to the State. - Re-election of Governor Fenton and Election of Lientenant-Gov- ernor Stewart L. Woodford. - Legislature of 1867. - Governor's Message. - Enlarged Locks on the Erie and Oswego Canals. - Adoption of Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment prohinting Slavery. - Election of Roscoe Conklin as United States Senator. - Establishment of Free Schools throughout the State. - Ad- ditional Normal Schools. - State Constitutional Convention. - Be- organization of the Judiciary. - Renewal of Anti-Rent Disturb- ances. - Legislature of 1868. - Governor's Message. - State Debt.
44 dl
CONTENTS.
- Constitutional Convention. - Its Proceedings. - Organization of the Cornell University at Ithaca. - Election of Governor Hoffman and Lientenant-Governor Beach. - Election of President Ulysses S. Grant and Vice-President Schuyler Colfax . 306 - 310
CHAPTER IX. - ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN T. HOFFMAN.
Legislature of 1869. - Governor's Message. - Finances of the State. - Comnon Schools. - Election of Ex-Governor Fenton as United States Senator. - Adoption of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amend- ment securing Colored Suffrage. - Submission of the new Consti- tution to the People. - Its Rejection, with the Exception of the Judiciary Article. - Democratic Triumph at the Fall Elections. - Legislature of 1870. - Governor's Message. - Revocation by the Legislature of its Consent to the Fifteenth Constitutional Amend- ment . 310 - 314
CONCLUSION. - GENERAL RECAPITULATION.
General Survey of the History of the State. -- Its Prominent Statesmen. - Governors. - Judges. - Chancellors. -- Lawyers. - Legislators. - Senators and Representatives in Congress. - Cabinet Officers. - Presidents, Vice-Presidents, .Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Foreign Ministers. - Its Representatives in the Army and Navy. - Scientific and Literary Men. - Discoverers and Inventors. - Representatives of the Press. - Distinguished Clergy- men. - Historians. - Poets. - Philanthropists - Educators. - Phy- sicians. - Railroads, Canals, and Internal Improvements. - Valna- tion of Real and Personal Estate. - Exports and Imports. - Public Schools. - Colleges, Academies, and other Seminaries of Learning. . - Normal Schools. - Charitable and Benevolent Institutions. - Churches, Cathedrals, and Places of Public Worship. - The City of New York 315 - 325
APPENDIX.
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK . 327 COUNTIES AND POPULATION OF THE STATE . 358
TABLE OF DUTCH, ENGLISH, AND STATE GOVERNORS OF THE STATE . 362 TABLE OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF THE STATE . 364 TABLE OF SPEAKERS OF THE STATE ASSEMBLY 366
LIST OF RAILROADS IN THE STATE, WITH THEIR EXTENT AND COST 368 LIST OF CANALS OF THE STATE, WITH THEIR EXTENT AND COST . 369
·
INTRODUCTION.
1. THE STATE OF NEW YORK, one of the Thirteen original States of the American Union, is bounded on the north by Can- ada, from which it is separated by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River ; east by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connec- ticut, from the former of which it is separated by Lake Cham- plain ; south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania; and west by New Jersey, a part of Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, - that lake and the Niagara River separating it from Canada on the western side.
2. From the northern to the southern extremity of the State. its length is 311 miles between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude, and from east to west, between the seventy-first and seventy-ninth degrees of longitude, it extends 412 miles, - comprising an area of- 50,519 square miles, or 32,332,160 acres, of which somewhat more than one half is under cultivation for agricultural purposes.
3. Its present population is about four millions, of whom one fourth are of foreign birth, chiefly from Ireland, Germany, and England. It is divided into sixty counties and about nine hundred and fifty towns and cities. Its principal cities, in the order of their population respectively, are New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, Rochester, Troy, Syracuse, Utica, Oswego, Poughkeepsie, Auburn, Schenectady, Hudson, and Binghamton. The capital is at Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson.
4. The chief rivers of the State are the Hudson, Mohawk, Delaware, Genesee, Oswego, and Susquehannah, with the st.
Boundaries. - Extent. - Population. - Chief cities. - Rivers.
8
INTRODUCTION.
Lawrence on the north and the Niagara on the west. It pos- sesses a sea-coast from the Atlantic on its southeasterly border along Staten and Long Island of 246 miles, a lake-coast of 352 miles, and 281 miles of navigable rivers.
5. Its principal lakes, exclusive of Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, are Lakes George on the east,; Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Crooked, and Chautauque on the west ; and Skane- ateles, Oneida, and Otsego in the centre and south. The great cataract of Niagara, and the Genesee Falls at Rochester, the Portage, Trenton, Taghkanic, Kaaterskill, and Cohoes Falls, form prominent portions of the scenery.
. 6. The Alleghany Mountains enter the south and southeast- ern parts of the State in two distinct ridges from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, forming the Highlands, the Shawangunk, Cattskill, and Helderberg Mountains, and in the northern and northeast- ern parts of the State the Adirondack range of mountains con- stitute a branch of the great Apalachian system.
7. There are several important mineral and medicinal springs in the interior of the State, the chief of which are those at Ballston, Saratoga, Richfield, Clifton, and Sharon, the extensive saline deposits at Syracuse and Salina, from which from seven to ten millions of bushels of salt are annually manufactured, and various petroleum and gas springs in the western portion of the State.
8. Among the most important public works are the enlarged Erie and Champlain Canals, with their numerous locks and aqueducts, connecting Lake Erie with the waters of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, with eleven tributary canals in different sections of the State ; the Croton AAqueduct for the supply of water to the city of New York, extending over a distance of forty miles from the Croton River in Westchester County, and spanning the Harlem by the magnificent High Bridge, built of stone, 1,450 feet in length, 114 feet above tide-water, and with fourteen piers varying from fifty to eighty feet in height ; and the Niagara and Lewiston Suspension Bridges.
9. The geological features of the State present a series of
Lakes. - Falls. - Mountains. - Mineral, medicinal, and salt springs. - Public works.
9
INTRODUCTION.
rocks older than the coal formation, and terminating in the lowest member of that deposit, near the Pennsylvania line. They consist of the unstratified crystalline or primary, the stratified non-fossiliferous, and the older secondary fossiliferous rocks. Red sandstone occurs in the southern portions bordering on New Jersey ; the great metamorphic belt passes along the eastern line ; granite, with abundance of iron ore and limestone, is found in the northern and northeastern sections of the State, and marble in large quantities in the southeastern.
10. The climate and soil of the State are eminently favor- able to the cultivation of the various grasses, wheat, oats, Indian corn, rye, garden vegetables, flowers, and fruit of every descrip- tion indigenous to the northern temperate regions. The vast forests in the northern section afford nearly every variety of timber ; and the numerous lakes and rivers furnish an ample supply of fish.
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